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B2 verb 7分で読める

ختم_کردن

khatm kardan
例文 メモとヒント ختم_کردن 30秒で
解説 ختم_کردن in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't really need the word 'ختم کردن' (khatm kardan). It is too formal and complex for beginners. Instead, you should focus on the much simpler word 'تمام کردن' (tamām kardan), which means 'to finish.' For example, you would say 'من مشق‌هایم را تمام کردم' (I finished my homework). Beginners mostly talk about daily activities like eating, sleeping, and finishing simple tasks. 'Khatm kardan' is like the word 'conclude' in English—you wouldn't teach a child 'conclude' before they know 'finish.' If you hear 'khatm' at this level, it might be in the context of a 'Majles-e Khatm' (a funeral ceremony), which is a common cultural event in Iran. Just remember that 'khatm' means something is coming to a final stop.
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At the A2 level, you might start seeing 'ختم کردن' in very specific contexts, especially if you are reading news headlines or watching Persian soap operas. You should understand that it is a 'fancy' way to say 'to end.' At this level, you can practice using it for formal situations. For example, 'معلم کلاس را ختم کرد' (The teacher concluded the class). It sounds more respectful and official than 'تمام کرد.' You might also learn the phrase 'ختم به خیر' (khatm be kheyr), which means 'ending well.' This is a very common phrase that Iranians use when they hope a difficult situation turns out okay. For an A2 student, the goal is to recognize the word and understand that it implies a formal or final ending, but you don't need to use it in every sentence.
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As a B1 learner, you are moving into intermediate territory where nuances matter. You should begin to distinguish between 'تمام کردن' (completing a task) and 'ختم کردن' (formally concluding an event). You can use 'ختم کردن' when talking about meetings, discussions, or long stories. For example, 'او داستانش را با یک پیام اخلاقی ختم کرد' (He concluded his story with a moral message). You should also become familiar with the intransitive form 'ختم شدن' (khatm shodan), which means 'to end in.' This is very useful for describing results: 'این نقشه به شکست ختم شد' (This plan ended in failure). At this level, you should be able to use the verb in the past, present, and future tenses, and understand its role as a compound verb where 'kardan' is the part that changes.
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At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'ختم کردن' with confidence in formal writing and professional speaking. You should know its common collocations, such as 'ختم غائله' (ending a turmoil) or 'ختم جلسه' (concluding a meeting). You should also understand its religious and cultural significance, particularly in the context of 'Khatm-e Quran' (completing the Quran) and 'Majles-e Khatm' (memorial services). B2 learners should use this verb to add variety to their vocabulary and to signal a formal register. You should also be able to use it in the passive voice and in various moods like the subjunctive. For example, 'پیشنهاد شد که مذاکرات را ختم کنند' (It was suggested that they conclude the negotiations). At this stage, you understand that this verb implies a 'sealing' or a definitive closure that 'tamām kardan' doesn't always convey.
For C1 learners, 'ختم کردن' is a tool for precise expression in academic, legal, and literary contexts. You should be able to analyze how the word is used in classical and modern literature to signify the end of an era or a philosophical conclusion. You should also be comfortable with its use in legal Persian, such as 'ختم دادرسی' (conclusion of the trial). At this level, you should explore the etymology of the word—from the Arabic 'khatm' (seal)—and how that concept of 'sealing' influences its modern usage. You can use it metaphorically as well: 'او با این حرکت، به تمام شایعات ختم داد' (With this move, he put an end to all rumors). Your usage should be indistinguishable from a native speaker's in formal settings, using the word to provide structure and gravity to your discourse.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'ختم کردن' and all its derivatives. You understand the subtle differences between it and synonyms like 'منتهی شدن,' 'فیصله دادن,' and 'پایان بخشیدن.' You can use the word in complex rhetorical structures and recognize its use in high-level political oratory. You are also aware of the historical evolution of the word in the Persian language. You can use it in highly specialized fields, such as theology or advanced law, without hesitation. For a C2 speaker, 'ختم کردن' is not just a verb; it's a way to encapsulate the finality of an action with cultural and linguistic depth. You might even use archaic forms or poetic variations in literary analysis, showing a deep appreciation for the word's resonance in Persian culture and history.
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例文 メモとヒント

ختم_کردن 30秒で

  • A formal verb meaning 'to conclude' or 'to terminate'.
  • Used for meetings, legal cases, and religious completions.
  • Often implies a definitive and official end.
  • Commonly used in the idiomatic phrase 'khatm be kheyr' (ended well).

The Persian verb ختم کردن (Khatm kardan) is a sophisticated compound verb that primarily translates to "to conclude," "to terminate," or "to bring to an end." While it shares semantic space with the more common verb تمام کردن (tamām kardan - to finish), ختم کردن carries a weight of formality, finality, and often ritualistic or official significance. It originates from the Arabic root 'kh-t-m', which literally refers to a seal or a stamp, implying that something has been sealed and finalized. In a modern Persian context, you will encounter this word in news reports, legal documents, academic discussions, and religious ceremonies.

Formal Conclusion
This verb is the standard choice when officially ending a meeting, a speech, or a legal proceeding. It suggests an organized and intentional closure rather than just stopping an action.
Religious Context
In religious life, it refers to the completion of reading the entire Quran (Khatm-e Quran) or finishing a cycle of prayers. It also refers to the memorial service held for the deceased (Majles-e Khatm), which serves as a final public gathering to honor their life.
Conflict Resolution
When a dispute, war, or argument is settled, we use this verb to indicate that the matter has been put to rest. Phrases like 'ختم غائله' (ending the turmoil) are common in historical and political narratives.

رئیس جلسه با یک سخنرانی کوتاه، نشست را ختم کرد.

Translation: The chairperson concluded the session with a short speech.

Understanding the difference between this and 'tamām kardan' is crucial for B2 learners. You 'finish' your homework (tamām kardan), but you 'conclude' a peace treaty (khatm kardan). The former is about completion of a task; the latter is about the definitive closure of a state or event. In literature, poets use it to describe the end of an era or the finality of fate. The versatility of this verb allows it to transition from the solemnity of a funeral to the bureaucratic precision of a corporate boardroom. It is also frequently used in the passive voice (ختم شدن) to describe how something eventually turned out or where it led.

Using ختم کردن requires an understanding of its transitivity. As a compound verb with 'kardan', it is transitive, meaning it takes a direct object—the thing that is being ended. In contrast, its intransitive counterpart is ختم شدن (khatm shodan), meaning "to end in" or "to lead to." Mastering both allows you to describe both the agent of the ending and the result of the process.

ما باید این بحث‌های بیهوده را همین‌جا ختم کنیم.

Translation: We must end these useless discussions right here.
Sentence Pattern: Subject + Object + râ + Khatm Kardan
This is the standard active construction. Example: 'دولت جنگ را ختم کرد' (The government ended the war).
Sentence Pattern: Subject + be + Result + Khatm Shodan
Used to show what something resulted in. Example: 'تلاش‌های او به موفقیت ختم شد' (His efforts ended in success).

In complex sentences, ختم کردن often appears in the subjunctive mood when expressing necessity or desire. For instance, "لازم است که این غائله را ختم کنیم" (It is necessary that we end this turmoil). In journalistic Persian, it is often paired with nouns like 'غائله' (turmoil), 'دعوا' (quarrel), or 'پرونده' (case/file). If a judge closes a case, they 'ختم رسیدگی' (conclude the proceedings). This specific collocation is a hallmark of legal Persian. Furthermore, in academic writing, one might use it to summarize findings: "می‌توان چنین ختم کرد که..." (One can conclude such that...). This demonstrates the verb's utility in structuring logical arguments and formal discourse.

You will encounter ختم کردن in several distinct social and professional spheres in Iran. Its usage signals a transition from the mundane to the significant. Hearing this word often alerts the listener that a final decision is being made or a period of time is being officially closed.

In the News
News anchors use it when reporting on the end of strikes, military operations, or diplomatic summits. 'مذاکرات با بیانیه‌ای مشترک ختم شد' (The negotiations concluded with a joint statement).
In Religious Circles
If you are invited to a 'Majles-e Khatm', you are attending a funeral or memorial service. Here, the word refers to the 'conclusion' of the person's earthly journey and the 'conclusion' of a full reading of the Quran for their soul.
In the Workplace
A manager might use it to stop a meeting that is going over time: 'اجازه دهید جلسه را همین‌جا ختم کنیم' (Let us conclude the meeting right here).

او تمام دارایی خود را صرف امور خیریه کرد و زندگی‌اش را به نیکی ختم نمود.

Translation: He spent all his wealth on charity and concluded his life in goodness.

Beyond these, you'll hear it in everyday idioms. If a child is making a mess, a parent might say "این بازی را ختم کن!" (End this game!). While 'tamām kon' is more common in daily speech, 'khatm kon' adds a layer of authority or exasperation, suggesting the behavior has reached an unacceptable limit. In Persian cinema, particularly in courtroom dramas or historical epics, the verb is used to deliver powerful lines about ending cycles of violence or closing chapters of history. It is a word that demands attention because it signifies the 'seal' on an event.

While ختم کردن is a powerful verb, learners often struggle with its register and its distinction from similar verbs. Using it in the wrong context can make you sound overly formal or even slightly robotic in casual conversation.

Overusing it for Simple Tasks
Don't use 'khatm kardan' for finishing a sandwich or a movie. Use 'tamām kardan' for those. 'Khatm kardan' is for events, disputes, or formal processes.
Confusing Active and Passive
Learners often say 'khatm kard' when they mean 'khatm shod'. If a road ends at a village, it 'ختم می‌شود' (ends/leads to), it doesn't 'ختم می‌کند' (actively conclude something).
Preposition Errors
When using the intransitive form, the preposition 'به' (be) is mandatory. Saying 'کار خیر موفقیت ختم شد' is incorrect; it must be 'به موفقیت ختم شد'.

Another common pitfall is the confusion with the word 'Khatam' (inlay work/handicraft). While they share a root, 'Khatam-kari' is an art form. Make sure not to mix the verb 'Khatm kardan' with nouns related to Persian art. Lastly, remember that in the context of a funeral, 'Khatm' is the name of the ceremony itself. You don't 'khatm mikonid' a person; you 'khatm migirid' (hold a memorial) or 'khatm mikonid' the Quran for them. Precision in these collocations separates a B2 learner from a beginner.

To truly master ختم کردن, you must see how it fits into the broader landscape of Persian verbs meaning "to end." Each synonym has a slightly different flavor and situational requirement.

تمام کردن (Tamām Kardan)
The most common and versatile. Used for everything from finishing a book to ending a relationship. It is neutral in register.
پایان دادن (Pāyān Dādan)
Very similar to 'khatm kardan' but slightly less formal. It is often used for ending states like 'ending the silence' (be sokut pāyān dādan) or 'ending a strike'.
منتهی شدن (Montahi Shodan)
A direct synonym for 'khatm shodan' (the passive/intransitive form). It means 'to lead to' or 'to result in' and is very common in academic and formal writing.
فیصله دادن (Feysale Dādan)
Specifically used for settling a dispute or reaching a final verdict. It implies that a decision has been made to stop an ongoing conflict.

باید به این غائله فیصله داد و همه چیز را ختم کرد.

Translation: We must settle this turmoil and conclude everything.

Choosing between these depends on whether you want to emphasize the *completion* of a task (tamām kardan), the *result* of a process (montahi shodan), or the *official closure* of an event (khatm kardan). In professional settings, using 'khatm kardan' or 'pāyān dādan' shows a higher level of Persian proficiency than relying solely on 'tamām kardan'.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

The word 'Khatam' is also used for the Prophet Muhammad in the title 'Khatam al-Anbiya', meaning the 'Seal of the Prophets', signifying he is the final one.

発音ガイド

UK /xæt̪m kʲæɾˈd̪æn/
US /xæt̪m kɑːrˈdæn/
The primary stress is on the last syllable of the auxiliary verb: kar-DÁN.
韻が合う語
سرد کردن (Sard kardan) طرد کردن (Tard kardan) درد کردن (Dard kardan) نبرد کردن (Nabard kardan) گرد کردن (Gard kardan) زرد کردن (Zard kardan) پرد کردن (Pard kardan) خرد کردن (Khord kardan)
よくある間違い
  • Pronouncing 'kh' as a simple 'k'.
  • Merging 't' and 'm' too quickly without the slight stop.
  • Stressing the first part 'Khatm' instead of the end of 'kardan'.
  • Confusing the vowel 'a' in khatm with 'o'.

難易度

読解 4/5

Common in news and literature, requires understanding of context.

ライティング 5/5

Requires correct auxiliary verb usage and formal register awareness.

スピーキング 4/5

Easy to pronounce but hard to use naturally without sounding too formal.

リスニング 3/5

Clear pronunciation makes it easy to spot in speech.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

کردن تمام پایان جلسه خیر

次に学ぶ

فیصله دادن منتهی شدن خاتمه استعفا مذاکره

上級

انقضا فسخ گسست توقف
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レベル別の例文

1

او کار را تمام کرد.

He finished the work.

A1 uses 'tamām kardan' instead of 'khatm kardan'.

2

کلاس ساعت ۵ تمام می‌شود.

The class finishes at 5.

Simple intransitive use of 'tamām shodan'.

3

من غذا را تمام کردم.

I finished the food.

Standard A1 completion verb.

4

کتاب را تمام کن.

Finish the book.

Imperative form of 'tamām kardan'.

5

فیلم تمام شد.

The movie ended.

Past tense of 'tamām shodan'.

6

او درس را تمام کرد.

He finished the lesson.

Simple past tense.

7

بازی تمام شد.

The game is over.

Common A1 phrase.

8

ما چای را تمام کردیم.

We finished the tea.

Plural past tense.

1

او جلسه را ختم کرد.

He concluded the meeting.

Formal use of 'khatm kardan'.

2

امیدوارم این موضوع ختم به خیر شود.

I hope this matter ends well.

Common idiomatic phrase 'khatm be kheyr'.

3

آن‌ها دعوا را ختم کردند.

They ended the fight.

Using 'khatm kardan' for disputes.

4

سخنران حرف‌هایش را ختم کرد.

The speaker concluded his words.

Formal conclusion of speech.

5

مراسم ختم فردا است.

The memorial service is tomorrow.

'Khatm' used as a noun for a ceremony.

6

او قرآن را ختم کرد.

He finished reading the whole Quran.

Religious context of the verb.

7

باید این بازی را ختم کنیم.

We must end this game.

Using 'khatm kardan' for authority.

8

همه چیز به خوبی ختم شد.

Everything ended well.

Intransitive 'khatm shod'.

1

مدیر با یک تصمیم قاطع به بحث ختم کرد.

The manager ended the discussion with a decisive decision.

Using 'khatm kardan' with a prepositional phrase.

2

این جاده به یک روستای کوچک ختم می‌شود.

This road ends at a small village.

Intransitive use for physical locations.

3

او با این کار به تمام شایعات ختم داد.

With this action, he put an end to all rumors.

Phrase 'khatm dādan' (variant of khatm kardan).

4

تلاش‌های تیم به پیروزی ختم شد.

The team's efforts ended in victory.

Describing results with 'khatm shodan'.

5

آن‌ها می‌خواهند جنگ را هر چه زودتر ختم کنند.

They want to end the war as soon as possible.

Subjunctive mood 'khatm konand'.

6

نویسنده کتاب را با یک غافلگیری ختم کرد.

The author concluded the book with a surprise.

Literary conclusion.

7

او هر سال یک بار قرآن را ختم می‌کند.

He completes the Quran once every year.

Habitual present tense.

8

این ماجرا به کجا ختم خواهد شد؟

Where will this story end?

Future tense of 'khatm shodan'.

1

رئیس‌جمهور به بحران سیاسی ختم کرد.

The president ended the political crisis.

High-level political usage.

2

مذاکرات صلح به امضای توافق‌نامه ختم شد.

The peace negotiations ended in the signing of an agreement.

Formal resultative construction.

3

قاضی ختم رسیدگی به پرونده را اعلام کرد.

The judge announced the conclusion of the case proceedings.

Legal terminology: 'khatm-e residagi'.

4

او با یک حرکت هوشمندانه به غائله ختم داد.

He ended the turmoil with a clever move.

Collocation: 'khatm dādan be ghā'ele'.

5

بی‌دقتی او به یک فاجعه بزرگ ختم شد.

His carelessness ended in a major disaster.

Describing negative consequences.

6

ما باید به این اختلافات خانوادگی ختم کنیم.

We must put an end to these family disputes.

Modal verb 'bāyad' with 'khatm konim'.

7

سخنرانی او با تشویق ایستاده حضار ختم شد.

His speech concluded with a standing ovation from the audience.

Passive/Resultative structure.

8

این مسیر به بن‌بست ختم می‌شود.

This path leads to a dead end.

Metaphorical or literal dead end.

1

فیلسوف بحث خود را با یک پرسش هستی‌شناسانه ختم کرد.

The philosopher concluded his discussion with an ontological question.

Academic/Philosophical register.

2

سیاست‌های غلط اقتصادی به تورم افسارگسیخته ختم شده است.

Wrong economic policies have resulted in runaway inflation.

Present perfect tense in a formal context.

3

او با استعفای خود، به دوران طولانی ریاستش ختم داد.

With his resignation, he brought his long presidency to an end.

Formal narrative style.

4

این رویکرد ممکن است به تقابل نظامی ختم شود.

This approach might end in military confrontation.

Speculative mood with 'momken ast'.

5

داستان با مرگ قهرمان به شکلی تراژیک ختم یافت.

The story concluded tragically with the hero's death.

Using 'khatm yāftan' as a literary alternative.

6

شورای امنیت خواستار ختم فوری درگیری‌ها شد.

The Security Council called for an immediate end to the conflicts.

Diplomatic/Legal register.

7

هر تلاشی که به بهبود وضعیت مردم ختم نشود، بیهوده است.

Any effort that does not lead to the improvement of the people's situation is in vain.

Complex conditional structure.

8

او مجلس را با دعای خیر برای میهن ختم نمود.

He concluded the assembly with a prayer for the homeland.

Using 'namudan' instead of 'kardan' for high formality.

1

تحولات اخیر به بازنگری بنیادین در قانون اساسی ختم گردید.

Recent developments resulted in a fundamental revision of the constitution.

Extremely formal 'khatm gardidan'.

2

ادیب بزرگ، منظومه خود را با ستایش خرد ختم کرده است.

The great man of letters has concluded his poetic cycle with the praise of wisdom.

Literary analysis register.

3

این مناقشه دیرینه باید با میانجی‌گری بین‌المللی ختم یابد.

This long-standing dispute must be concluded through international mediation.

Passive subjunctive 'khatm yābad'.

4

عدم توجه به محیط زیست به نابودی زیست‌بوم‌های محلی ختم خواهد شد.

Neglecting the environment will result in the destruction of local ecosystems.

Scientific/Predictive formal style.

5

او با بیانی فصیح، به غائله‌های فکری زمانه خود ختم داد.

With eloquent expression, he put an end to the intellectual turmoils of his era.

Archaic/Elevated vocabulary like 'fasi'h'.

6

سرانجام، این سلسله با هجوم بیگانگان به زوال ختم شد.

Ultimately, this dynasty ended in decline with the invasion of foreigners.

Historical narrative style.

7

هرگونه لغزش در این مرحله به شکست کل پروژه ختم می‌گردد.

Any slip at this stage results in the failure of the entire project.

Precise technical/managerial warning.

8

او حیات سیاسی خود را با کناره‌گیری داوطلبانه ختم کرد.

He concluded his political life with a voluntary withdrawal.

Biographical formal style.

よく使う組み合わせ

ختم جلسه
ختم غائله
ختم به خیر
ختم قرآن
ختم رسیدگی
ختم صلوات
ختم ماجرا
ختم کلام
ختم غائله
مجلس ختم

よく使うフレーズ

ختم به خیر شدن

— To end well or have a positive outcome after trouble.

خوشبختانه تصادف ختم به خیر شد.

ختم کلام

— The final word; in short; to sum it up.

ختم کلام، من با این طرح مخالفم.

ختم غائله کردن

— To put an end to a disturbance or turmoil.

او با عذرخواهی به غائله ختم کرد.

ختم رسیدگی اعلام کردن

— To officially close a legal investigation or trial.

پس از شنیدن شهود، قاضی ختم رسیدگی را اعلام کرد.

ختم قرآن گرفتن

— To organize a session for completing the Quran.

مادربزرگ برای شفای بیمار ختم قرآن گرفت.

به نیکی ختم شدن

— To conclude in a good or virtuous way.

زندگی او به نیکی ختم شد.

ختم ماجرا را اعلام کردن

— To say that a story or incident is over.

پلیس ختم ماجرا را به خبرنگاران گفت.

ختم به شکست شدن

— To result in failure.

نقشه آن‌ها به شکست ختم شد.

ختم به پیروزی شدن

— To result in victory.

مبارزات آن‌ها به پیروزی ختم شد.

ختم دادن به غائله

— Variant of khatm kardan, to end a turmoil.

او به شایعات ختم داد.

慣用句と表現

"ختم به خیر شدن"

— Used when a potentially bad situation ends without serious harm.

خدا را شکر که بخیر ختم شد.

Everyday
"ختم کلام"

— Used to signal the final, non-negotiable point of an argument.

ختم کلام، دیگر حرفی ندارم.

Conversational
"ختم غائله"

— To end a messy situation or a public disturbance.

او با یک لبخند به غائله ختم داد.

Literary/Journalistic
"ختم روزگار"

— Someone who is extremely clever or experienced (often used slightly sarcastically).

او خودش ختم روزگار است، سرش کلاه نمی‌رود.

Slang/Informal
"ختم بودن"

— To be an expert or very savvy in something (slang).

او در این کار ختم است.

Slang
"ختم به شر شدن"

— To end in disaster or evil (opposite of khatm be kheyr).

متاسفانه دوستی آن‌ها به شر ختم شد.

Formal
"ختم به فاجعه شدن"

— To result in a catastrophe.

این تصمیم به فاجعه ختم شد.

Journalistic
"ختم به ازدواج شدن"

— When a romance ends in marriage.

آشنایی آن‌ها به ازدواج ختم شد.

Social
"ختم به صلح شدن"

— To result in peace.

جنگ به صلح ختم شد.

Political
"ختم به توافق شدن"

— To result in an agreement.

جلسه به توافق ختم شد.

Professional

語族

名詞

ختم (Khatm - End/Funeral)
خاتمه (Khāteme - Conclusion)
اختتام (Ekhtetām - Closing/Termination)
خاتم (Khātam - Seal/Ring)

動詞

ختم کردن (Khatm kardan - To conclude)
ختم شدن (Khatm shodan - To end in)
خاتمه دادن (Khāteme dādan - To terminate)

形容詞

مختوم (Makhtum - Sealed/Ended)
نهایی (Nahāyi - Final)

関連

پایان (Pāyān)
نقطه (Noghte)
تمام (Tamām)
مهر (Mohr)
امضا (Emzā)
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暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Khatm' as the 'CAT' (sounds slightly similar) that 'ends' the mouse's run. Or think of a 'Seal' (Khatam) being pressed into wax to 'conclude' a letter.

視覚的連想

Imagine a judge slamming a gavel (ختم جلسه) or a person closing a very thick book (ختم قرآن).

Word Web

End Seal Conclusion Funeral Result Meeting Quran Finality

チャレンジ

Try to use 'khatm kardan' and 'khatm shodan' in the same paragraph describing a movie you watched.

語源

Derived from the Arabic root 'خ-ت-م' (kh-t-m), which means to seal, to close, or to finish. In Arabic, a 'khatam' is a seal or a signet ring used to finalize documents.

元の意味： To place a seal on something, signifying its completion and authenticity.

Semitic root (Arabic) integrated into Indo-European (Persian) grammar as a compound verb.

文化的な背景

Be careful when using 'Khatm' in casual contexts, as it can sound like you are talking about a funeral if not careful.

English speakers might use 'conclude' or 'terminate', but 'khatm' has a religious dimension (funeral/Quran) that 'conclude' lacks.

Khatm-e Quran (The tradition of finishing the whole Quran). Majles-e Khatm (The traditional Iranian memorial service). Khatam-al-Anbiya (Title of the Prophet of Islam).

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Professional Meetings

  • ختم جلسه را اعلام می‌کنم.
  • پیش از ختم جلسه، نکته‌ای هست؟
  • جلسه به خوبی ختم شد.
  • زمان ختم برنامه.

Legal/Official

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