A1 · 초급 챕터 14

Who is Who? Introducing People

6 총 규칙
61 예문
6 분
이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of introducing yourself and others while navigating German social etiquette with ease.

  • Identify all personal pronouns in the nominative case.
  • Distinguish between informal and formal addresses to avoid social blunders.
  • Use impersonal pronouns to talk about general cultural norms.
Connect with confidence, from the café to the boardroom.

배울 내용

Hey there! Ready for another super exciting chapter? This one's going to be incredibly useful because we'll learn how to introduce people and connect with them in various situations. First up, you'll get familiar with German nominative personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, it) and understand how to match them to gender (for example, 'der' becomes 'er' and 'die' becomes 'sie'). Don't worry, this part is simpler than you think and will make your sentences flow much more naturally. Then, we'll dive into a super important aspect of German: when to use 'du' (informal 'you') versus 'Sie' (formal 'you'). This is crucial for navigating social situations, like politely ordering from a waiter in a Berlin café or keeping things casual with a close friend. You'll learn to distinguish the line between intimacy and respect, ensuring you avoid any misunderstandings in Germany. With what you learn here, you'll be able to easily introduce yourself and others, sound professional in work or university settings, and generally speak German much more fluently. Finally, you'll get to know 'man,' an impersonal pronoun that lets you talk about general actions or what 'people' do without referring to a specific person. Let's go make your German even better!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to substitute any noun with its correct gender-matched pronoun (er, sie, es).
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to choose the correct register (du vs. Sie) based on the social context provided.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to make general statements using the impersonal pronoun 'man'.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome to this exciting new chapter in your A1 German journey! Mastering introductory phrases and understanding how to refer to people is fundamental for effective communication. This section focuses on essential German grammar that will unlock your ability to introduce yourself and others, making your interactions more natural and confident.
We'll be covering German personal pronouns, the crucial distinction between formal and informal 'you' (du vs. Sie), and the handy impersonal pronoun 'man'. By the end of this chapter, you'll be well-equipped to navigate social situations with ease, sound more professional when needed, and generally improve your fluency in German.
This is a key step in progressing through the CEFR A1 level and beyond, building a solid foundation for all your future German learning.
This chapter is designed to be incredibly practical. You'll learn how to correctly identify and use pronouns like 'I', 'you', 'he', 'she', and 'it' in the nominative case. Understanding how these pronouns link to grammatical gender in German, such as der becoming er and die becoming sie, is a core skill that simplifies sentence construction.
Furthermore, the distinction between du and Sie is paramount for social etiquette in German-speaking countries. Knowing when to use the informal du with friends and family, and when to opt for the respectful formal Sie with strangers or in professional settings, is crucial for avoiding misunderstandings and showing appropriate politeness. We'll also introduce 'man', a versatile pronoun that allows you to speak about general actions and common practices.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter dives into the core of referring to people in German, starting with German Personal Pronouns (Nominativ). These are the basic building blocks: ich (I), du (you, informal), er (he), sie (she), es (it), wir (we), ihr (you, plural informal), and sie (they). In the nominative case, these are used as the subject of a sentence.
For example, Ich bin hier (I am here). When referring to people or things, German uses grammatical gender. This is where German Pronouns: Matching Gender comes in.
For masculine nouns like der Mann (the man), the pronoun is er. For feminine nouns like die Frau (the woman), the pronoun is sie. For neuter nouns like das Kind (the child), the pronoun is es.
So, if you say Der Mann ist nett (The man is nice), you can follow up with Er ist nett (He is nice). Similarly, Die Frau ist nett (The woman is nice) becomes Sie ist nett (She is nice).
A critical aspect of A1 German is understanding Formal 'You' (Sie) versus the informal 'du'. This is known as the German Politeness: du vs. Sie (Register Shift).
You use du when speaking to friends, family, children, and sometimes colleagues if you have a very casual relationship. You use the formal Sie (always capitalized) when speaking to strangers, elders, superiors, or in formal settings like shops or official appointments. When using Sie, the verb conjugation changes.
For instance, instead of Du bist nett (You are nice), you would say Sie sind nett (You are nice - formal). This is part of Formal German: Using 'Sie' and Pronouns Correctly. Finally, we introduce German 'man': Talking about Everyone (Impersonal Pronoun).
Man is used to talk about general actions or what people in general do. For example, Man lernt viel in Deutschland (One learns a lot in Germany), meaning people in general learn a lot.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Ich bin Anna. Du bist Peter.
✓ Correct:
Ich bin Anna. Du bist Peter.
*Explanation:* While this sentence is grammatically correct, it's often used incorrectly in introductions where the speaker is introducing *someone else*. The correct way to introduce another person is by using their name and then referring to them with the appropriate pronoun or stating their relationship. For example,
Das ist mein Freund, Peter. Er ist nett.
(This is my friend, Peter. He is nice.)
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Hallo, Herr Müller. Wie geht es dir?
✓ Correct:
Hallo, Herr Müller. Wie geht es Ihnen?
*Explanation:* This is a common mistake related to the du vs. Sie distinction. When addressing someone formally with Herr Müller, you *must* use the formal Ihnen (the dative form of Sie) and not the informal dir. Using dir in this context would be considered impolite.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Meine Schwester ist nett. Er ist nett.
✓ Correct:
Meine Schwester ist nett. Sie ist nett.
*Explanation:* This mistake arises from not correctly matching the pronoun to the gender of the noun. Meine Schwester (my sister) is feminine, so the correct pronoun to refer to her is sie (she), not er (he).

Real Conversations

A

A

Hallo, ich bin Maria. (Hello, I am Maria.)
B

B

Hallo Maria, ich bin Stefan. Schön, dich kennenzulernen. (Hello Maria, I am Stefan. Nice to meet you.)
A

A

Schön, dich auch kennenzulernen, Stefan. (Nice to meet you too, Stefan.)
A

A

Guten Tag, Frau Schmidt. (Good day, Ms. Schmidt.)
B

B

Guten Tag, Herr Weber. Wie geht es Ihnen? (Good day, Mr. Weber. How are you?)
A

A

Danke, gut. Und Ihnen? (Thank you, fine. And you?)
A

A

Man muss hier vorsichtig sein. (One has to be careful here.)
B

B

Ja, das stimmt. Es ist eine belebte Straße. (Yes, that's true. It is a busy street.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What is the difference between 'du' and 'Sie' in German for A1 learners?

'Du' is the informal 'you' used with friends, family, and children. 'Sie' is the formal 'you' used with strangers, elders, and in professional settings; it is always capitalized.

Q

How do I know whether to use 'er', 'sie', or 'es' in German?

You use 'er' for masculine nouns (e.g., der Mann), 'sie' for feminine nouns (e.g., die Frau), and 'es' for neuter nouns (e.g., das Kind). This is linked to the grammatical gender of the noun.

Q

When should I use the German pronoun 'man'?

Use 'man' when you want to talk about general actions or what people in general do, without referring to a specific person. It's similar to saying one or people in English.

Q

Is it okay to switch from 'Sie' to 'du' with someone in German?

Yes, it is common to switch from 'Sie' to 'du' once a closer relationship has been established. This is usually done by mutual agreement, often with one person asking, "Sprechen wir uns jetzt mit 'du' an?" (Shall we start addressing each other with 'du' now?).

Cultural Context

In Germany, the distinction between 'du' and 'Sie' is a strong marker of social hierarchy and politeness. While younger generations and more casual environments are increasingly using 'du', it's always safer to start with 'Sie' when in doubt, especially in formal or professional situations. Using 'man' is a common way to express general truths or common practices, fostering a sense of shared experience.

주요 예문 (8)

1

Ich bin auf Instagram.

저는 인스타그램을 해요.

독일어 인칭 대명사: 나, 너, 그, 그녀 (주격)
2

Bist du heute Abend online?

오늘 저녁에 온라인 할 거야?

독일어 인칭 대명사: 나, 너, 그, 그녀 (주격)
3

Wo ist {der|m} Schlüssel? Er liegt auf dem Tisch.

열쇠는 어디에 있어요? 그것은 테이블 위에 있어요.

독일어 대명사: 성별 일치 (er, sie, es)
4

Die Kamera ist neu. Sie macht tolle Fotos.

그 카메라는 새것이에요. 그것은 멋진 사진들을 찍어요.

독일어 대명사: 성별 일치 (er, sie, es)
5

Kommen Sie aus Berlin?

베를린에서 오셨어요?

격식 있는 '당신' (Sie)
6

Haben Sie ein Profil auf LinkedIn?

링크드인 프로필 있으세요?

격식 있는 '당신' (Sie)
7

Kommst du heute Abend zur Party?

오늘 저녁 파티에 와요?

독일어 예절: du vs. Sie (사회적 격식 변화)
8

Wie heißen Sie, Herr Schmidt?

슈미트 씨, 성함이 어떻게 되세요?

독일어 예절: du vs. Sie (사회적 격식 변화)

팁과 요령 (4)

⚠️

'Sie' 대문자의 힘!

항상 존칭 'Sie'는 대문자로 써야 해요! 만약 소문자 'sie'를 쓴다면 '그녀' 또는 '그들'을 의미하게 돼요. 작은 'S' 하나로 큰 오해를 불러일으킬 수 있으니 조심하세요! 예를 들어 'Sind Sie Herr Müller?' (당신은 뮐러 씨인가요?)처럼요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 인칭 대명사: 나, 너, 그, 그녀 (주격)
⚠️

무조건 'it'은 안 돼요!

물건을 'it'이라고 생각하고 무조건 'es'로 바꾸면 안 돼요! 항상 명사의 성별을 먼저 확인해야 해요. 예를 들어,
Der Stuhl ist alt. Er ist kaputt.
(의자는 낡았어요. 그것은 고장 났어요.)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 대명사: 성별 일치 (er, sie, es)
⚠️

대문자를 꼭 쓰세요

'Sie'의 'S'를 대문자로 안 쓰면, '그녀' 또는 '그들'이 되어서 이메일에서 큰 오해를 불러일으킬 수 있어요!
Ich habe Sie gestern getroffen.
(나는 어제 당신을 만났습니다) vs.
Ich habe sie gestern getroffen.
(나는 어제 그녀/그들을 만났습니다)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 '당신' (Sie)
🎯

먼저 'Du'를 제안하는 사람

가장 나이가 많거나 지위가 높은 사람이 먼저 'du'를 제안할 때까지 기다려 보세요. 서로를 신뢰한다는 좋은 신호예요.
Dürfen wir uns duzen?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 예절: du vs. Sie (사회적 격식 변화)

핵심 어휘 (6)

wer who der Kollege the male colleague die Kollegin the female colleague höflich polite hier here sprechen to speak

Real-World Preview

presentation

At a Business Meeting

Review Summary

  • ich, du, er/sie/es, wir, ihr, sie/Sie
  • der -> er, die -> sie, das -> es
  • Du = Friends/Family, Sie = Strangers/Authority
  • man + verb (3rd person sing.)

자주 하는 실수

Using 'du' with a title like 'Herr' or 'Frau' is a contradiction. Titles always require the formal 'Sie'.

Wrong: Wie heißt du, Herr Müller?
정답: Wie heißen Sie, Herr Müller?

In English, objects are 'it'. In German, an object's pronoun must match its gender. Since 'Tisch' is masculine (der), you must use 'er'.

Wrong: Das ist der Tisch. Es ist blau.
정답: Das ist der Tisch. Er ist blau.

'Man' is singular, even though it refers to people in general. It always takes the same verb ending as 'er', 'sie', or 'es'.

Wrong: Man sprechen Deutsch.
정답: Man spricht Deutsch.

이 챕터의 규칙 (6)

1

독일어 인칭 대명사: 나, 너, 그, 그녀 (주격)

A1
독일어에서 문장의 '주인공'을 나타낼 때 쓰는 말이에요. 명사의 성별에 따라 쓰는 단어가 달라진다는 점, 꼭 기억하세요! 핵심은 'Nominativ', '인칭대명사', '성별'입니다.
Ich bin auf Instagram.
11 예문
2

독일어 대명사: 성별 일치 (er, sie, es)

A1
명사를 대신할 때는 항상 명사의 관사에 맞는 대명사를 쓰세요: der는 er, die는 sie, das는 es로요.
Wo ist {der|m} Schlüssel? Er liegt auf dem Tisch.
10 예문
3

격식 있는 '당신' (Sie)

A1
헷갈릴 때는 'Sie'를 쓰는 게 제일 안전해요. 독일어권에서는 예의를 지키는 게 중요하답니다! Sie
Kommen Sie aus Berlin?
10 예문
4

독일어 예절: du vs. Sie (사회적 격식 변화)

B1
독일어는 친밀함과 존중 사이에서 특별한 동사 변화와 대문자 사용으로 사회적 호칭을 구분해요. du, ihr, Sie 이 세 가지가 핵심이에요.
Kommst du heute Abend zur Party?
10 예문
5

격식 있는 독일어: 'Sie'와 대명사 올바르게 사용하기

A1
독일어 경어 대명사를 잘 사용하면 «정중하고», «자연스럽고», «전문적»인 독일어 실력을 보여줄 수 있어요. 성별에 맞는 대명사로 명사를 바꿔주세요!
Haben Sie den Schlüssel? Nein, ich habe ihn nicht.
10 예문
6

독일어 'man': 모두에 대해 말하기 (비인칭 대명사)

A1
사람들이 일반적으로 하는 행동이나 사실, 허용되는 것에 대해 말할 때 man을 쓰고, 동사는 꼭 단수형으로 써야 해요.
Man trinkt in München viel Bier.
10 예문

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a huge part of German social life. Being able to navigate 'du' and 'Sie' shows real cultural respect. Keep up the amazing work!

Roleplay a formal introduction in front of a mirror.

Write 5 sentences replacing nouns with er/sie/es.

Continue to: Talking About Your Things

빠른 연습 (10)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

Regarding {die|f} Lampe:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sie ist sehr hell.
'Lampe'는 여성 명사({die|f})이므로 'sie'를 사용해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 대명사: 성별 일치 (er, sie, es)

'나'에 해당하는 올바른 대명사를 채워 넣으세요.

___ bin Student.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich
말하는 사람이 자신에 대해 이야기하고 있으므로, 'Ich'가 필요합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 인칭 대명사: 나, 너, 그, 그녀 (주격)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

도서관에 대한 올바른 규칙을 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: In der Bibliothek ist man leise.
독일어 문장은 보통 동사가 두 번째 위치에 와요. 'ist'는 'man' (단수)와 일치해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 'man': 모두에 대해 말하기 (비인칭 대명사)

실수를 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Mann sagt, Berlin ist teuer.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Man sagt, Berlin ist teuer.
대명사 '사람들/모두'를 의미할 때는 'man' (n이 하나)을 사용해요. 'Mann'은 남자 사람을 의미해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 'man': 모두에 대해 말하기 (비인칭 대명사)

공식적인 'Sie'에 맞춰 동사 'lernen'의 올바른 형태로 빈칸을 채우세요.

___ Sie Deutsch?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Lernen
공식적인 'Sie'는 동사의 원형 형태를 사용하며, 이는 '-en'으로 끝납니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 '당신' (Sie)

올바른 존칭 표현을 고르세요.

Choose the correct formal address:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sie
'Sie' (대문자)만이 독일어에서 누군가를 존칭으로 부르는 유일한 방법입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 인칭 대명사: 나, 너, 그, 그녀 (주격)

올바른 대명사(er, sie, es)를 채워 넣으세요.

Wo ist {der|m} Laptop? ___ ist in der Tasche.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: er
'Laptop'은 남성 관사 '{der|m}'를 사용하므로, 올바른 대명사는 'er'입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 대명사: 성별 일치 (er, sie, es)

대명사 사용에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

{Das|n} Brot ist frisch. Er schmeckt gut.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Das Brot ist frisch. Es schmeckt gut.
'Brot'은 중성 명사({das|n})이므로 대명사는 'er'가 아닌 'es'여야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 대명사: 성별 일치 (er, sie, es)

친구에게 말할 때 어떤 문장이 맞을까요?

올바른 비격식 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Wie heißt du?
'du'는 단수 비격식 대명사이고, 'heißt'는 올바른 동사 변화 형태예요 (heißen + st인데 's'가 'ß'와 합쳐져요).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 예절: du vs. Sie (사회적 격식 변화)

교수님께 하는 말에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Bist Sie der Professor?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sind Sie der Professor?
'sein' (이다) 동사를 'Sie'에 맞춰 활용하면 'sind'가 되며, 'bist'가 아닙니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 '당신' (Sie)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

영어와 달리 독일어는 명사와 존칭 'Sie'만 대문자로 써요. 'ich'는 그냥 평범한 단어일 뿐이랍니다! 예를 들어,
Ich bin müde.
(저는 피곤해요.)
동사를 확인해보세요! sie spielt (그녀는 놀아요)는 -t로 끝나고, sie spielen (그들은 놀아요)는 -en으로 끝나요. 문맥이 정말 중요하답니다!
'Tisch'(테이블)라는 단어가 문법적으로 남성({der|m})이기 때문이에요. 독일어에서는 대명사가 사물의 성격이 아니라 단어의 문법적인 성별에 맞춰져요. 예를 들어,
Der Tisch ist schön. Er ist alt.
접미사를 찾아보세요! '-ung'으로 끝나는 단어는 항상 여성({die|f})이라 'sie'를 써요. 이런 패턴을 익히면 시간을 절약할 수 있답니다. 예를 들어,
Die Zeitung ist interessant. Sie ist neu.
(신문은 흥미로워요. 그것은 새것이에요.)
네, 독일에서는 선생님이나 교수님께 항상 'Sie'를 써야 해요. 그분들의 권위와 학문적 지위에 대한 존경을 나타내는 거예요.
둘 다 될 수 있어요! 한 명에게 공식적으로 말할 때나 여러 명에게 공식적으로 말할 때 모두 같은 형태를 사용해요.
이전 챕터
Possession and Intentions
다음 챕터
Talking About Your Things
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