Reacting to Surprises (Es Raro Que + Subjunctive)
es raro que plus the subjunctive to comment on things that break the normal pattern of life.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'Es [adjective] que' followed by the subjunctive to express your reaction to a surprising or subjective event.
- Use 'Es + adjective + que' to trigger the subjunctive mood.
- The subject of the first clause must be different from the second clause.
- If the event is a fact you are certain of, use the indicative instead.
Overview
Es raro que is a fundamental Spanish construction used to express a speaker's subjective reaction to something perceived as unusual, unexpected, or atypical. It translates generally to "It's strange that," "It's odd that," or "It's unusual that." This impersonal expression invariably triggers the subjunctive mood in the subsequent clause, signaling that the statement reflects an opinion, judgment, or feeling rather than a simple, objective fact. Understanding Es raro que is crucial at the B1 CEFR level as it enables learners to move beyond merely stating events and to convey their perspective on those events, a key aspect of natural, expressive communication in Spanish.
The linguistic principle underpinning Es raro que is the distinction between objective reality and subjective perception. When you state El profesor llega tarde, you are reporting a fact: "The professor arrives late." However, by saying Es raro que el profesor llegue tarde, you are introducing your personal judgment or surprise regarding this fact. The professor's tardiness becomes an event viewed through the lens of your expectation, making the use of the subjunctive mood mandatory.
This nuance allows for a richer exchange, providing insight into the speaker's internal state concerning the external world.
Mastery of this structure not only improves grammatical accuracy but also enhances communicative competence, allowing you to express subtle shades of meaning. It signifies a significant step in developing fluency, as it is frequently employed in daily conversations, academic discussions, and even formal writing to comment on deviations from the norm or expected behavior.
How This Grammar Works
Es raro, establishes a subjective assessment. The conjunction que then introduces a subordinate clause, which describes the event or situation that is deemed unusual. This subordinate clause is where the subjunctive mood must be applied to the verb.Es raro que acts as a subjunctive trigger, indicating that the information presented in the dependent clause is not being offered as an absolute truth, but rather as something filtered through the speaker's subjective judgment of its rarity.raro here predominantly conveys a sense of "unusual," "infrequent," or "unexpected" rather than "bizarre" or "peculiar" in a negative sense. While it can carry those stronger connotations depending on context, its most common application within this structure highlights a deviation from what is typical or anticipated. For example, Es raro que nieva en abril (It's strange that it's snowing in April) explicitly states a personal reaction to an atypical weather pattern, using the subjunctive form of nevar.- Impersonal Expression:
Es raro(It is unusual). - Conjunction:
que(that). - Subordinate Clause: Subject + Verb in Subjunctive Mood + Rest of the sentence.
que is not arbitrary; it is a direct consequence of the main clause expressing a value judgment (raro). The subjunctive mood is inherently used to express non-factual or hypothetical situations, desires, emotions, doubts, or, in this case, subjective reactions to reality. Es raro que falls into the category of expressions of emotion or judgment.Es raro que Juan esté en la biblioteca a esta hora. Here, esté (from estar) is in the subjunctive because your statement isn't about the certainty of Juan being there, but rather your surprise or judgment that his presence at that specific time is uncommon or unexpected. Without the subjunctive, using the indicative (está), the sentence Es raro que Juan está en la biblioteca a esta hora would sound ungrammatical or like a declarative statement followed by an unrelated observation, losing the intended connection of surprise.Es extraño que (It's strange that) and Es curioso que (It's curious that) operate identically, triggering the subjunctive for the same reasons of subjective assessment.Formation Pattern
Es raro que, you must master the Present Subjunctive conjugation for Spanish verbs. The process involves identifying the present tense "yo" form of the verb, dropping the -o ending, and then adding the characteristic subjunctive endings. These endings are inverted compared to their indicative counterparts, making them distinct and easily recognizable.
yo form of the verb in the Present Indicative tense.
-o ending.
-ar, -er, -ir).
Yo Form (Indicative) | Stem (Drop -o) | Present Subjunctive Endings | Example Conjugation (Yo form) | Example Conjugation (Tú form) |
hablar | hablo | habl- | -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en | hable | hables |
comer | como | com- | -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an | coma | comas |
vivir | vivo | viv- | -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an | viva | vivas |
Es raro que tú llegues tan temprano. (llegar is an -AR verb. Yo llego -> lleg- + -es -> llegues).
yo form of the present indicative, which are then carried over into their subjunctive stem. Additionally, there are several verbs with entirely irregular subjunctive forms. These must be memorized.
Yo Forms (Stem Changes Apply):
Yo Form (Indicative) | Subjunctive Stem | Example Subjunctive (Yo form) |
tener | tengo | teng- | tenga |
venir | vengo | veng- | venga |
poner | pongo | pong- | ponga |
hacer | hago | hag- | haga |
decir | digo | dig- | diga |
salir | salgo | salg- | salga |
traer | traigo | traiga | traiga |
conocer | conozco | conozc- | conozca |
Es raro que no tengas tiempo. (tener -> tengo -> teng- -> tengas).
Yo, Tú, Él/Ella/Ud., Nosotros, Vosotros, Ellos/Ellas/Uds.) |
dar | dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den |
ir | vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan |
saber | sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan |
haber | haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan |
estar | esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén |
ser | sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean |
Es raro que ella no sea consciente de la situación. (ser -> sea).
yo, tú, él/ella/usted, and ellos/ellas/ustedes forms (boot forms) also occur in the subjunctive for those same forms. -ir verbs have an additional change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
pensar (piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen).
Es raro que no pienses en las consecuencias.
dormir (duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman). Note the u in nosotros/vosotros.
Es raro que no duerman bien.
pedir (pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan). This change occurs across all forms.
Es raro que no nos pidan ayuda.
que is non-negotiable; its absence would render the phrase grammatically incorrect for expressing this type of subjective reaction.
When To Use It
Es raro que is primarily used to comment on situations or behaviors that deviate from your expectations, the norm, or a previously established pattern. It is an expression of surprise, mild doubt, or an observation of atypicality. Its utility extends across various communicative contexts, from casual remarks among friends to more formal observations in professional settings.Es raro que. You use it when something occurs that you perceive as out of the ordinary or contrary to what you would expect. It highlights an exception to a general rule or behavior.Es raro que llueva tanto en esta época del año.(It's unusual that it rains so much at this time of year.) – The speaker is noting an unexpected weather pattern.Es raro que mi hermano se levante antes de las diez los fines de semana.(It's strange that my brother gets up before ten on weekends.) – This implies the brother usually sleeps later.
dudar que), Es raro que can subtly imply a degree of skepticism. When you say something is "rare," you might also be suggesting it's hard to believe, or you're questioning the likelihood of it being true or happening frequently.Es raro que sepa la respuesta tan rápido.(It's strange that he knows the answer so quickly.) – This could imply skepticism about how he acquired the knowledge or its accuracy.Es raro que no haya tráfico en la ciudad a esta hora.(It's unusual that there's no traffic in the city at this hour.) – Implies disbelief, given typical traffic conditions.
Es raro que el equipo gane el campeonato este año.(It's strange that the team wins the championship this year.) – Expresses surprise at an unexpected victory, perhaps because the team is not typically strong.Es raro que no conteste mis mensajes.(It's unusual that he doesn't answer my messages.) – A common phrase when someone is unexpectedly unresponsive.
Es raro que with adverbs to emphasize the degree of unusualness:Es muy raro que llueva en el desierto.(It's very rare that it rains in the desert.)Es bastante raro que el tren llegue a tiempo.(It's quite unusual for the train to arrive on time.)
raro to express similar sentiments, always triggering the subjunctive:Es extraño que esté tan callado.(It's strange that he's so quiet.)Es curioso que no aparezca su nombre en la lista.(It's curious that his name doesn't appear on the list.)Es increíble que hayan terminado el proyecto tan pronto.(It's incredible that they finished the project so soon.) – This is a stronger expression of surprise or disbelief.
No es raro que (It's not unusual that) also expresses a judgment about the norm, making the subjunctive appropriate for consistency, although some speakers might use the indicative if they perceive it as stating a known fact. However, for B1 learners, consistently using the subjunctive after No es raro que is the safest and most grammatically sound approach, as it still reflects a subjective assessment of "unusualness."No es raro que haga calor en verano.(It's not unusual that it's hot in summer.) – Here,hagais in the subjunctive.
Es raro que, consider if your statement is a pure, objective report or if it carries a layer of your personal assessment, surprise, or judgment about the unusualness of an event. If the latter, the subjunctive is your necessary grammatical tool.Common Mistakes
Es raro que. These errors typically stem from direct translation from English, misapplication of subjunctive rules, or misunderstanding the nuance of the impersonal expression.- 1Using the Indicative Mood Instead of the Subjunctive: This is arguably the most frequent and significant error. Because English does not have a distinct subjunctive mood for most verbs in such contexts ("It's strange that he comes"), learners tend to default to the Spanish indicative. However,
Es raro queexplicitly demands the subjunctive because it expresses a subjective reaction or judgment, not a confirmed fact. A statement likeEs raro que él viene tardeis grammatically incorrect. The correct form isEs raro que él venga tarde.(It's strange that he comes late.) The why behind this is crucial: the indicative mood expresses facts or certainty, while the subjunctive expresses opinion, emotion, doubt, or non-reality. SinceEs raroconveys a subjective opinion on the unusualness of an event, the verb describing that event must be in the subjunctive.
- 1Forgetting the Conjunction
que: Thequeserves as the indispensable link between the impersonal expression (Es raro) and the subordinate clause where the unusual event is described. Omitting it leads to an ungrammatical sentence structure. For example,Es raro él venga tempranois incorrect. The correct phrasing isEs raro que él venga temprano.(It's strange that he comes early.) Thisqueacts as a crucial syntactic bridge, clarifying that the subsequent clause is dependent on the initial expression of rarity.
- 1Incorrect Subjunctive Conjugation: Even when learners correctly identify the need for the subjunctive, they may misconjugate the verb. This is especially true for irregular verbs, stem-changing verbs, or the
nosotros/vosotrosforms of stem-changing-irverbs. For instance, an-ARverb likehablartakes-eendings in the subjunctive. A common mistake might beEs raro que él hablasinstead ofEs raro que él hable.(It's strange that he speaks.) Reviewing the formation patterns and practicing irregulars (DISHES,g-stem changes, etc.) is vital to overcome this.
- 1Overgeneralizing
raroor Misunderstanding its Implication: Learners sometimes useEs raro quefor situations that are simply negative or undesirable, rather than genuinely unusual. If a situation is bad, but not necessarily rare or unexpected, other expressions are more appropriate. For instance, if someone is rude, you would sayEs malo que sea tan grosero(It's bad that he is so rude) instead ofEs raro que sea tan grosero, unless the rudeness is genuinely out of character for that person. Similarly,raroin this context describes the situation, not the person or thing itself. You would not sayElla es rara que...to mean "It's strange that she..." but ratherEs raro que ella...(It is strange that she...).
- 1Confusing with
servs.estarafterEs raro que: When the verb in the subjunctive clause isserorestar, learners can struggle with which to use, applying indicative rules incorrectly. Remember the fundamental distinction:serfor inherent qualities, origin, time, etc.;estarfor temporary states, location, emotions.Es raro que ella sea tan feliz.(It's strange that she is so happy – implying happiness is an inherent trait or typical for her, which is unusual here.) versusEs raro que ella esté tan feliz.(It's strange that she is so happy – implying a temporary state of happiness that is unexpected.) The choice depends on the underlying meaning you wish to convey about the subject's state.
que, practicing subjunctive conjugations, and understanding the precise meaning of raro, you can avoid these common pitfalls and use Es raro que accurately and effectively.Real Conversations
Es raro que is a versatile phrase, found in a spectrum of informal and formal Spanish communication. Its usage reflects the speaker's personal filter on reality, making it common in situations where observations, surprises, or mild criticisms are expressed.
#### Informal Texting or Social Media
In casual digital communication, the expression often appears slightly abbreviated or in quick reactions. It's common to see it used to comment on unexpected posts, news, or friend's behaviors.
- Text Message: "Es raro q no contestes." (It's strange that you don't answer.) – A shortened version of Es raro que no contestes when someone is unexpectedly unresponsive.
- Social Media Comment: "Es raro que suba fotos tan seguido. No suele hacerlo." (It's strange that she uploads photos so often. She doesn't usually do that.) – Commenting on an influencer's unusual posting frequency.
- WhatsApp Chat: "Qué raro que Paula no venga a la fiesta. Dijo que sí." (How strange that Paula isn't coming to the party. She said yes.) – Expressing surprise at a friend's absence.
#### Casual Conversations (Friends, Family)
In face-to-face interactions, Es raro que serves as a natural way to voice observations about daily occurrences that stand out from the ordinary. The es can sometimes be omitted for a more emphatic or quicker interjection, particularly in Spain.
- "Es raro que mi jefe llegue a la oficina antes que yo." (It's strange that my boss arrives at the office before me.) – An employee remarking on an unusual occurrence regarding their boss's punctuality.
- "Raro que mi hijo haya comido todas las verduras." (Strange that my son ate all the vegetables.) – A parent expressing surprise at their child's unusual eating habits. This showcases the perfect subjunctive for a completed action that is rare.
- "No es raro que haga calor en el Caribe en esta época." (It's not strange that it's hot in the Caribbean at this time.) – A factual observation delivered with a subjective opinion on its normalcy.
#### Academic or Professional Contexts (Emails, Meetings)
While less informal, Es raro que can still be used in professional settings to politely express surprise, an anomaly, or to subtly question an unexpected outcome without being confrontational.
- Email to a colleague: "Es raro que el sistema dé ese error después de la actualización." (It's strange that the system gives that error after the update.) – Pointing out an unexpected system behavior.
- During a meeting: "Es raro que no tengamos más datos sobre la competencia." (It's strange that we don't have more data on the competition.) – Expressing concern about a lack of expected information.
These examples illustrate that Es raro que is a pervasive and useful phrase that injects a speaker's perspective into an otherwise neutral statement. It's a key tool for expressing subjective reactions to the world around you, allowing for more nuanced and engaging communication.
Quick FAQ
- Does
Es raro quealways require the subjunctive?
Es raro que is used as an impersonal expression reflecting a subjective judgment or emotional reaction to an unusual event, the verb in the dependent clause always takes the subjunctive mood. It is a classic subjunctive trigger.- Can I use
Es raro quein the past tense?
Es to Era (Imperfect Indicative) or Fue (Preterite Indicative) to express that something was unusual. The subjunctive verb in the dependent clause would then typically be in the Imperfect Subjunctive (-ara or -iera endings) to maintain tense consistency.Era raro que lloviera en el desierto.(It was strange that it rained in the desert.)Fue raro que no dijera nada.(It was strange that he didn't say anything.)
- What if I want to emphasize how very unusual something is?
raro. Common choices include muy (very), bastante (quite), or sumamente (extremely).Es muy raro que esté despierto tan temprano.(It's very strange that he's awake so early.)Es sumamente raro que no hayas recibido mi correo.(It's extremely strange that you haven't received my email.)
- Are there alternative expressions that mean the same thing?
Es extraño que...(It's strange that...)Es curioso que...(It's curious that...)Es increíble que...(It's incredible that...)Es sorprendente que...(It's surprising that...)
- How does
No es raro quework? Does it still take the subjunctive?
No es raro que (It's not unusual/strange that...) typically still takes the subjunctive mood. Even when stating that something is not unusual, you are still making a subjective judgment about its regularity or typicality. Grammatically, it remains an expression of opinion rather than objective fact.No es raro que haga calor en Sevilla en agosto.(It's not unusual that it's hot in Seville in August.)
- Is there any regional variation in its usage between Spain and Latin America?
Es raro que + Subjunctive is consistent across all Spanish-speaking regions. The concept of using the subjunctive for expressions of emotion, doubt, and subjective judgment is universal in Spanish. Any differences would be in vocabulary choice (e.g., preference for raro vs.extraño in certain regions) or minor nuances of intonation, but not in the core grammar.Subjunctive Conjugation Patterns
| Person | -AR (Hablar) | -ER/-IR (Comer/Vivir) |
|---|---|---|
|
Yo
|
hable
|
coma / viva
|
|
Tú
|
hables
|
comas / vivas
|
|
Él/Ella
|
hable
|
coma / viva
|
|
Nosotros
|
hablemos
|
comamos / vivamos
|
|
Vosotros
|
habléis
|
comáis / viváis
|
|
Ellos/Ellas
|
hablen
|
coman / vivan
|
Meanings
This structure is used to express personal reactions, judgments, or surprises regarding an action or event.
Surprise
Expressing that an event is unexpected.
“Es sorprendente que llueva en el desierto.”
“Es extraño que no haya nadie aquí.”
Judgment
Evaluating a situation as good, bad, or necessary.
“Es bueno que estudies español.”
“Es malo que no comas nada.”
Doubt
Expressing uncertainty about an event.
“Es dudoso que él sepa la verdad.”
“Es poco probable que lleguen a tiempo.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Es + adj + que + Subjunctive
|
Es raro que él venga.
|
|
Negative
|
No es + adj + que + Subjunctive
|
No es raro que él venga.
|
|
Interrogative
|
¿Es + adj + que + Subjunctive?
|
¿Es raro que él venga?
|
|
Certainty
|
Es + adj + que + Indicative
|
Es verdad que él viene.
|
|
Past
|
Es + adj + que + Subjunctive (Imperfect)
|
Es raro que él viniera.
|
|
Perfect
|
Es + adj + que + Subjunctive (Perfect)
|
Es raro que él haya venido.
|
Formality Spectrum
Es extraño que él no esté presente. (Social)
Es raro que él no esté aquí. (Social)
Es raro que no esté. (Social)
Raro que no esté, ¿no? (Social)
The Subjunctive Trigger Map
Emotion
- Sorprendente Surprising
- Increíble Incredible
Judgment
- Bueno Good
- Malo Bad
Doubt
- Dudoso Doubtful
- Improbable Unlikely
Indicative vs Subjunctive
Examples by Level
Es bueno que estudies.
It is good that you study.
Es raro que llueva.
It is strange that it rains.
Es malo que no comas.
It is bad that you don't eat.
Es increíble que cantes.
It is incredible that you sing.
Es sorprendente que ellos no vengan.
It is surprising that they aren't coming.
Es necesario que tú traigas agua.
It is necessary that you bring water.
Es extraño que el coche no funcione.
It is strange that the car doesn't work.
Es importante que leas este libro.
It is important that you read this book.
Es poco probable que lleguen a tiempo.
It is unlikely that they arrive on time.
Es una lástima que no puedas ir.
It is a pity that you cannot go.
Es dudoso que él sepa la respuesta.
It is doubtful that he knows the answer.
Es fantástico que hayamos terminado.
It is fantastic that we have finished.
Es inaceptable que se tomen tales decisiones.
It is unacceptable that such decisions are made.
Resulta curioso que nadie haya dicho nada.
It turns out curious that no one has said anything.
Es preferible que busquemos otra solución.
It is preferable that we look for another solution.
Es lógico que ella se sienta así.
It is logical that she feels that way.
Es imperativo que se aborden estos problemas estructurales.
It is imperative that these structural problems be addressed.
Es desconcertante que la evidencia no sea concluyente.
It is disconcerting that the evidence is not conclusive.
Es comprensible que se sientan frustrados.
It is understandable that they feel frustrated.
Es sorprendente que no se haya considerado esta posibilidad.
It is surprising that this possibility has not been considered.
Es harto improbable que la situación se resuelva sin intervención.
It is highly unlikely that the situation resolves without intervention.
Es menester que se proceda con cautela.
It is necessary that one proceeds with caution.
Es asombroso que tal despropósito haya sido tolerado.
It is astonishing that such nonsense has been tolerated.
Es de esperar que se tomen medidas inmediatas.
It is to be expected that immediate measures are taken.
Easily Confused
Learners mix up when to use each.
Both express thoughts.
When to use 'que' vs just the verb.
Common Mistakes
Es raro que él viene.
Es raro que él venga.
Es raro que él es.
Es raro que él sea.
Es raro que él habla.
Es raro que él hable.
Es raro que él come.
Es raro que él coma.
Es verdad que él venga.
Es verdad que él viene.
Es raro que yo tengo.
Es raro que yo tenga.
Es raro que ellos van.
Es raro que ellos vayan.
Es raro que él ha venido.
Es raro que él haya venido.
Es raro que él vendría.
Es raro que él venga.
Es raro que él viniera.
Es raro que él venga.
Es raro que se ha dicho.
Es raro que se haya dicho.
Es raro que la gente dicen.
Es raro que la gente diga.
Es raro que no se hubiese hecho.
Es raro que no se haya hecho.
Sentence Patterns
Es ___ que ___.
No es ___ que ___.
Es ___ que ___ haya ___.
Resulta ___ que ___.
Real World Usage
Es raro que no me escribas.
Es importante que yo aprenda rápido.
Es increíble que pase esto.
Es necesario que el tren llegue.
Es raro que el pedido tarde tanto.
Es dudoso que la teoría sea correcta.
Focus on the trigger
Certainty check
Memorize the 'yo' flip
Use it to sound native
Smart Tips
Start with 'Es increíble que' to immediately signal a reaction.
Flip the vowel of the 'yo' form.
Use 'Es menester que' instead of 'Es necesario que'.
Avoid the subjunctive if you are stating a fact.
Pronunciation
Subjunctive endings
Ensure the final vowel is clear to distinguish from indicative.
Surprise
¡Es raro que venga! ↑
Rising intonation at the end shows genuine surprise.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Remember 'S.E.A.D.' for Subjunctive: Surprise, Emotion, Advice, Doubt.
Visual Association
Imagine a light switch. When you use 'Es raro que', you flip the switch from the 'Fact' (Indicative) room to the 'Feeling' (Subjunctive) room.
Rhyme
When the feeling is strange or new, use the subjunctive to say it's true.
Story
Maria was surprised. She said, 'Es raro que el sol brille de noche.' Her friend replied, 'Es increíble que tú lo veas.' They both used the subjunctive to share their shock.
Word Web
Challenge
Write 3 sentences using 'Es raro que' about things that happened today.
Cultural Notes
Subjunctive is used very frequently in daily speech.
Often use 'Qué bueno que...' as a common filler.
Subjunctive usage is similar but often paired with 'vos' forms.
The subjunctive mood comes from the Latin 'coniunctivus', meaning 'joining'.
Conversation Starters
¿Es raro que llueva tanto?
¿Es importante que aprendamos español?
¿Es increíble que la tecnología cambie tanto?
¿Es dudoso que el mundo cambie pronto?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
Es raro que él (venir) ____.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Es bueno que tú estudias.
Él viene. -> Es raro que...
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
A: No ha llegado. B: Es raro que no ____.
Es / que / raro / hable / él
Es raro que tú ____.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesEs raro que él (venir) ____.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Es bueno que tú estudias.
Él viene. -> Es raro que...
Es verdad que / Es raro que
A: No ha llegado. B: Es raro que no ____.
Es / que / raro / hable / él
Es raro que tú ____.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesEs raro que tú ___ (beber) café.
Choose the correct sentence:
Es raro que ellos van al gimnasio hoy.
It's weird that he doesn't work.
raro / es / que / no / ella / escriba
Match the verbs:
Es raro que yo ___ (hacer) esto.
Choose one:
Es raro que tú no me comprendes.
It's weird that it rains so much.
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
It allows you to express your personal reaction to events.
Yes, 'que' connects the impersonal expression to the subjunctive clause.
Yes, you use the imperfect subjunctive for past reactions.
If you are expressing a reaction, use the subjunctive.
Yes, it is used daily by all speakers.
It changes the mood from objective to subjective.
Using the indicative instead of the subjunctive.
Write sentences about your daily reactions.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Le subjonctif
French has fewer irregular subjunctive forms than Spanish.
Konjunktiv I/II
German subjunctive is more about indirect speech.
Conditional/Volitional
Japanese does not conjugate verbs for mood in the same way.
Mansoub
Arabic uses case endings rather than mood shifts.
Modal particles
Chinese verbs never change form.
Subjuntivo
None.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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