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종속되다

B2 verb #8,000 よく出る 10分で読める

종속되다

jongsokdoeada 上位8,000

練習する例文メモとヒント 종속되다 30秒で

解説 종속되다 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '종속되다' is a very difficult word because it deals with abstract ideas like power and logic. However, you can think of it like a 'baby' and a 'parent.' A baby follows where the parent goes. In the same way, if one thing is '종속되다' to another, it means the first thing must follow the second thing. Imagine a small box inside a big box. The small box goes wherever the big box goes. It doesn't have its own path. In Korean, we use this for serious things, not for daily play. For now, just remember that it means 'to follow or belong to something bigger and more powerful.' You will mostly see this in books or on the news later in your studies. It uses the particle '-에' to show what the 'big box' is.

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For A2 learners, you are starting to see more Hanja-based words. '종속되다' is one of them. The first part 'Jong' (종) means to follow, like a 'follower' (추종자). The second part 'Sok' (속) means to belong, like 'inside' (속). So, '종속되다' means 'to become a follower that belongs to something.' You might use this when talking about how a small company has to do what a big company says. It’s like saying 'A is under B's control.' You won't use this when talking to friends about dinner, but you might see it in a simple news article about the economy. It’s a good word to know to understand that some things in the world are not independent; they are tied to other things.

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At the B1 level, you should begin to distinguish between different types of 'depending.' You already know '의존하다' (to depend on/rely on). '종속되다' is more formal and structural. It describes a relationship where one thing is a part of another's system. For example, in a sentence like 'The local economy is subordinate to the global market,' you would use '종속되다.' This level is where you start encountering this word in reading passages about society or science. It is an intransitive verb, so you don't use '을/를' with it. Instead, you use '에.' If you are writing an essay about how technology changes our lives, you might say humans are becoming 'subordinate' to machines using this word.

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B2 is the target level for '종속되다.' You are expected to use this word in academic writing and understand it in complex discussions. It is essential for discussing 'Dependency Theory' in history, 'Dependent Variables' in math, or 'Subordinate Clauses' in linguistics. At this level, you should recognize the nuance that '종속되다' often implies a lack of autonomy or a hierarchical structure. It is frequently used in the passive sense to describe a state. You should also be able to use the noun form '종속' and the adjective form '종속적' (subordinate). For example, '종속적인 관계' (a subordinate relationship). Using this word correctly shows that you can handle formal, abstract Korean concepts beyond everyday survival language.

At the C1 level, you should be able to use '종속되다' to discuss philosophical and systemic issues with precision. You might use it to critique social structures, such as how individual identity can be subordinate to collective ideology. You should also be familiar with related high-level Hanja terms like '예속' (subjugation), '부속' (attachment), and '귀속' (vesting). At this stage, you understand that '종속되다' isn't just about being 'under' something, but about the ontological or functional dependency of one entity on another. You can use it in legal contexts to describe the relationship between different statutes or in high-level business strategy to discuss market positioning and structural vulnerabilities.

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For C2 speakers, '종속되다' is a tool for nuanced intellectual discourse. You can use it to explore the complexities of globalization, where sovereignty is not lost but becomes '종속적' to international frameworks. You understand its application in advanced fields like category theory in mathematics, complex database architecture, or post-colonial literary criticism. You can effortlessly switch between '종속되다,' '예속되다,' and '부수되다' to convey the exact degree of subordination and the nature of the relationship. Your usage reflects a deep understanding of the Hanja roots and the historical-social connotations the word carries in Korean intellectual history, such as the 'Sadae' (serving the great) tradition versus modern 'Jaju' (autonomy).

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練習する例文メモとヒント

종속되다 30秒で

종속되다 means to be subordinate or dependent within a hierarchy. It is a formal verb used in academic, legal, and technical contexts to describe power or logic.
The word is composed of Hanja: 從 (follow) and 屬 (belong). It highlights that the subject has little to no independence from the primary entity.
Grammatically, it is an intransitive verb typically paired with the particle ~에. It is the passive counterpart to 종속시키다 (to subordinate something).
Common examples include 'dependent variables' in math, 'subordinate clauses' in grammar, and 'economic subordination' in international relations or social science discussions.

The Korean verb 종속되다 (jong-sok-doe-da) is a sophisticated term that translates most accurately to 'to be subordinate to' or 'to be dependent on.' It originates from the Hanja characters 從 (jong), meaning to follow, and 屬 (sok), meaning to belong or be attached. Together with 되다 (to become), the word describes a state where one entity is under the control, influence, or logical necessity of another. It is not merely a physical attachment but often implies a structural, hierarchical, or systematic relationship where the existence or function of the subordinate part is defined by the superior part.

Formal Context: In academic or legal settings, this word describes how a secondary law might be subordinate to a primary constitution. It implies that the secondary element has no independent authority.

When people use this word, they are often discussing power dynamics. For instance, in international relations, a smaller nation's economy might be described as being 종속되다 to a larger nation's market. This suggests a lack of autonomy. It is also a staple in mathematics and logic, specifically when discussing 'dependent variables' (종속 변수), where the value of one variable is entirely determined by another.

지방 정부의 예산은 중앙 정부의 결정에 종속되다시피 하고 있다. (The local government's budget is virtually subordinate to the central government's decisions.)

Understanding the nuance of 종속되다 requires recognizing that it is the passive form of 종속시키다 (to make subordinate). Therefore, it emphasizes the state of being under someone else's wing or thumb. Unlike '의존하다' (to rely on), which can sometimes be a choice or a mutual arrangement, 종속되다 carries a heavier weight of structural inevitability or lack of freedom.

Technical Usage: In computer science, a 'child process' is subordinate to a 'parent process.' This logical hierarchy is perfectly captured by this verb.

인간의 삶이 기술에 지나치게 종속되다 보면 인간성을 잃을 수 있다. (If human life becomes too subordinate to technology, we may lose our humanity.)

Furthermore, this word is frequently used in social criticism. Philosophers and social scientists use it to describe how individuals might become subordinate to the state, or how culture might become subordinate to capital. It highlights a loss of agency. When you hear this word in a news report, pay attention to the particle ~에, which marks the entity that holds the power or the primary position.

Logical Relation: In linguistics, a 'subordinate clause' (종속절) is a part of a sentence that cannot stand alone and is logically dependent on the main clause.

이 문제는 다른 복잡한 요인들에 종속되어 있어 해결이 쉽지 않다. (This problem is subordinate to other complex factors, so it is not easy to solve.)

문화는 경제에 종속되는 것이 아니라 독립적인 가치를 지닌다. (Culture is not something that is subordinate to the economy; it holds independent value.)

Using 종속되다 correctly requires understanding its grammatical behavior as an intransitive verb that often takes a complement. The most common pattern is [Noun] + 에 종속되다. The noun followed by the particle -에 represents the superior entity or the system that the subject is dependent upon. Because it is a passive-sounding verb (ending in -되다), it focuses on the state of the subject rather than an action being performed.

Subject-Object Relationship: The subject is the 'follower' and the noun with '-에' is the 'leader'. For example: '결과(result)가 원인(cause)에 종속되다' means the result follows the cause.

In complex sentences, you will often see it used in the connective form 종속되어 or as a modifier 종속된. When it functions as a modifier, it describes a noun that is inherently subordinate. A 'subordinate relationship' is 종속된 관계. This is very common in professional reports and academic essays where describing relationships between variables is necessary.

하청 업체는 원청 기업의 생산 계획에 종속될 수밖에 없다. (Subcontractors have no choice but to be subordinate to the production plans of the primary contractor.)

One nuance to keep in mind is the difference between 종속되다 and 의존하다. While 의존하다 implies 'leaning' on something for support (like a child on a parent), 종속되다 implies being a 'part' of that thing's system. If you say a country's economy is 종속되다, you are saying it has lost its own identity and now functions as a gear in another country's machine.

Tense Variations: Present: 종속된다 (is subordinate), Past: 종속되었다 (was subordinate), Future/Supposition: 종속될 것이다 (will be subordinate).

In spoken Korean, this word is rare unless the conversation is about politics, economics, or science. However, in written Korean, it is indispensable. It allows for a precise description of hierarchy that simpler words like '속하다' (to belong to) cannot capture because '속하다' is neutral, whereas 종속되다 carries a sense of being under the power of another.

개인의 자유가 국가의 이익에 종속되어서는 안 된다. (Individual freedom must not be subordinate to the interests of the state.)

Lastly, consider the logical use in grammar. When teaching Korean grammar, you might hear about 종속절 (subordinate clauses). These are clauses that are 종속된 to the main clause. They cannot stand alone. This helps visualize the word: like a tail that must follow the head, the subordinate element must follow the primary one.

Common Collocations: 철저히 종속되다 (to be thoroughly subordinate), 경제적으로 종속되다 (to be economically dependent), 운명에 종속되다 (to be bound to fate).

모든 부품은 메인 시스템의 명령에 종속되어 작동합니다. (All parts operate subordinate to the commands of the main system.)

그 이론은 기존의 패러다임에 종속된 채로 남아 있다. (That theory remains subordinate to the existing paradigm.)

You are most likely to encounter 종속되다 in environments where complex systems and hierarchies are discussed. This includes news broadcasts, university lectures, legal documents, and high-level business meetings. It is a word of 'analysis.' If a news anchor is discussing the global supply chain, they might say that South Korean manufacturing is 종속되다 to the supply of raw materials from China. This indicates a strategic vulnerability.

The Newsroom: Reporters use this word to describe diplomatic relations. If a small country always follows a large country's policy, they describe it as a 'subordinate relationship' (종속적인 관계).

In a university setting, specifically in social sciences or humanities, 종속되다 is used to discuss 'Dependency Theory' (종속 이론). This theory explains how resources flow from a 'periphery' of poor and underdeveloped states to a 'core' of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. Students of sociology or international relations will hear this word constantly in this context.

식민지 시대의 경제는 본국에 철저히 종속되어 있었다. (The economy of the colonial era was thoroughly subordinate to the home country.)

In the tech world, developers use this word when talking about 'dependencies.' While the English word 'dependency' is often used as a loanword (디펜던시), the formal Korean translation in documentation is often related to 종속. For example, if a software library requires another library to function, the first is 종속되다 to the second. This ensures that the structure of the software is understood as a hierarchy.

Legal and Official Documents: Contracts often specify which clauses are subordinate to others. If a main contract is terminated, the 'subordinate contracts' (종속된 계약들) are usually terminated as well.

우리나라의 금융 시장은 미국의 금리 정책에 민감하게 종속되어 움직인다. (Our financial market moves in a state of sensitive subordination to the US interest rate policy.)

In mathematics, the term 종속 변수 (dependent variable) is taught in middle and high school. Students learn that in the equation y = f(x), y is the variable that is 종속되다 to x. Therefore, every Korean adult who finished secondary education is familiar with the logical meaning of this word, even if they don't use it in daily life.

Art and Philosophy: Critics might say that a certain artist's style is subordinate to a specific movement, meaning it doesn't offer anything truly original or independent.

이 부속 건물은 본채에 종속된 구조물입니다. (This annex is a structure subordinate to the main building.)

데이터의 정합성은 상위 테이블의 정보에 종속된다. (Data integrity is subordinate to the information in the parent table.)

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing 종속되다 with 의존하다 (to rely/depend on). While they are related, 의존하다 is more about needing help or support, whereas 종속되다 is about structure and authority. If you say 'I am subordinate to my mother' using 종속되다, it sounds like you are her property or a logical subset of her, which is very strange in a social context.

Confusion with '속하다': '속하다' simply means 'to belong to' a group (like a club). '종속되다' means you belong to it in a way that you are under its power or logic. Don't use '종속되다' for simple group membership.

Another error is using the active form 종속하다 when the passive 종속되다 is required. In Korean, many Hanja-based verbs ending in -하다/되다 have a clear active/passive distinction. 종속하다 would mean 'to subordinate' (as in, the subject is doing the subordinating), but even then, 종속시키다 is the much more common way to express the active sense. Most of the time, you want to describe the state of being subordinate, so 종속되다 is the correct choice.

❌ 경제가 수출에 종속하다. (Wrong: The economy subordinates to exports.)
✅ 경제가 수출에 종속되다. (Right: The economy is subordinate to exports.)

Learners also struggle with the particle. Since it means 'to be subordinate TO,' many English speakers instinctively want to use ~를 (object particle) or something else. However, 종속되다 always takes ~에 to indicate the target of subordination. Using the wrong particle can make the sentence unintelligible or grammatically awkward.

Overuse in Casual Speech: Using this word when talking about your hobbies or daily life sounds overly dramatic or robotic. Stick to '따르다' (to follow) or '달려 있다' (to depend on) for casual situations.

❌ 그는 친구의 의견에 종속되어 살아요. (Awkward: He lives subordinate to his friend's opinion.)
✅ 그는 친구의 의견에 휘둘리며 살아요. (Better: He lives being swayed by his friend's opinion.)

Finally, ensure you don't confuse 종속 (subordination) with 접속 (connection). They sound somewhat similar to a beginner's ear, but 접속 is about connecting two things of equal or neutral status (like a phone to Wi-Fi), while 종속 is strictly about a vertical or hierarchical relationship.

Logical Misapplication: Avoid using this word if the relationship is mutual. If A and B depend on each other, use '상호 의존적이다' (mutually dependent) instead.

데이터베이스 설계 시 테이블 간의 종속성을 잘못 파악하면 오류가 발생한다. (If you misidentify the dependency between tables during database design, errors occur.)

그의 행동은 오직 이익에만 종속되어 있다. (His actions are subordinate only to profit.)

To truly master 종속되다, you should know the words that live in its neighborhood. Depending on the context—whether it's legal, social, or logical—different alternatives might be more appropriate. The most common related words are 의존하다, 속하다, and 예속되다.

종속되다 vs. 의존하다: 의존하다 (To rely on): Focuses on the act of needing something for support. It's more about 'help.'
종속되다 (To be subordinate): Focuses on the structural position. It's more about 'power' or 'logic.'

예속되다 (ye-sok-doe-da) is a much stronger version of 종속되다. It implies a state of being enslaved or completely subjugated. While 종속되다 can be a neutral logical term (like in math), 예속되다 is almost always negative and describes a loss of sovereignty or human rights.

그 나라는 제국주의 국가에 완전히 예속되었다. (That country was completely subjugated/enslaved by the imperialist nation.)

속하다 (sok-ha-da) is the most neutral of the group. It simply means 'to belong to.' If you are a member of a club, you 속하다 to it. There is no implication that the club controls your every move. Use this for general categorization.

종속되다 vs. 속하다: 속하다: 'I belong to the science club.' (Neutral)
종속되다: 'The science club's rules are subordinate to the school's laws.' (Hierarchical)

이 기능은 주 프로그램에 부수되는 성격을 띤다. (This function has a nature that is incidental/subordinate to the main program.)

Another alternative is 부수되다 (bu-su-doe-da), which means 'to be incidental' or 'to accompany.' It's often used when a secondary benefit or problem comes along with a main action. It's less about power and more about being a side-effect or a minor attachment.

Formal Alternatives: 굴복하다 (to surrender/yield), 복종하다 (to obey), 귀속되다 (to be vested in/belong to - often legal).

모든 권한은 위원회에 귀속된다. (All authority is vested in the committee.)

진리는 권력에 종속될 수 없다. (Truth cannot be subordinate to power.)

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

The character '屬' (Sok) also appears in '금속' (metal), implying something that belongs to a specific category of elements.

発音ガイド

UK t͡ɕoŋsʰoktøda

US t͡ɕoŋsʰoktweda

The primary stress is on the first syllable 'Jong', with a secondary slight stress on 'Doe'.

韻が合う語

구속되다 (to be arrested) 단속되다 (to be cracked down on) 계속되다 (to continue) 접속되다 (to be connected) 약속되다 (to be promised) 상속되다 (to be inherited) 압속되다 (to be escorted) 결속되다 (to be united)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing 'Jong' as 'Zhong' (with a heavy Z sound).
Making the 'Sok' sound too long like 'soak'.
Confusing 'oe' (외) with 'eo' (어).
Not tensing the 'd' in 'doe' slightly after the 'k' in 'sok' (it should sound like 'tt').
Mispronouncing the Hanja roots.

難易度

読解 7/5

Found in complex news and academic texts. Requires understanding of Hanja-based nuances.

ライティング 8/5

Hard to use naturally without sounding overly formal or robotic.

スピーキング 8/5

Rarely used in daily speech; beginners should stick to simpler alternatives.

リスニング 7/5

Clear pronunciation but requires vocabulary depth to catch in fast-paced news.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

속하다 (belong to) 의존하다 (depend on) 관계 (relationship) 지배하다 (to rule/control) 따르다 (to follow)

次に学ぶ

예속되다 (to be subjugated) 귀속되다 (to be vested in) 부수되다 (to be incidental) 독립 (independence) 자율 (autonomy)

上級

헤게모니 (hegemony) 구조주의 (structuralism) 인과관계 (causality) 상관관계 (correlation) 변수 (variable)

知っておくべき文法

Passive -되다 with Hanja Nouns

종속(Subordination) + 되다 = 종속되다 (To be subordinate).

Noun + 에 (Direction/Target)

권력에(to power) 종속되다.

Connective -어/아서 (Cause/Reason)

구조에 종속되어서(Because it is subordinate to the structure) 변화가 어렵다.

Modifier -ㄴ/은/는 (Noun description)

종속된(Subordinated) 사람들.

Causative -시키다

그들을 종속시켰다 (Subordinated them).

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レベル別の例文

작은 것은 큰 것에 종속됩니다.

Small things are subordinate to big things.

Simple present formal style.

이 방은 저 집에 종속되어 있어요.

This room is subordinate to (belongs to) that house.

-어 있다 indicates a continuing state.

결과는 원인에 종속됩니다.

The result is subordinate to the cause.

Abstract concept in simple form.

우리는 규칙에 종속되어 살아요.

We live subordinate to the rules.

Using -어 살다 to mean 'living in a state of'.

아이의 시간은 부모님께 종속됩니다.

A child's time is subordinate to their parents.

Honorific -께 used instead of -에 for people.

이 버튼은 전원에 종속되어 있습니다.

This button is subordinate to the power source.

-어 있다 indicates state.

부분은 전체에 종속됩니다.

The part is subordinate to the whole.

Universal truth style.

내 계획은 날씨에 종속되어 있어요.

My plans are subordinate to (depend on) the weather.

Practical application of the word.

하청 업체는 대기업에 종속되기 쉽습니다.

Subcontractors are easy to become subordinate to large corporations.

-기 쉽다 means 'easy to' or 'likely to'.

그 나라의 경제는 원유 가격에 종속되어 있다.

That country's economy is subordinate to oil prices.

Standard factual description.

데이터는 서버의 명령에 종속됩니다.

Data is subordinate to the server's commands.

Technical context.

이 법은 헌법에 종속되는 하위 법입니다.

This law is a subordinate law that is subordinate to the constitution.

-는 modifying the noun '하위 법'.

우리의 운명이 하늘에 종속된 것일까요?

Is our fate subordinate to the heavens?

Interrogative -ㄹ까요 for speculation.

부속 건물은 본관에 종속되어 관리됩니다.

The annex is managed as subordinate to the main building.

Passive management '관리되다'.

그의 삶은 오직 일에만 종속되어 있었다.

His life was subordinate only to work.

Past state -어 있었다.

모든 행동은 생각에 종속된다고 합니다.

They say all actions are subordinate to thoughts.

Indirect quote -고 하다.

수출에 종속된 경제 구조는 위험할 수 있습니다.

An economic structure subordinate to exports can be dangerous.

Past participle '종속된' modifying '경제 구조'.

인간이 기계에 종속되는 사회를 경계해야 한다.

We must be wary of a society where humans become subordinate to machines.

-어 야 한다 (must) expressing necessity.

종속절은 주절에 종속되어 문장의 일부가 됩니다.

A subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause and becomes part of the sentence.

Linguistic terminology.

개인의 이익이 공공의 이익에 종속되어서는 안 된다.

Individual interests must not be subordinate to public interests.

-어서는 안 된다 (must not).

이 문제는 정치적 상황에 복합적으로 종속되어 있다.

This issue is complexly subordinate to the political situation.

Adverbial use '복합적으로'.

수학에서 Y는 X의 값에 종속되는 변수입니다.

In math, Y is a variable subordinate to the value of X.

Scientific definition.

문화가 상업성에 종속되면 예술성이 훼손될 수 있다.

If culture becomes subordinate to commercialism, artistry can be damaged.

Conditional -면 (if).

지방 자치는 중앙 권력에 종속되지 않아야 진정한 의미가 있다.

Local autonomy has true meaning only when it is not subordinate to central power.

Negation -지 않아야 (must not be ... to have...).

식민지 민중은 제국주의 체제에 철저히 종속되었다.

The colonial people were thoroughly subordinate to the imperialist system.

Historical narrative style.

현대인은 스마트폰에 종속된 삶을 살고 있다고 해도 과언이 아니다.

It is no exaggeration to say that modern people live lives subordinate to smartphones.

-고 해도 과언이 아니다 (no exaggeration to say).

이 이론은 기존의 학문적 틀에 종속되어 있어 새로운 발견을 방해한다.

This theory is subordinate to the existing academic framework, hindering new discoveries.

Expressing cause and effect.

모든 부차적인 계약은 주 계약의 효력에 종속된다.

All secondary contracts are subordinate to the validity of the main contract.

Legal terminology.

여론이 특정 언론사에 종속되는 현상은 민주주의에 위협이 된다.

The phenomenon of public opinion becoming subordinate to a specific media outlet is a threat to democracy.

Complex subject '여론이 ... 현상'.

자본에 종속된 예술은 그 본연의 비판 기능을 잃기 쉽다.

Art subordinate to capital is easy to lose its inherent critical function.

Social criticism context.

이 데이터베이스 테이블은 상위 키에 종속되어 설계되었습니다.

This database table was designed subordinate to the primary key.

Technical design description.

우리의 감정조차 생물학적 호르몬의 변화에 종속되는 것일까?

Are even our emotions subordinate to changes in biological hormones?

Philosophical inquiry.

근대 국가는 개인을 국가 기구에 종속시킴으로써 권력을 유지해 왔다.

Modern states have maintained power by subordinating individuals to state apparatuses.

Using the causative '종속시키다' in a historical context.

언어는 사고에 종속되는가, 아니면 사고가 언어에 종속되는가는 오랜 논쟁거리다.

Whether language is subordinate to thought or thought is subordinate to language is a long-standing debate.

Alternative question structure '-는가, 아니면 -는가'.

신자유주의 체제 하에서 노동은 철저히 시장 논리에 종속되기에 이르렀다.

Under the neoliberal system, labor has come to be thoroughly subordinate to market logic.

-기에 이르다 (to come to a point where...).

이 현상은 독립적인 원인이 아니라 다른 변수들에 종속된 결과물일 뿐이다.

This phenomenon is not an independent cause but merely an outcome subordinate to other variables.

Logical exclusion 'A가 아니라 B일 뿐이다'.

종속 이론은 저개발 국가의 빈곤이 선진국에의 경제적 종속에서 기인한다고 본다.

Dependency theory views the poverty of underdeveloped nations as originating from economic subordination to developed nations.

Academic '기인하다' (originate from).

자아의 실현이 타인의 인정에만 종속될 때, 진정한 자유는 사라진다.

When self-actualization is subordinate only to the recognition of others, true freedom disappears.

-ㄹ 때 (when) with restrictive '-만'.

법률의 정당성은 보편적 인권이라는 상위 가치에 종속되어야 마땅하다.

It is only right that the legitimacy of laws be subordinate to the higher value of universal human rights.

-어 야 마땅하다 (it is only right/proper).

예술가는 시대의 요구에 종속되지 않으면서도 시대를 반영해야 하는 모순에 직면한다.

Artists face the contradiction of having to reflect their era without being subordinate to its demands.

-면서도 (while at the same time).

존재론적 관점에서 유한한 존재는 필연적으로 무한한 존재에 종속될 수밖에 없다.

From an ontological perspective, finite beings are inevitably subordinate to infinite beings.

Ontological philosophical terminology.

글로벌 가치 사슬 내에서 중소기업의 기술적 종속은 고착화되는 경향이 있다.

Technological subordination of SMEs within global value chains tends to become entrenched.

Complex economic jargon '고착화되다'.

칸트는 도덕적 행위가 경향성이나 욕구에 종속되어서는 안 된다고 역설했다.

Kant emphasized that moral actions must not be subordinate to inclinations or desires.

Historical philosophical citation '역설했다'.

데이터의 주권이 거대 플랫폼 기업에 종속되는 것은 디지털 식민주의의 일환이다.

The subordination of data sovereignty to giant platform corporations is part of digital colonialism.

Modern sociological critique.

행정 행위의 재량권은 법치주의의 원칙에 종속되어 행사되어야 한다.

The discretionary power of administrative acts must be exercised subordinate to the principles of the rule of law.

High-level legal discourse.

서구 중심적 사고방식에 종속된 근대화 담론은 타자의 목소리를 소외시켰다.

Modernization discourse subordinate to Western-centric mindsets marginalized the voices of the 'other'.

Post-colonial academic terminology.

심리적 외상은 개인의 현재를 과거의 고통스러운 기억에 종속시킨다.

Psychological trauma subordinates an individual's present to painful memories of the past.

Psychological causative structure.

우주의 모든 물리 법칙은 통일장 이론이라는 하나의 근원에 종속될지도 모른다.

All physical laws of the universe might be subordinate to a single source called the unified field theory.

Scientific speculation '-ㄹ지도 모른다'.

類義語

예속되다 의존하다 딸리다 지배받다

反対語

독립하다 자립하다

よく使う組み合わせ

경제적으로 종속되다

종속 변수

철저히 종속되다

일방적으로 종속되다

종속 관계

운명에 종속되다

기술에 종속되다

종속절

권력에 종속되다

시스템에 종속되다

よく使うフレーズ

종속된 관계

— A subordinate relationship where one party has more power. Often used in business or social analysis.

이것은 평등한 협력이 아니라 종속된 관계일 뿐이다.

종속 이론

— Dependency Theory. A sociological theory about global inequality.

그는 대학에서 종속 이론을 전공했다.

종속 변수

— Dependent variable. A variable whose value depends on another.

실험 결과는 종속 변수의 변화로 측정한다.

종속 접속사

— Subordinating conjunction. A word that connects a subordinate clause to a main clause.

'때문에'는 종속 접속사처럼 쓰인다.

종속적 지위

— Subordinate status. Having a lower rank or being under control.

그녀는 회내에서 종속적 지위에 머물러 있었다.

종속성

— Dependency or subordination as a quality.

이 소프트웨어는 외부 라이브러리에 대한 종속성이 높다.

식민지적 종속

— Colonial subordination. The state of being a colony.

식민지적 종속에서 벗어나기 위해 투쟁했다.

논리적 종속

— Logical dependency. When one idea follows naturally from another.

이 결론은 전제 조건에 대한 논리적 종속을 보여준다.

구조적 종속

— Structural subordination. Dependency built into the system.

구조적 종속을 해결하지 않으면 가난은 대물림된다.

상호 종속

— Inter-subordination (though '상호 의존' is more common).

현대 사회는 국가 간의 상호 종속이 심화되고 있다.

よく混同される語

종속되다 vs 의존하다

의존하다 is 'relying on' for support. 종속되다 is 'being under' a hierarchy or system.

종속되다 vs 속하다

속하다 is neutral 'belonging'. 종속되다 implies being controlled by the thing you belong to.

종속되다 vs 예속되다

예속되다 is much stronger, often meaning 'enslaved' or 'completely subjugated'.

慣用句と表現

"꼬리가 몸통을 흔들다"

— The tail wags the dog. Related because it describes a reversal of the '종속' relationship.

하청 업체가 원청을 좌지우지하니 꼬리가 몸통을 흔드는 격이다.

Common

"손바닥 안의 손오공"

— Like Sun Wukong in Buddha's palm. Implies being completely subordinate and unable to escape.

그는 아무리 노력해도 사장의 손바닥 안의 손오공처럼 종속되어 있었다.

Literary

"부처님 손바닥"

— Under someone's complete control/influence.

그의 계획은 이미 부처님 손바닥에 종속된 것이나 다름없었다.

Common

"바늘 가는 데 실 간다"

— Where the needle goes, the thread follows. Describes an inseparable subordinate relationship.

그 두 부서는 바늘 가는 데 실 가듯 종속되어 움직인다.

Proverb

"그림자처럼 따라다니다"

— To follow like a shadow. A metaphor for being subordinate/attached.

부속 비서관은 장관을 그림자처럼 따라다니며 종속된 업무를 수행한다.

Common

"도마 위의 고기"

— Meat on a cutting board. Being completely at the mercy of/subordinate to someone else.

회사가 부도나자 직원들은 도마 위의 고기처럼 운명에 종속되었다.

Common

"줄 없는 연"

— A kite without a string. The opposite of 종속 (being free but also lost).

종속에서 벗어난 그는 줄 없는 연처럼 자유로웠지만 불안했다.

Literary

"손발이 묶이다"

— To have one's hands and feet tied. Used when one is subordinate and cannot act freely.

예산이 삭감되어 사업이 상위 부서에 종속된 채 손발이 묶였다.

Common

"한 배를 타다"

— To be in the same boat. Often implies a mutual or subordinate dependency on the boat's direction.

우리는 이제 운명에 종속되어 한 배를 탄 사이입니다.

Common

"앵무새처럼 되풀이하다"

— To repeat like a parrot. Reflects being subordinate to someone else's thoughts.

그는 자신의 생각 없이 상사의 말만 종속되어 앵무새처럼 되풀이했다.

Common

間違えやすい

종속되다 vs 귀속되다

Both mean 'belonging' in a formal way.

귀속되다 is specifically about legal ownership or vesting of rights. 종속되다 is about power/logical hierarchy.

저작권은 회사에 귀속되지만, 업무는 팀장에 종속된다.

종속되다 vs 부속되다

Both imply being an attachment.

부속되다 is usually for physical things or organizations (like an annex). 종속되다 is for abstract power or logic.

이 도서관은 학교에 부속되어 있다.

종속되다 vs 복종하다

Both involve following someone else.

복종하다 is an active choice to obey. 종속되다 is a structural state of being subordinate.

군인은 명령에 복종해야 하며, 부대는 본부에 종속된다.

종속되다 vs 접속되다

Similar sound.

접속되다 means 'connected' (like internet). 종속되다 means 'subordinate'.

인터넷에 접속되었지만 서버에 종속되지는 않았다.

종속되다 vs 구속되다

Similar sound.

구속되다 means 'to be arrested' or 'restricted'. 종속되다 is 'subordinate'.

그는 법을 어겨 구속되었고, 그의 재산은 국가에 종속되었다 (or 귀속되었다).

文型パターン

A는 B에 종속되다

결과는 과정에 종속된다.

A에 종속된 B

대기업에 종속된 하청 업체.

A가 B에 철저히 종속되다

경제가 정치에 철저히 종속되었다.

A에 종속되지 않기 위해서

기술에 종속되지 않기 위해서 공부해야 한다.

A에 종속되어 있다

이 기능은 메인 시스템에 종속되어 있다.

A에의 종속을 탈피하다

강대국에의 종속을 탈피하려는 노력.

종속적인 관계를 맺다

그들은 종속적인 관계를 맺고 있다.

A를 B에 종속시키다

그는 모든 것을 돈에 종속시켰다.

語族

名詞

종속 (subordination/dependency)

종속성 (dependency/subordinateness)

종속절 (subordinate clause)

종속 변수 (dependent variable)

動詞

종속시키다 (to subordinate/make dependent)

종속하다 (to subordinate - rare as intransitive)

形容詞

종속적 (subordinate/dependent)

使い方

frequency

Common in written media and academic discourse; rare in casual daily conversation.

よくある間違い

Using '종속하다' instead of '종속되다' for a passive state. → 종속되다
In Korean, many Hanja verbs use -되다 for the passive state. '종속하다' is rarely used; '종속시키다' is the active form.
Using the object particle '를' with '종속되다'. → ~에 종속되다
Since '종속되다' is an intransitive verb meaning 'to be subordinate TO', it requires the particle -에.
Confusing '종속되다' with '의존하다' in casual contexts. → 의존하다 / 의지하다
'종속되다' is too formal for saying you rely on a friend or family member.
Misspelling as '정속되다'. → 종속되다
'정속' means constant speed. '종속' is subordination. Be careful with the vowels.
Confusing '종속' with '접속'. → 종속되다
'접속' is a neutral connection (like Wi-Fi). '종속' is a hierarchical dependency.

ヒント

Use with -에

Always remember that the target of subordination takes the particle -에. For example, 'A가 B에 종속되다'.

Hanja Roots

Remember 從 (Jong - Follow) and 屬 (Sok - Belong). This helps you distinguish it from similar-sounding words like 접속 (connection).

Power Dynamics

Use this word when there is a clear difference in power or authority between two things.

Math/Science Context

When translating 'dependent variable', always use '종속 변수'. It is the standard term in the Korean curriculum.

International Relations

This is a key word for describing diplomatic or economic relationships between countries, especially when one is dominant.

Grammar Terms

If you are studying advanced Korean grammar, '종속절' (subordinate clause) is a word you will see frequently.

Don't use for 'rely on'

If you just mean 'I rely on my friend for advice', use '의지하다' or '의존하다'. '종속되다' is too strong and formal.

Software Dependencies

In technical documentation, use this to describe how one system component relies on another's existence.

TOPIK Exam

Using '종속되다' in the TOPIK II writing section (Task 54) can significantly boost your score if the topic is about society or technology.

The Nesting Doll Image

Think of Russian nesting dolls. Each smaller doll is '종속되다' to the larger one that contains it.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Jong' as 'Join' and 'Sok' as 'Socket'. When you join a socket, you are subordinate to the power of the main electrical line.

視覚的連想

Visualize a series of Russian nesting dolls. The smaller ones are '종속되다' to the larger ones.

Word Web

Hierarchy Power Logic Math Subordinate Dependent Follow System

チャレンジ

Try to write three sentences describing your job, your computer's files, and a math problem using '종속되다'.

語源

Derived from Hanja characters. '從' (Jong) means to follow or attend. '屬' (Sok) means to belong, be attached, or be a category. '되다' is the Korean auxiliary verb meaning 'to become' or the passive marker.

元の意味： Originally referred to people following a master or a specific lineage in feudal systems.

Sino-Korean (Hanja roots with Korean native verb ending).

文化的な背景

Be careful when using this word to describe people, as it can imply they are slaves or have no individual will. It is better suited for systems, laws, or logical variables.

English speakers might use 'dependent' for everything, but in Korean, '종속되다' is much more formal than '의존하다'.

Dependency Theory (종속 이론) in Korean sociology. Subordinate Clauses (종속절) in the Korean National Institute of Language (국립국어원) guidelines. Dependent Variables (종속 변수) in the Korean national math curriculum.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Academic Writing

A는 B에 종속된다
종속 변수를 설정하다
논리적 종속 관계
이론적 틀에 종속되다

Economic Reports

수출 종속도가 높다
해외 시장에 종속되다
경제적 종속을 탈피하다
자본에 종속된 구조

Legal Documents

상위 규정에 종속되다
종속 계약서
본 계약에 종속된 조항
권한의 종속성

Linguistics Class

종속절의 위치
주절에 종속되다
종속 접속사의 기능
문장 구조의 종속성

Computer Science

데이터 종속성
상위 프로세스에 종속되다
종속 패키지 설치
함수 종속성

会話のきっかけ

"현대인이 기술에 너무 종속되어 있다고 생각하시나요?"

"경제적 종속에서 벗어나기 위해 국가는 무엇을 해야 할까요?"

"학창 시절에 종속 변수와 독립 변수의 차이를 배우셨나요?"

"개인의 삶이 조직의 목표에 종속되는 것에 대해 어떻게 느끼세요?"

"문화적 종속이 언어 사용에 어떤 영향을 미친다고 보십니까?"

日記のテーマ

나의 하루 일과 중 무엇이 가장 타인의 계획에 종속되어 있는지 적어보세요.

내가 기술(스마트폰, AI 등)에 종속되어 있다고 느끼는 순간들에 대해 서술하세요.

진정한 자유란 모든 종속에서 벗어나는 것인지, 아니면 올바른 것에 종속되는 것인지 고민해 보세요.

우리 사회에서 해결해야 할 가장 심각한 종속 관계는 무엇이라고 생각하는지 쓰세요.

내가 과거의 기억에 종속되어 현재를 살지 못하고 있지는 않은지 성찰해 보세요.

よくある質問

10 問

Not necessarily. In mathematics (dependent variables) or linguistics (subordinate clauses), it is a neutral technical term. However, when describing human relationships or international politics, it often carries a negative nuance of losing independence or being controlled.

You can, but it sounds very strong. If you say '그는 아내에게 종속되어 있다,' it implies he has no individual life and is completely controlled by her. For a more natural 'depends on,' use '의지하다' or '달려 있다'.

'속하다' is a neutral word meaning to belong to a category or group. '종속되다' implies a hierarchy where the subject is under the power of the larger entity. For example, a student '속하다' to a school, but a sub-rule '종속되다' to a main rule.

In science and math, these are 'dependent variables.' They are the factors you measure in an experiment that change because of the '독립 변수' (independent variables). For example, plant growth is the 종속 변수 that depends on the amount of water.

Yes, it is used to describe 'dependencies' between software modules or database tables. If one piece of code cannot run without another, it is described as being '종속되어 있다' to that code.

The term is '종속절' (Jong-sok-jeol). It refers to a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must be attached to a '주절' (main clause).

Yes, but usually in a structural sense. For example, a branch office is '종속되다' to the headquarters. For physical attachment, '부속되다' or '붙어 있다' is more common.

It is a social science theory suggesting that poor nations are poor because they are structurally subordinate to wealthy nations in the global economic system.

The most common opposites are '독립하다' (to be independent) or '자립하다' (to be self-reliant). In a logical sense, '독립적이다' is the opposite of '종속적이다'.

No, it is quite rare. Most Koreans would use simpler words like '따르다', '속하다', or '의존하다' in everyday talk. You will mostly hear it in formal situations like lectures or the news.

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