과거 이전의 과거: 대과거 (Plus-que-parfait)
avais나 étais를 사용한다는 것만 기억하세요.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the plus-que-parfait to describe an action that happened before another action in the past.
- Use the imparfait of 'avoir' or 'être' as the auxiliary verb.
- Add the past participle of the main verb.
- Apply gender and number agreement rules if using 'être' or a preceding direct object.
Overview
had already left (이미 떠나버린 상태였습니다).avoir나 être만 조금 챙겨두면 됩니다.How This Grammar Works
passé composé)나 반과거(imparfait)와 함께 사용합니다.hadn't eaten (먹지 않았기 때문에) 먹었다"라고 한다면 그것이 대과거입니다.Formation Pattern
avoir(가지다) 또는 être(이다)를 가져옵니다.
imparfait/묘사하는 과거)로 바꿉니다.
participe passé)를 더합니다.
avoir를 사용하는 경우:
j'avais mangé (나는 먹었었다)
tu avais fini (너는 끝냈었다)
il avait vendu (그는 팔았었다)
être를 사용하는 경우 (이동 동사나 재귀 동사):
j'étais allé{e} (나는 갔었다)
elle était partie (그녀는 떠났었다)
nous nous étions douchés (우리는 샤워를 했었다)
être를 사용합니다.
être를 쓸 때는 성수 일치 규칙이 여전히 적용됩니다!
e를, 복수라면 s를 붙이세요.
When To Use It
quand (할 때), parce que (때문에), 또는 déjà (이미)와 같은 단어 뒤에 옵니다.로그인하기 전에 컴퓨터가 had crashed (다운됐었어요).책을 had already read (이미 읽었었기 때문에) 결말이 놀랍지 않았어.내가 스크린샷을 찍기도 전에 그녀가 게시물을 had deleted (삭제해 버렸어)!내가 had known (알았더라면) 오지 않았을 거야.Common Mistakes
être를 써야 할 때 avoir를 자주 씁니다.aller나 partir처럼) être를 쓰세요.ai가 아니라 avais입니다. ai를 쓰면 그냥 복합과거일 뿐입니다.Elle était allé는 안 됩니다. allée여야 합니다.e를 잊지 마세요!déjà의 위치에 주의하세요.j'avais déjà mangé.Contrast With Similar Patterns
passé composé)와 어떻게 다를까요?네가 도착하기 전에 나는 had eaten (먹었었다).imparfait)는 어떨까요?나는 had eaten (먹었었다).비가 오고 있었고(imparfait), 나는 우산을had forgotten(잊어버렸었다) (plus-que-parfait).
Quick FAQ
être와의 일치를 잊어버리면 어떻게 되나요?se laver 같은 재귀 동사와도 잘 되나요?être를 씁니다.had happened (있었는지) 설명하기에 완벽한 시제입니다.Conjugation of Avoir and Être in Imparfait
| Person | Avoir (Imparfait) | Être (Imparfait) |
|---|---|---|
|
Je
|
avais
|
étais
|
|
Tu
|
avais
|
étais
|
|
Il/Elle
|
avait
|
était
|
|
Nous
|
avions
|
étions
|
|
Vous
|
aviez
|
étiez
|
|
Ils/Elles
|
avaient
|
étaient
|
Meanings
The plus-que-parfait expresses an action completed before another past action. It sets the background for a narrative.
Chronological precedence
An event occurring prior to a reference point in the past.
“J'avais fini mes devoirs quand le téléphone a sonné.”
“Elle avait déjà mangé quand nous sommes rentrés.”
Hypothetical past
Used in 'si' clauses to express regret or unreal past conditions.
“Si j'avais su, je ne serais pas venu.”
“Si nous avions eu plus de temps, nous aurions visité le musée.”
Reference Table
| 주어 | 조동사 (반과거) | 과거분사 | 의미 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
J'
|
avais
|
mangé
|
나는 먹었었다
|
|
Tu
|
avais
|
fini
|
너는 끝냈었다
|
|
Il/Elle
|
avait
|
vendu
|
그/그녀는 팔았었다
|
|
Nous
|
étions
|
allés
|
우리는 갔었다
|
|
Vous
|
étiez
|
partis
|
당신은 떠났었다
|
|
Ils/Elles
|
étaient
|
arrivé(e)s
|
그들은 도착했었다
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
J'étais déjà parti. (Leaving a place)
J'étais déjà parti. (Leaving a place)
J'étais déjà parti. (Leaving a place)
J'étais déjà barré. (Leaving a place)
대과거는 언제 쓸까요?
순서
- Antériorité 과거보다 먼저 일어남
키워드
- Déjà 이미
- Avant 전에
복합과거 vs 대과거
조동사 선택하기
이동 동사(Vandertramp)나 재귀 동사인가요?
과거분사를 더했나요?
대과거의 구성 요소
조동사 반과거
- • avais/avait
- • étais/était
과거분사
- • mangé
- • fini
- • allé
수준별 예문
J'avais mangé.
I had eaten.
Il avait dormi.
He had slept.
Nous avions fini.
We had finished.
Elle était partie.
She had left.
Quand il est arrivé, j'avais déjà mangé.
When he arrived, I had already eaten.
Ils avaient acheté le pain.
They had bought the bread.
J'étais allé au cinéma.
I had gone to the cinema.
Aviez-vous vu ce film ?
Had you seen this movie?
Si j'avais su, je serais venu.
If I had known, I would have come.
Elle m'a dit qu'elle avait fini.
She told me she had finished.
Nous n'avions pas encore reçu la lettre.
We hadn't received the letter yet.
Il était rentré avant la pluie.
He had returned before the rain.
La maison qu'ils avaient construite était magnifique.
The house they had built was magnificent.
Il regrettait de ne pas avoir étudié davantage.
He regretted not having studied more.
Dès qu'il avait eu fini, il est parti.
As soon as he had finished, he left.
Elle avait été prévenue par son avocat.
She had been warned by her lawyer.
Si nous avions eu plus de ressources, nous aurions réussi.
If we had had more resources, we would have succeeded.
Il avait beau avoir travaillé, il a échoué.
Even though he had worked, he failed.
Elle avait fini par comprendre le problème.
She had eventually understood the problem.
Il aurait fallu qu'ils eussent fini.
They would have needed to have finished.
Il n'avait jamais été aussi heureux qu'à ce moment-là.
He had never been as happy as at that moment.
Ayant eu fini, il put enfin se reposer.
Having finished, he could finally rest.
Il était parti sans qu'on l'ait vu.
He had left without anyone seeing him.
Elle avait dû partir avant l'aube.
She had had to leave before dawn.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners use them interchangeably.
Both use imparfait endings.
Both are 'past-before-past'.
자주 하는 실수
J'ai eu mangé
J'avais mangé
J'avais parti
J'étais parti
J'avais mangé le pomme
J'avais mangé la pomme
J'avais mangé déjà
J'avais déjà mangé
J'avais allée
J'étais allée
Si j'ai su
Si j'avais su
Il avait mangé le gâteau que j'ai fait
Il avait mangé le gâteau que j'avais fait
J'avais été allé
J'étais allé
Il m'a dit qu'il a fini
Il m'a dit qu'il avait fini
La lettre que j'avais écrit
La lettre que j'avais écrite
J'aurais eu mangé
J'avais mangé
Si j'aurais su
Si j'avais su
Il était parti sans qu'on l'a vu
Il était parti sans qu'on l'ait vu
문장 패턴
Quand j'___, j'avais déjà ___.
Si j'avais ___ , j'aurais ___.
Il m'a dit qu'il avait ___.
J'étais ___ avant qu'il ne ___.
Real World Usage
Désolé, j'avais pas vu ton message.
J'avais déjà géré des équipes.
Le vol était déjà parti.
J'avais jamais vu ça !
J'avais commandé une pizza.
Il avait tout oublié.
'이미'라는 힌트
반과거 조동사 주의!
후회할 때 쓰는 표현
Smart Tips
Use the plus-que-parfait to explain the 'why' behind an action.
Always pair plus-que-parfait with conditionnel passé.
Check the subject gender before writing the participle.
Backshift the passé composé to plus-que-parfait.
발음
Liaison
Ensure liaison between 'avions'/'aviez' and following vowels.
Narrative
J'avais fini, / et puis il est arrivé.
Falling intonation to signal a completed background action.
암기하기
기억법
Think of the Plus-que-parfait as the 'Grandfather' of the past—he is older than everyone else.
시각적 연상
Imagine a train station. The train that left an hour ago is the 'plus-que-parfait'. The train that just left is the 'passé composé'.
Rhyme
For the past that came before, use avoir or être and add more.
Story
I arrived at the party. Everyone had already eaten. I had forgotten the cake. I was sad.
Word Web
챌린지
Write 3 sentences about what you had done before you woke up today.
문화 노트
Used heavily in literature and formal storytelling.
Often simplified in speech, but standard in writing.
Used in formal education and administration.
Derived from Latin 'plus quam perfectum' (more than perfect).
대화 시작하기
Qu'est-ce que tu avais fait avant de venir ici ?
Si tu avais su, qu'aurais-tu fait ?
Avais-tu déjà visité Paris avant ce voyage ?
Pourquoi étais-tu parti si tôt ?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
Quand tu es arrivé, j'___ déjà ___.
다음 중 맞는 문장은?
Find and fix the mistake:
Nous avons déjà fini le travail avant 10h hier.
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesJe (manger) ___ avant de partir.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Il a dit qu'il a fini.
J'avais fini. -> ?
A: Pourquoi es-tu parti ? B: Parce que j'___ (finir) mon travail.
déjà / mangé / j' / avais
Which uses être?
J'avais mangé -> ?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesIls ___ ___ au cinéma avant de dîner.
나는 그 영화를 봤었어.
Elle ___ couchée tôt.
Mes sœurs étaient déjà descendu.
déjà / J' / mangé / avais
알맞은 쌍을 연결하세요:
Elle m'___ ___ son secret.
우리는 끝냈었어.
Vous ___ ___ la porte.
Il avait déjà parti.
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Use 'être' for movement verbs and reflexive verbs. Use 'avoir' for everything else.
Yes, it functions identically as the 'past of the past'.
Yes, it's very common to explain past reasons.
Yes, especially with 'être' verbs and preceding direct objects.
You will sound like you are using the wrong tense; it's a critical foundation.
Extremely common in novels to set the scene.
Yes, it's required for the third conditional.
It means 'more than perfect' in Latin.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pluscuamperfecto
Spanish uses 'haber' for all verbs, French uses 'être' for some.
Plusquamperfekt
German word order is more flexible.
Past Perfect
English doesn't have gender agreement.
Past perfective
Japanese doesn't conjugate for person.
Past perfect
Arabic has different root systems.
Aspect markers
Chinese has no verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
관련 동영상
Les expressions 👄👂🏻 du Québec vs France (avec Alexandra Villarroel)
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Pourquoi la terre tremble quand une faille cède ? - C'est Pas Sorcier
French Past Tenses explained in 15 minutes!
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Past Tenses in French (passé composé, imparfait, all perfect tenses) animated explanation
Lingo Learner
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