Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The -ai suffix marks the direct object of a sentence, telling us who or what is receiving the action.
- Add -ai to a noun to show it is the object: 'Pazham' (fruit) becomes 'Pazham-ai'.
- Use it when the object is specific or definite: 'I ate the apple' (Naan pazham-ai saapitten).
- If the noun ends in a vowel, you might see a slight spelling change like 'ai' becoming 'ai-yai'.
Accusative Suffix Attachment
| Noun (Base) | Suffix | Result | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Pazham
|
-ai
|
Pazham-ai
|
The fruit
|
|
Pusthagam
|
-ai
|
Pusthagam-ai
|
The book
|
|
Poonai
|
-yai
|
Poonai-yai
|
The cat
|
|
Naan
|
-ai
|
Ennai
|
Me
|
|
Neenga
|
-ai
|
Ungalai
|
You
|
|
Avan
|
-ai
|
Avanai
|
Him
|
Meanings
The accusative case suffix -ai is used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb in Tamil.
Direct Object Marker
Marks the entity directly affected by the verb's action.
“Naan pusthagam-ai padikkiren (I am reading the book).”
“Avan pazham-ai saapittan (He ate the fruit).”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + ai + Verb
|
Naan pazham-ai saapitten
|
|
Negative
|
Noun + ai + Verb-negative
|
Naan pazham-ai saapidala
|
|
Question
|
Noun + ai + Verb-question
|
Neenga pazham-ai saapitteengala?
|
|
Pronoun (Me)
|
En + ai
|
Ennai
|
|
Pronoun (You)
|
Ungal + ai
|
Ungalai
|
|
Pronoun (Him)
|
Avan + ai
|
Avanai
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Naan avanai kanden. (Casual conversation)
Naan avanai paarthen. (Casual conversation)
Avanai paarthen. (Casual conversation)
Avanai paathuten. (Casual conversation)
The Accusative Case Map
Objects
- Pazham-ai The fruit
- Pusthagam-ai The book
Pronouns
- Ennai Me
- Ungalai You
レベル別の例文
Naan pazham-ai saapitten.
I ate the fruit.
Avan pusthagam-ai padikkiran.
He is reading the book.
Neenga ennai paartheengala?
Did you see me?
Naan veedu-ai paarthen.
I saw the house.
Avan poonai-ai thookinaan.
He lifted the cat.
Naan unnai koopiduren.
I am calling you.
Aval paattu-ai paadinaal.
She sang the song.
Neenga car-ai vangeengala?
Did you buy the car?
Avan avan-ai nambavillai.
He did not trust him.
Naan indha velai-ai mudithen.
I finished this work.
Neenga yaar-ai thedureenga?
Who are you looking for?
Avan cinema-ai paarthaan.
He watched the movie.
Naan ungal-ai sandhikkavillai.
I did not meet you.
Avan unmai-ai sonnaan.
He told the truth.
Neenga idhai eppadi seiveenga?
How will you do this?
Aval kadhai-ai ezhudinaal.
She wrote the story.
Avan than-nai thaane nambinaan.
He believed in himself.
Naan avargal-ai azhaithan.
I invited them.
Neenga ennai purindhukollavillai.
You did not understand me.
Avan mudivu-ai eduthaan.
He made the decision.
Avan idhai-ai kooda seiyavillai.
He didn't even do this.
Naan ungal-ai nambugiren.
I trust you.
Avan ellor-aiyum azhaithaan.
He invited everyone.
Neenga ennai-ai thavira veru yaar-aiyum nambavillai.
You don't trust anyone except me.
間違えやすい
Learners often use -ukku (to) when they should use -ai (object).
Learners forget to add -ai to the object, leaving it in the nominative form.
Learners confuse possession with object marking.
よくある間違い
Naan pazham saapitten
Naan pazham-ai saapitten
Naan en saapitten
Naan ennai saapitten
Naan pusthagam-ukku padikkiren
Naan pusthagam-ai padikkiren
Naan poonai saapitten
Naan poonai-yai saapitten
Avan un saapittan
Avan unnai saapittan
Naan idhu-ai paarthen
Naan idhai paarthen
Neenga yaar-ukku thedureenga?
Neenga yaar-ai thedureenga?
Avan avan-ai nambunaan
Avan than-nai nambunaan
Naan kadhai-ukku ezhudinen
Naan kadhai-ai ezhudinen
Avan ellor-ai nambinaan
Avan ellor-aiyum nambinaan
Naan ungal-ai-ukku sonnen
Naan ungal-ai sonnen
Avan idhai-ai-yai paarthaan
Avan idhai paarthaan
Naan avan-ai-ai nambinen
Naan avan-ai nambinen
文型パターン
Naan ___ -ai saapitten.
Neenga ___ -ai paartheengala?
Avan ___ -ai koopittaan.
Naan ___ -ai mudithen.
Real World Usage
Unnai miss panren!
Dosai-ai kondu vaanga.
Naan indha velai-ai seiyalam.
Naan ticket-ai vangunen.
Indha photo-ai paaru!
Naan paadam-ai padikkiren.
Pronoun Check
Don't Over-Suffix
Vowel Glides
Spoken vs Written
Smart Tips
Ask yourself: 'Is this the thing being acted upon?' If yes, use -ai.
Always memorize the accusative forms of pronouns (Ennai, Ungalai, Avanai) as a set.
If the word ends in a vowel, add -yai to keep the flow smooth.
If you are giving something, use -ukku. If you are doing something to it, use -ai.
発音
Gliding
When a noun ends in a vowel, add -yai instead of -ai for a smoother transition.
Question intonation
Neenga ennai paartheengala? ↑
Rising pitch at the end indicates a question.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of 'ai' as 'eye'. The object is what the verb has its 'eye' on.
視覚的連想
Imagine a giant eye floating above the object of your sentence, staring at it. That eye is the -ai suffix.
Rhyme
When the action hits a thing, add -ai to make it sing.
Story
I saw a cat (Poonai). I wanted to pet the cat. So I said 'Poonai-yai' to the cat. The cat purred because it knew it was the object of my affection.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 5 sentences about things you see around you right now using the -ai suffix.
文化メモ
In spoken Tamil, the -ai suffix is sometimes dropped in very casual speech, but keeping it is always correct.
The -ai suffix is a Dravidian case marker that has been stable in Tamil for millennia.
会話のきっかけ
Neenga yaar-ai thedureenga?
Neenga enna saapitteenga?
Neenga indha pusthagam-ai padichitteengala?
Neenga yaar-ai nambureenga?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Naan pazham ___ saapitten.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Avan pusthagam saapittan.
Naan poonai paarthen -> ?
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
saapitten / pazham-ai / Naan
Neenga ___ koopitteengala?
Avan ___ -ai nambinaan.
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesNaan pazham ___ saapitten.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Avan pusthagam saapittan.
Naan poonai paarthen -> ?
Match: Naan -> ?
saapitten / pazham-ai / Naan
Neenga ___ koopitteengala?
Avan ___ -ai nambinaan.
Score: /8
よくある質問 (8)
Use it when the object is specific or animate. For generic, indefinite objects, you can sometimes omit it.
It's an irregular pronoun form. Many languages have special forms for pronouns in the accusative case.
No. -ai is for the object (target), -ukku is for the recipient (destination).
Yes, it works with plurals too. E.g., 'Pazhangalai' (The fruits).
Yes, it is used in all registers, from formal writing to casual speech.
Just add -ai. E.g., 'Pazham' -> 'Pazham-ai'.
Yes, it is mandatory for animate objects like people or pets.
Forgetting to add it when the object is a person.
Scaffolded Practice
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2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Accusative case (den/einen)
German changes the article; Tamil adds a suffix to the noun.
wo (を)
Japanese uses a separate particle; Tamil attaches it to the noun.
Direct object pronouns
Spanish uses pronouns; Tamil uses a suffix.
Direct object pronouns
French relies on word order and pronouns; Tamil relies on case markers.
Word order (SVO)
Chinese has no case markers; Tamil uses suffixes.
Mansoub case (Fatha)
Arabic uses vowel changes; Tamil uses a distinct suffix.
