B1 · 中級 チャプター 5

Describing Actions and Obligations

5 トータルルール
52 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of complex descriptions and express necessity with native-level fluency and precision.

  • Connect descriptive clauses using relative pronouns.
  • Express advice and internal/external obligations.
  • Emphasize continuous or simultaneous actions through repetition.
Connect your thoughts and command your actions.

学べること

Get ready to supercharge your Hindi! This chapter isn't just about simple sentences anymore; you're going to learn how to describe people and actions with incredible detail, making your conversations much richer and more natural. Imagine wanting to say,

The person who helped me was very kind.
That's where the magic of the 'Jo...Voh' connection comes in! You'll master how to use these special pairs to build complex, descriptive sentences, often presenting the description first before revealing the main subject. It's a really cool way to sound more fluent. Next, we'll dive into expressing should or have to. Whether you're giving advice like
You should study more
to a friend, or stating your own obligations like
I have to go to the market today,
the 'Subject + ko' structure combined with chāhiye and paṛnā will make you incredibly smooth in these everyday conversations. You'll sound like a native speaker in no time! Another super useful skill is Hindi verb reduplication. Ever wanted to say an action is happening continuously or repeatedly, like He keeps reading? You'll learn how to easily express this by simply doubling the verb's -te form. Finally, you'll discover how to link two events that happen instantly, one after the other. Phrases like
As soon as I arrived, he left
will become second nature with the jaise hi... vaise hi pair or its handy shortcut, verb-te hi. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to construct much more sophisticated and natural sentences, give advice, talk about necessities, and enrich your overall communication in Hindi. Ready for a whole new level of expression?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to identify and use 'Jo...Voh' to describe specific people or things.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to give advice using 'chāhiye' and express necessity using 'paṛnā'.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to link two immediate events using the 'Jaise hi' structure.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to a pivotal moment in your B1 Hindi grammar journey! This chapter is designed to significantly enhance your ability to describe actions and obligations, pushing you beyond basic sentence structures into a realm of more complex and natural communication. If you've been looking to add depth and nuance to your Hindi sentences, you're in the right place.
We'll explore powerful grammatical tools that are essential for truly fluent conversational Hindi.
You'll discover how to create intricate descriptions using the 'Jo...Voh' connection, making your narratives much richer. Imagine being able to effortlessly say,
The person who is sitting there is my friend.
This foundational Hindi grammar skill is crucial for painting vivid pictures with your words. We'll also tackle how to express advice and necessities, mastering the difference between should (चाहिए) and have to (पड़ना).
These structures are indispensable for everyday interactions, from offering advice to stating commitments.
Furthermore, we'll delve into the art of Hindi verb reduplication, a unique feature that allows you to describe ongoing or repeated actions with elegant simplicity. And for those moments when you need to link events happening in quick succession, the 'Jaise hi' construction will become your go-to. By the end of this chapter, your Hindi expression will feel more authentic and your ability to construct sophisticated sentences will be greatly improved, bringing you closer to native-like fluency.

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the mechanics of these powerful Hindi grammar tools. First, the 'Jo...Voh' Connection is your key to building descriptive sentences, essentially translating to the one who... or whoever.... जो (jo) introduces a relative clause describing a noun, and वह/वो (vah/vo) refers back to that noun.
For example, जो लड़का कल आया था, वह मेरा भाई है। (Jo laṛkā kal āyā thā, vah merā bhāī hai.) –
The boy who came yesterday, he is my brother.
Notice how जो often comes first, setting up the description before the main subject.
Next, we master Expressing Advice and Obligation using चाहिए (chāhiye) and पड़ना (paṛnā). चाहिए means should or wants/needs and uses the structure: Subject + को + noun/verb + चाहिए. For instance, आपको पढ़ना चाहिए। (Āpko paṛhnā chāhiye.) – You should study. For a stronger obligation, have to or must, we use पड़ना.
This typically follows an infinitive verb: मुझे जाना पड़ेगा। (Mujhe jānā paṛegā.) –
I will have to go.
The form of पड़ना changes with tense and subject.
Then, there's Hindi Verb Reduplication, a neat trick to show continuous or repeated action. You simply double the -ते (te) form of a verb. For example, वह पढ़ते-पढ़ते सो गया। (Vah paṛhte-paṛhte so gayā.) –
He fell asleep while reading (kept reading).
This adds a natural flow to your descriptions of ongoing activities.
Finally, to link two immediate events, we use As Soon As... with जैसे ही... वैसे ही (jaise hi... vaise hi) or its shorter form, verb-ते ही (verb-te hi).
जैसे ही मैं घर पहुँचा, वैसे ही बारिश शुरू हो गई। (Jaise hi maiṁ ghar pahuñcā, vaise hi bārish shuru ho gaī.) –
As soon as I reached home, it started raining.
The shorthand version is more concise: घर पहुँचते ही बारिश शुरू हो गई। (Ghar pahuñcte hi bārish shuru ho gaī.) –
As soon as I reached home, it started raining.
These structures are vital for telling stories and describing sequences of events in B1 Hindi.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: जो लड़की आया था, वह मेरी बहन है। (Jo laṛkī āyā thā, vah merī bahan hai.)
✓ Correct: जो लड़की आई थी, वह मेरी बहन है। (Jo laṛkī āī thī, vah merī bahan hai.)
*Explanation:* The verb in the relative clause introduced by जो must agree with the gender and number of the noun it describes. Here, girl (लड़की) is feminine, so the verb should be आई (āī), not आया (āyā).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: मुझे जाना चाहिए। (Mujhe jānā chāhiye.) - when expressing a strong obligation that is not a choice.
✓ Correct: मुझे जाना पड़ेगा। (Mujhe jānā paṛegā.)
*Explanation:* While चाहिए means should/want, पड़ना (in its various forms like पड़ेगा) conveys a stronger sense of have to or must, often indicating an unavoidable obligation or necessity. Use पड़ना when there's no real choice in the matter.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: वह खाते-खाना टीवी देख रहा था। (Vah khāte-khānā TV dekh rahā thā.)
✓ Correct: वह खाते-खाते टीवी देख रहा था। (Vah khāte-khāte TV dekh rahā thā.)
*Explanation:* For verb reduplication, both parts of the repeated verb must be in the -ते (te) form. Repeating the infinitive or root form is incorrect.

Real Conversations

A

A

यह कौन है जो इतनी अच्छी हिंदी बोलता है? (Yah kaun hai jo itnī acchī Hindī boltā hai?)

(Who is this person who speaks such good Hindi?)

B

B

जो लड़का इतनी अच्छी हिंदी बोलता है, वह मेरा दोस्त है। उसे बहुत पढ़ना चाहिए था। (Jo laṛkā itnī acchī Hindī boltā hai, vah merā dost hai. Use bahut paṛhnā chāhiye thā.)

(The boy who speaks such good Hindi, he is my friend. He should have studied a lot.)

A

A

तुम्हें आज बाज़ार जाना पड़ेगा क्या? (Tumheṁ āj bāzār jānā paṛegā kyā?)

(Will you have to go to the market today?)

B

B

हाँ, मुझे जाना पड़ेगा क्योंकि घर में कुछ नहीं है। मैं वहाँ जाते-जाते कुछ फल भी ले लूँगा। (Hāṁ, mujhe jānā paṛegā kyoṅki ghar meṁ kuch nahīṁ hai. Maiṁ vahāṁ jāte-jāte kuch phal bhī le lūṅgā.)

(Yes, I will have to go because there's nothing at home. While going there, I'll also pick up some fruits.)

A

A

जैसे ही मैंने दरवाज़ा खोला, वैसे ही वह भाग गया! (Jaise hi maiṁne darvāzā kholā, vaise hi vah bhāg gayā!)

(As soon as I opened the door, he ran away!)

B

B

हाँ, वह बहुत डरपोक है। मुझे लगता है उसे अकेले नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए। (Hāṁ, vah bahut ḍarpok hai. Mujhe lagtā hai use akele nahīṁ choṛnā chāhiye.)

(Yes, he is very timid. I think we shouldn't leave him alone.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do you use Jo...Voh when the described noun is plural or feminine in B1 Hindi grammar?

The जो clause's verb and any adjectives will agree in gender and number with the noun being described, just like regular sentences. For example, जो लड़कियाँ खेल रही हैं, वे मेरी बहनें हैं। (Jo laṛkiyāṁ khel rahī haiṁ, ve merī bahenem̐ haiṁ.) –

The girls who are playing, they are my sisters.

Q

What's the main difference between चाहिए and पड़ना when expressing necessity in Hindi obligations?

चाहिए (chāhiye) conveys a suggestion, advice, or a personal desire (should, wants/needs). पड़ना (paṛnā) conveys a stronger, often external, obligation or compulsion, meaning have to or must.

Q

Can जैसे ही be used without वैसे ही in Hindi relative clauses?

Yes, absolutely! While जैसे ही... वैसे ही is a complete pair, जैसे ही on its own is very common and means as soon as. The second part of the sentence simply follows. For example, जैसे ही वह आया, हम चले गए। (Jaise hi vah āyā, ham chale gae.) –

As soon as he came, we left.

Q

Does verb reduplication always mean continuous action, or are there other nuances in Hindi verb usage?

While often indicating continuous action (while doing X), verb reduplication can also emphasize repetition, intensity, or simply a state of being engaged in an action. For example, पढ़ते-पढ़ते can mean while reading or by constantly reading.

Cultural Context

These grammatical structures are deeply ingrained in everyday Hindi conversation, lending a natural rhythm and expressiveness. The 'Jo...Voh' connection, for instance, is frequently used in storytelling and casual banter, allowing speakers to elaborate on details without sounding clunky. The subtle distinction between चाहिए and पड़ना reflects social nuances – using पड़ना for a strong obligation can sometimes feel more direct or even slightly less polite than the softer चाहिए, though both are common.
Verb reduplication is a charming feature, adding emphasis and vividness to descriptions of actions, making your Hindi expression sound more authentic and dynamic.

重要な例文 (6)

1

Jo ladka vahan khada hai, voh mera bhai hai.

あそこに立っている男の子は、私の弟です。

ヒンディー語の関係代名詞：'Jo...Voh' の使い方
2

Jisne mera phone liya, use vapas karna chahiye.

私のスマホを取った人は、それを返すべきです。

ヒンディー語の関係代名詞：'Jo...Voh' の使い方
3

Tumhēn vah nayā gānā sunnā chāhiyē.

あの新しい歌を聴くべきだよ。

助言と義務の表現 (chāhiye/paṛnā)
4

Mujhē rōz collēge jānā paṛtā hai.

毎日大学に行かなければなりません。

助言と義務の表現 (chāhiye/paṛnā)
5

जैसे ही नोटिफिकेशन आया, मैंने फ़ोनチェック किया।

通知が来るとすぐに、スマホをチェックしました。

〜するとすぐに (Jaise hi)
6

घर पहुँचते ही मुझे टेक्स्ट करना।

家に着いたらすぐにメールしてね。

〜するとすぐに (Jaise hi)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

Jの法則

文が「J」で始まったら（Jo, Jab, Jahan）、後半に「V」や「T」が来るサインだよ。 «जब मैं छोटा था, तब...» のようにセットで覚えよう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の関係代名詞：'Jo...Voh' の使い方
💡

読点は「タメ」を作る

joの節とvoの節の間には、少しだけポーズを置きましょう。書く時はカンマを入れます。ネイティブっぽいリズムになりますよ。
jo ladka vahan hai, vo mera dost hai.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の「Jo-Vo」構文：「〜する人は…」の作り方
⚠️

「Ko」ルールが最優先

Main や Tum は使わず、必ず Mujhe や Tumhe などの 'ko' 形を使ってください。
Mujhe jānā chāhiyē.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助言と義務の表現 (chāhiye/paṛnā)
💡

リズムを感じてみて！

ネイティブはこれをリズムよく話すよ。会話や歌の中での響きに注目してみて。 «चलते-चलते» には独特のフローがあるんだ。真似して言ってみよう！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: もう一度やる：ヒンディー語の動詞の反復

重要な語彙 (6)

जो (jo) who/which चाहिए (chaahiye) should/needed पड़ना (padrna) to have to (compulsion) जैसे ही (jaise hi) as soon as सलाह (salaah) advice ज़रूरी (zaroori) necessary

Real-World Preview

message-circle

Giving Advice to a Friend

Review Summary

  • जो (Noun) + Clause, वह...
  • Subject + को (ko) + Verb-ना (na) + चाहिए (chaahiye)
  • Verb-ते (te) + Verb-ते (te)

よくある間違い

The subject of 'chaahiye' must be in the oblique case with 'ko'. 'Main + ko' becomes 'Mujhe'.

Wrong: मैं जाना चाहिए (Main jaana chaahiye)
正解: मुझे जाना चाहिए (Mujhe jaana chaahiye)

Hindi requires the correlative pronoun 'voh' to complete the 'jo' clause. You cannot omit the second half of the pair.

Wrong: जो लड़का है प्यारा है (Jo ladka hai pyaara hai)
正解: जो लड़का है, वह प्यारा है (Jo ladka hai, voh pyaara hai)

In verb reduplication for simultaneous action, both verbs must remain in the oblique '-te' form, regardless of the gender of the subject.

Wrong: खाते-खाता (khate-khata)
正解: खाते-खाते (khate-khate)

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

ヒンディー語の関係代名詞：'Jo...Voh' の使い方

B1
「J」で始まる «जो» (Jo) などの言葉を使ったら、必ず «वो» (Voh) などの「V」の言葉で受けるのがヒンディー語のリズムだよ！
Jo ladka vahan khada hai, voh mera bhai hai.
10 例文
2

ヒンディー語の「Jo-Vo」構文：「〜する人は…」の作り方

B1
ヒンディー語では「どの〜（jo）、その〜（vo）」という風に、まず説明をしてからメインの対象を指すペアを使います。jo と vo のコンビが基本です！
जो लड़की वहाँ खड़ी है, वो मेरी बहन है।
11 例文
3

助言と義務の表現 (chāhiye/paṛnā)

B1
「Subject + ko」の形を基本に、アドバイスの chāhiye、予定の nā hai、強制の paṛnā を使い分けましょう。
Tumhēn vah nayā gānā sunnā chāhiyē.
11 例文
4

もう一度やる：ヒンディー語の動詞の反復

B1
動詞の -ते 形を2回繰り返して、「連続」や「反復」を表そう。合言葉は verb-ते verb-ते だよ！
Vah TV dekhte-dekhte so gaya.
10 例文
5

〜するとすぐに (Jaise hi)

B1
「～するとすぐに」は
jaise hi ... vaise hi
のペアか、短縮形の verb-te hi を使って表現しましょう。
जैसे ही नोटिफिकेशन आया, मैंने फ़ोन चेक किया।
10 例文

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the ability to speak with real depth. Using these relative clauses and obligations makes you sound incredibly mature in your target language. Keep pushing!

Write 5 sentences about your daily 'must-do' chores using 'padrna'.

Describe people in a photo using 'Jo...Voh' structures.

Continue to: Hypotheticals and Complex Results

クイック練習 (2)

空欄を埋めてください。

मुझे रोज़ घर साफ़ करना ___। (I have to clean the house every day - forced habit)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पड़ता है
家事のような「繰り返される強制的なタスク」には 'पड़ता है' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助言と義務の表現 (chāhiye/paṛnā)

間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

मैं आज काम करना है। (I have to work today.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मुझे आज काम करना है。
義務や予定を表す文では、主語に 'ko' が必要です。 'मैं' は 'मुझे' に変わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助言と義務の表現 (chāhiye/paṛnā)

Score: /2

よくある質問 (6)

'Kaun' は「誰？」と聞く疑問詞ですが、 'Jo' は「〜する人」と説明を加える関係代名詞です。 «जो लड़का...» （〜する男の子）のように使います。
はい、人、動物、物すべてに使えます。例えば «जो लैपटॉप पुराना है» （古い方のラップトップ）のように言えます。
ヒンディー語で説明を付け加える時の基本ルールです。「私が読んだ本」ではなく「どの本を私が読んだか、それが（これだ）」という順序で考えます。
jo kitab maine padhi, vo ye hai.
通じますが、ネイティブにはすごく不自然に聞こえます。ヒンディー語は「まず状況をセットアップして、最後に結論」というリズムが好まれます。
jo ladka vahan hai, vo mera bhai hai.
はい！ Mujhe paani chahiye と言えば「水が欲しい（必要だ）」という意味になります。動詞が続くと「〜すべき」という助動詞の役割になります。
いいえ、標準的なヒンディー語では chāhiye は変化しません。ただし、その前の動詞は目的語の性別に合わせる必要があります。
Mujhe roṭī khānī chāhiyē.
前のチャプター
The Power of Infinitives
次のチャプター
Hypotheticals and Complex Results
ロードマップに戻る