A2 · 初中級 チャプター 6

Connecting Complex Ideas

4 トータルルール
40 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the linguistic bridges of Hindi to connect your thoughts with elegance and precision.

  • Identify people and objects using the 'Jo... Vo' relative pair.
  • Compare the manner of actions using 'Jaisa... Vaisa'.
  • Express relative quantities and proportions using 'Jitna... Utna'.
Build bridges between your ideas for total fluency.

学べること

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to level up your Hindi? You’ve built a solid foundation, and now it's time to add serious flair by connecting complex ideas! We're diving into Hindi's relative-correlative pairs—linguistic bridges that link sentences to describe people, actions, and quantities with amazing precision. First, Jo... Vo (जो... वो) is your go-to for the one who... or the thing which... Imagine telling a friend,

The person who called was my teacher.
You’ll master using these bookends for detailed descriptions, making your stories more engaging. Next, jaisā... vaisā... (जैसा... वैसा) helps compare manners or actions. You'll learn to express concepts like
do it the way she does,
perfect for explaining *how* something is done. Finally, for amounts, jitnā... utnā... (जितना... उतना) lets you say
as much as... that much.
Picture ordering at a café:
As much sugar as you have, put that much in my tea!
You’ll soon express such nuanced ideas fluently. By the end, you'll connect ideas, make elegant comparisons, and discuss quantities confidently. Get ready to sound super fluent!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to describe a specific person in a crowd using 'Jo... Vo' relative clauses.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to give instructions comparing two actions using 'Jaisa... Vaisa'.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to negotiate quantities or express preferences in a shop using 'Jitna... Utna'.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to level up your Hindi? You’ve built a solid foundation, and now it's time to add serious flair by connecting complex ideas!
This chapter is your gateway to sounding more natural and expressing nuanced thoughts in Hindi grammar A2. We’re diving into Hindi's relative-correlative pairs—linguistic bridges that link sentences to describe people, actions, and quantities with amazing precision. Mastering these structures is crucial for moving beyond simple sentences and truly engaging in more sophisticated conversations.
These correlative pairs are a hallmark of advanced Hindi grammar, allowing you to combine two related clauses into one elegant statement. Think of them as if-then or as-so constructions, but applied to nouns, manners, and amounts. By understanding how these pairs function, you'll significantly enhance your ability to describe, compare, and quantify, making your spoken and written Hindi much richer.
This isn't just about memorizing rules; it's about unlocking new ways to think and express yourself in Hindi.
By the end of this chapter, you'll connect ideas, make elegant comparisons, and discuss quantities confidently. You'll move from saying
He is a student. He studies hard.
to
The student who studies hard will succeed.
This is a key step in achieving fluency and sounding truly authentic.
Get ready to sound super fluent!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces three fundamental relative-correlative pairs that will greatly expand your ability to connect complex ideas in Hindi. These pairs always work together, with the first word (the relative pronoun/adverb) introducing a dependent clause and the second word (the correlative pronoun/adverb) referring back to it in the main clause.
First, let's explore Connecting Ideas: The 'Jo... Vo' Rule, also known as Hindi Relative Pairs: The 'Who/Which' Bridge. This pair, **जो...
वो (jo... vo), translates roughly to
the one who/which... that one.
जो (jo) introduces the relative clause, and वो (vo) or sometimes वह (vah) or वह व्यक्ति** (vah vyakti) acts as its correlative in the main clause.
It's used for people, things, and even abstract ideas.
Example

जो लड़का आ रहा है, वो मेरा भाई है। (Jo ladka aa raha hai, vo mera bhai hai.) – The boy who is coming, that one is my brother.

Example

जो किताब मैंने पढ़ी, वो बहुत अच्छी थी। (Jo kitaab maine padhi, vo bahut achhi thi.) – The book which I read, that was very good.

Next, we have Manner Correlatives: Comparing Actions with जैसा... वैसा (jaisā... vaisā).
This pair means as... so or
the way... that way,
and it's perfect for explaining *how* something is done or comparing manners/qualities.
जैसा (jaisā) introduces the manner, and वैसा (vaisā) refers to it.
Example

जैसा आप बोलोगे, वैसा मैं करूँगा। (Jaisa aap bologe, vaisa main karunga.) – As you will say, so I will do. (I will do as you say.)

Example

जैसा काम, वैसा दाम। (Jaisa kaam, vaisa daam.) – As the work, so the price. (You get what you pay for.)

Finally, for amounts, we use Hindi Quantity: As much as... that much (जितना/उतना). The pair **जितना...
उतना (jitnā... utnā**) means
as much as... that much
or "however much...
that much." जितना (jitnā) introduces the quantity, and उतना (utnā) refers to that quantity. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies (e.g., जितनी (jitnī) for feminine, जितने (jitne) for plural).
Example

जितना पैसा तुम खर्च करोगे, उतना ही तुम्हें कमाना पड़ेगा। (Jitna paisa tum kharch karoge, utna hi tumhe kamaana padega.) – As much money as you will spend, that much you will have to earn.

Example

जितनी मेहनत करोगे, उतनी सफलता मिलेगी। (Jitni mehnat karoge, utni safalta milegi.) – As much effort as you will make, that much success you will get.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: जो लड़का मेरा दोस्त है। (Jo ladka mera dost hai.)
✓ Correct: जो लड़का मेरा दोस्त है, वो बहुत अच्छा है। (Jo ladka mera dost hai, vo bahut achha hai.)
*Explanation:* The relative pronoun जो (jo) always needs its correlative वो (vo) (or a similar pronoun) in the second clause to complete the thought. Without the correlative, the sentence feels incomplete.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: जैसा तुम खाते हो, मैं खाता हूँ। (Jaisa tum khaate ho, main khaata hoon.)
✓ Correct: जैसा तुम खाते हो, वैसा मैं नहीं खाता हूँ। (Jaisa tum khaate ho, vaisa main nahin khaata hoon.)
*Explanation:* While the initial clause is correct, the correlative वैसा (vaisa) is essential to link the manner described in the first clause to the action in the second. Omitting it makes the sentence grammatically awkward.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: जितना चीनी डालो, चाय बनाओ। (Jitna cheeni daalo, chai banaao.)
✓ Correct: जितनी चीनी डालो, उतनी ही चाय में मिठास आएगी। (Jitni cheeni daalo, utni hi chaay mein mithas aayegi.)
*Explanation:* जितना (jitna) and उतना (utna) must agree in gender and number with the noun they refer to. Here, चीनी (cheeni - sugar) is feminine, so it should be जितनी (jitni) and उतनी (utni). Also, the second clause needs to clearly state the *result* or *correlation* of that quantity.

Real Conversations

A

A

जो फिल्म कल रिलीज़ हुई, वो कैसी थी? (Jo film kal release hui, vo kaisi thi?)

(The film which was released yesterday, how was that?)

B

B

जो फिल्म कल रिलीज़ हुई, वो तो बहुत अच्छी थी! तुम्हें ज़रूर देखनी चाहिए। (Jo film kal release hui, vo toh bahut achhi thi! Tumhein zaroor dekhni chahiye.)

(The film which was released yesterday, that was very good! You should definitely watch it.)

A

A

हमें ये काम कैसे करना चाहिए? (Hamein yeh kaam kaise karna chahiye?)

(How should we do this work?)

B

B

जैसा मैंने समझाया था, वैसा ही करो। (Jaisa maine samjhaya tha, vaisa hi karo.)

(Do it exactly the way I had explained.)

A

A

तुम्हें कितनी कॉफी चाहिए? (Tumhein kitni coffee chahiye?)

(How much coffee do you want?)

B

B

जितनी तुम पीते हो, उतनी ही मुझे भी दे दो। (Jitni tum peete ho, utni hi mujhe bhi de do.)

(As much as you drink, give me that much too.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I use 'jo vo' in Hindi sentences to describe a person?

You use जो (jo) to introduce the description of the person, and then वो (vo) or वह (vah) to refer back to them in the main part of the sentence. Example: जो आदमी खड़ा है, वो मेरा चाचा है। (Jo aadmi khada hai, vo mera chacha hai.) – The man who is standing, that one is my uncle.

Q

What is the main difference between jaisa vaisa and jo vo in Hindi grammar?

जो... वो (jo... vo) is used for identifying who or which (a person or thing), while जैसा... वैसा (jaisā... vaisā) is used for comparing how or in what manner something is done or its quality.

Q

Can jitna utna be used for countable nouns, or only for uncountable nouns?

जितना... उतना (jitnā... utnā) can be used for both! For countable nouns, it translates to

as many... that many
and still agrees in gender/number. Example: जितने बच्चे आएंगे, उतने ही खिलौने मिलेंगे। (Jitne bachche aayenge, utne hi khilaune milenge.) – As many children as will come, that many toys will be given.

Cultural Context

These relative-correlative pairs are fundamental to sounding fluent and natural in Hindi. Native speakers use them constantly to build complex and descriptive sentences, making their speech more precise and engaging. Omitting the correlative part can sound abrupt or incomplete, similar to saying
The person who called...
and then just stopping.
Mastering these structures is a strong indicator of advancing beyond basic sentence patterns and truly grasping the flow of Hindi thought. They are universally used across Hindi-speaking regions, making them essential for any learner.

重要な例文 (4)

1

जो लड़की वहाँ है, वो मेरी बहन है।

あそこにいる女の子は、私の妹です。

アイデアをつなぐ：'Jo... Vo'（〜する人は〜だ）のルール
2

जो फ़ोन तुमने दिखाया था, वो मुझे चाहिए।

君が見せてくれたあの携帯電話、それが欲しいです。

アイデアをつなぐ：'Jo... Vo'（〜する人は〜だ）のルール
3

`Jo` ladka vahan khada hai, `vo` mera bhai hai.

あそこに立っている男の子は、私の弟です。

ヒンディー語の関係詞ペア：「誰・どれ」の架け橋 (Jo... Vo)
4

`Jab` baarish hoti hai, `tab` main chai peeta hoon.

雨が降るとき、（その時）私はチャイを飲みます。

ヒンディー語の関係詞ペア：「誰・どれ」の架け橋 (Jo... Vo)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

心の中で「、」を意識しよう

「Jo」の部分と「Vo」の部分の間には、心の中で一呼吸置くイメージだよ。英語で言うと、その「、」の後に「彼/彼女/それ」が来る感じだね。
Jo laṛkā khaṛā hai, vo merā dost hai.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アイデアをつなぐ：'Jo... Vo'（〜する人は〜だ）のルール
💡

コンマのルール

「J」の文と「V」の文の間には、必ずコンマ（,）を入れましょう。最初の考えがどこで終わり、結果がどこから始まるか、読み手にわかりやすくなります。「Jo ladka vahan khada hai, vo mera bhai hai.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の関係詞ペア：「誰・どれ」の架け橋 (Jo... Vo)
💡

リズムで覚えよう

この表現はことわざでよく使われるので、歌うようなリズムで覚えると定着しやすいですよ。
Jaisī karnī, vaisī bharnī.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 様態の相関詞：`jaisā... vaisā...`で行動を比較する
💡

JとTの鏡合わせ

前半の鏡が「J」で始まり、後半の反射が「U/T」で始まると覚えよう。これはヒンディー語の論理の基本だよ。 «जितना... उतना»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の量：〜と同じくらい (jitnā/utnā)

重要な語彙 (8)

जो (jo) who/which वो (vo) that (one) जैसा (jaisā) as/like वैसा (vaisā) that way/so जितना (jitnā) as much as उतना (utnā) that much चीनी (cheeni) sugar तरीका (tareeka) method/way

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Describing a Lost Item

utensils

Cooking with a Friend

Review Summary

  • जो (Subject) + Description, वो + Verb
  • जैसा + Action A, वैसा + Action B
  • जितना + Noun A, उतना + Noun B

よくある間違い

Learners often forget the correlative 'वो' (vo). In Hindi, the second half of the pair is required to complete the sentence structure.

Wrong: जो लड़का यहाँ है, मेरा भाई है। (Jo ladka yahan hai, mera bhai hai)
正解: जो लड़का यहाँ है, वो मेरा भाई है। (Jo ladka yahan hai, vo mera bhai hai)

Relative words like 'जितना' (jitnā) act as adjectives and must agree with the gender of the noun (चीनी is feminine).

Wrong: जितना चीनी चाहिए? (Jitna cheeni chahiye?)
正解: जितनी चीनी चाहिए? (Jitni cheeni chahiye?)

Relative pairs usually connect full clauses with verbs. Dropping the verb 'है/हूँ' makes the sentence sound incomplete.

Wrong: जैसा आप, वैसा मैं। (Jaisa aap, vaisa main)
正解: जैसे आप हैं, वैसा मैं हूँ। (Jaise aap hain, vaisa main hoon)

Next Steps

You've done it! From basic greetings to connecting complex relative ideas, your progress has been incredible. Take a moment to celebrate your hard work—you are officially an A2 Hindi speaker!

Watch a Hindi movie and try to spot 'Jo... Vo' structures in the dialogue.

Write a 10-sentence story about your best friend using relative pairs.

Continue to: Connecting Your Thoughts

クイック練習 (6)

空欄に正しいペアを入れて、ことわざを完成させましょう。

___ देश, ___ भेष।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जैसा, वैसा
これは有名なことわざです。desh と bhesh はどちらも男性単数名詞なので、jaisā と vaisā を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 様態の相関詞：`jaisā... vaisā...`で行動を比較する

この文の間違いを見つけましょう

Find and fix the mistake:

Jo ladki vahan khadi hai, usne meri behen hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo ladki vahan khadi hai, vo meri behen hai.
ここでは他動詞の過去形がないため、相関詞は「vo」（彼女）であるべきで、「usne」（彼女＋ne）ではありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の関係詞ペア：「誰・どれ」の架け橋 (Jo... Vo)

文の中の間違いを見つけて直しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

जैसी तुम बोलते हो, वैसे मैं सुनती हूँ。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जैसे तुम बोलते हो, वैसे मैं सुनती हूँ。
「話す」「聞く」という動作のやり方を説明する副詞的な使い方の時は、 jaise... vaise... の形が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 様態の相関詞：`jaisā... vaisā...`で行動を比較する

適切な相関詞を埋めましょう

Jab tum ghar aaoge, ___ hum khana khayenge.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tab
「Jab」（～の時）は、常に「Tab」（その時）とペアになり、時間を表します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の関係詞ペア：「誰・どれ」の架け橋 (Jo... Vo)

この文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Jo kitāb mez par hai, main paṛh rahā hū̃.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo kitāb mez par hai, vo main paṛh rahā hū̃.
この文には、目的語を動作に結びつけるために、後半に相関代名詞「vo」（それ／あれ）が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アイデアをつなぐ：'Jo... Vo'（〜する人は〜だ）のルール

正しい関係代名詞の形を選んでください。

___ ādmi ko tumne dekhā, vo mera boss hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jis
助詞「ko」が名詞（ādmi ko）の後に続くため、「Jo」は斜格形の「Jis」に変わる必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アイデアをつなぐ：'Jo... Vo'（〜する人は〜だ）のルール

Score: /6

よくある質問 (6)

ヒンディー語は「主語-目的語-動詞」の言語ですが、それ以上に「相関構造」を好みます。新しい情報を与える前に、まず主題を定義する（「背の高い少年は…」）ことを好むのです。これにより、ヒンディー語の論理でより良い流れが生まれます。
はい、使えます！英語では人には「who」、物には「which」と使い分けますが、ヒンディー語では「Jo」を全てに使います。「Jo laṛkā」（～する少年）も「Jo phone」（～する電話）も両方正しいですよ。
はい、使えますよ！「Jo」は人、動物、物にも使えます。「Jo kutta vahan hai...」（そこにいる犬は...）のように言えます。
「J」の言葉に「bhi」を付け加えることができます。「Jo bhi」は「誰でも」や「何でも」という意味になります。「Jo bhi tumne kaha...」（あなたが言ったことは何でも...）
「これみたいに、あれも」というセットだと考えましょう。例えば「君のスマホみたいなのが欲しい」なら
Jaisā mobile tumhāre pās hai, vaisā hī mujhe chāhie
と言えばOKです。
日常会話からビジネスまで幅広く使われます！ «jaisā... vaisā...» はカジュアルで、
jis tarah... usī tarah...
は少し丁寧な響きになります。
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