Formal Passives: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), and 受 (shòu)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 蒙, 遭, and 受 to describe negative experiences or passive events where the subject is the victim.
- 受 (shòu) is the most versatile, used for general negative experiences: 他{受|shòu}了{伤|shāng}.
- 遭 (zāo) emphasizes suffering a disaster or severe negative event: 他{遭|zāo}了{抢劫|qiǎngjié}.
- 蒙 (méng) often implies being deceived or suffering an undeserved negative outcome: 他{蒙|méng}受了{冤屈|yuānqū}.
Overview
In your journey through Chinese, you have mastered the common passive with 被 (bèi). It is the reliable tool for sentences like "My cake was eaten" (我的蛋糕被吃了). However, as you advance to the C1 level, you will encounter a more refined, literary, and often more powerful way to express a similar idea: the experiential verbs 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), and 受 (shòu).
These are not direct synonyms for 被. Instead of focusing on an action being done to a subject, they function as main verbs that mean "to receive," "to encounter," or "to suffer." This subtly shifts the entire focus of the sentence from the event to the subject's experience of that event's consequences.
Think of it as the difference between "He was criticized" and "He received criticism." The first states a fact; the second describes what he experienced. This category of passive, often called the "experiential passive" or "agent-backgrounding passive," is a hallmark of formal, written, and sophisticated Chinese. It pushes the agent (the "doer" of the action) into the background or removes them entirely, placing the spotlight on the recipient's state.
Mastering these verbs is essential for understanding news headlines, academic papers, legal documents, and historical texts. It allows you to move from simply reporting events to describing their abstract impact with nuance and precision.
At their core, these verbs answer the question, "What abstract concept (praise, harm, influence, loss) did the subject come to bear?" While 被 is a grammatical marker that introduces a passive action, 受, 遭, and 蒙 are verbs in their own right, taking nouns (often verbal nouns) as their objects. For example, in 他受到批评 (tā shòudào pīpíng), 他 (he) is the subject, 受到 (received) is the verb, and 批评 (criticism) is the object. The result is a passive meaning conveyed through an active-voice sentence structure.
This fundamental difference is the key to unlocking their usage.
How This Grammar Works
受 (shòu) is the most common, versatile, and neutral of the three. It simply means "to receive" or "to be subjected to," and can be used for positive, negative, or neutral experiences. Its flexibility makes it a frequent sight in both formal writing and certain common phrases in spoken Chinese.受 is your go-to choice for receiving abstract concepts like influence, education, criticism, or welcome. Its focus is on the passive reception of an external force or idea.- For Neutral/Positive things:
受到欢迎(shòudào huānyíng- to receive welcome, i.e., to be popular),受到启发(shòudào qǐfā- to receive inspiration, i.e., to be inspired). - For Negative things:
受伤(shòushāng- to receive an injury, i.e., to be injured),受到批评(shòudào pīpíng- to receive criticism, i.e., to be criticized).
这项新政策受到了广泛的关注。 (Zhè xiàng xīn zhèngcè shòudàole guǎngfàn de guānzhù.) - This new policy has received widespread attention.
遭 (zāo) means "to encounter" or "to meet with," but it carries an overwhelmingly negative connotation. You use 遭 when the subject unexpectedly meets with a disaster, setback, or unfortunate event. Think of it as a verb for describing calamities, accidents, rejection, or attack.遭 where something positive occurred is a serious error. The feeling it evokes is often one of sudden, unavoidable bad luck. It is extremely common in news headlines for its dramatic and concise quality.- Common Uses:
遭遇洪水(zāoyù hóngshuǐ- to encounter a flood),遭到拒绝(zāodào jùjué- to meet with rejection),遭受损失(zāoshòu sǔnshī- to sustain losses).
在经济危机中，许多小企业遭受了重创。 (Zài jīngjì wéijī zhōng, xǔduō xiǎo qǐyè zāoshòule zhòngchuāng.) - In the economic crisis, many small businesses suffered a heavy blow.
蒙 (méng) is the most formal, literary, and somewhat archaic of the group. Its original meaning is "to cover." This literal meaning provides a powerful metaphor for its grammatical function: you are either "covered" in something bad (like shame) or "covered" in something good (like grace from a superior). This duality makes it unique.蒙 is primarily used in set phrases and very formal contexts to convey a sense of profound honor or deep humiliation/loss. You will not hear it in casual conversation, but you will see it in official apologies, historical dramas, and literature.- For Negative things (being "covered" in shame/loss):
蒙受损失(méngshòu sǔnshī- to suffer losses),蒙受冤屈(méngshòu yuānqū- to suffer an injustice),蒙羞(méngxiū- to be covered in shame). - For Positive things (being "covered" in favor):
蒙您关照(méng nín guānzhào- to receive your care, a very polite formula),蒙恩(méng'ēn- to receive grace/favor, often from a monarch or deity).
由于我们的失误，让客户蒙受了不必要的经济损失。 (Yóuyú wǒmen de shīwù, ràng kèhù méngshòule bùbìyào de jīngjì sǔnshī.) - Due to our error, we caused the client to suffer unnecessary financial losses.
Formation Pattern
Subject + Verb + Object structure, which makes them easy to construct once you have memorized the appropriate collocations. The key is that the "object" is an abstract noun that represents the outcome of an action.
受, 遭, or 蒙.
批评 (criticism), 损失 (losses), 欢迎 (welcome).
到 (dào) or 受 (shòu) to form disyllabic verbs. This is extremely common and often makes the language feel more modern and complete.
受到 (shòudào): Emphasizes that the action has "arrived" at the subject. It is the most common form for 受.
遭到 (zāodào): Emphasizes that the misfortune has "arrived." Very common for 遭.
遭受 (zāoshòu): A compound of 遭 and 受, meaning "to suffer." It implies enduring a negative experience over time.
蒙受 (méngshòu): A compound of 蒙 and 受, meaning "to sustain (loss/humiliation)." This is the most common form for 蒙 in modern formal writing.
欢迎 (welcome), 影响 (influence), 教育 (education), 启发 (inspiration), 表扬 (praise), 批评 (criticism), 惩罚 (punishment), 限制 (restriction), 关注 (attention) |
伤 (injury), 苦 (hardship), 骗 (deception), 气 (mistreatment/anger), 累 (fatigue) |
拒绝 (rejection), 失败 (failure), 不幸 (misfortune), 袭击 (attack), 暗算 (plotting), 解雇 (dismissal) |
损失 (losses), 重创 (heavy blow), 打击 (a strike/blow), 歧视 (discrimination), 灾难 (disaster) |
损失 (losses), 羞辱 (humiliation), 冤屈 (injustice), 不白之冤 (unrighted wrong) |
恩 (grace/favor), 关照 (care/consideration), 喜爱 (love/favor from a superior) |
被 sentence. Instead, it appears as a modifier for the noun object, typically using the particle 的 (de).
他受到了老板的批评。 (Tā shòudàole lǎobǎn de pīpíng.) - He received the boss's criticism.
他受老板批评。 (Tā shòu lǎobǎn pīpíng.) - This is grammatically awkward and unnatural.
他被老板批评了。 (Tā bèi lǎobǎn pīpíngle.) - A perfectly correct but more direct and less formal alternative.
When To Use It
- News Headline:
南方多省市遭受洪灾。(Nánfāng duō shěng shì zāoshòu hóngzāi.) - Many southern provinces and cities suffered floods. - Business Report:
上个季度，公司蒙受了巨大亏损。(Shàng gè jìdù, gōngsī méngshòule jùdà kuīsǔn.) - In the last quarter, the company sustained huge losses.
被. You cannot say 他被欢迎 (tā bèi huānyíng). 受 is the correct and only way to express this.他是一个很受欢迎的作家。(Tā shì yīgè hěn shòu huānyíng de zuòjiā.) - He is a very popular writer (lit. a very receive-welcome writer).这部电影深受观众喜爱。(Zhè bù diànyǐng shēn shòu guānzhòng xǐ'ài.) - This film is deeply loved by the audience.
被 can sound blunt or accusatory. Using 遭 or 受 softens the blow by framing it as an impersonal outcome.- Blunt:
我们拒绝了您的申请。(Wǒmen jùjuéle nín de shēnqǐng.- Active voice: We rejected your application.) - Formal/Polite:
恐怕您的申请遭到了拒绝。(Kǒngpà nín de shēnqǐng zāodàole jùjué.) - I'm afraid your application has met with rejection.
深受启发 (shēn shòu qǐfā): to be deeply inspired.蒙混过关 (ménghùn guòguān): to get by under false pretenses (lit. to pass the gate by being covered/deceived).遭受不幸 (zāoshòu bùxìng): to suffer a misfortune.
Common Mistakes
被 is almost always the correct choice.- Mistake:
我的钱包遭偷了。(Wǒ de qiánbāo zāo tōule.) - Correction:
我的钱包被偷了。(Wǒ de qiánbāo bèi tōule.) - My wallet was stolen. - Why? "Stealing" (
偷) is a concrete action. You can, however, use these verbs to describe the abstract consequence of the action:我蒙受了钱包被偷的损失。(Wǒ méngshòule qiánbāo bèi tōu de sǔnshī.) - "I suffered the loss of my wallet being stolen." Here,蒙受correctly takes损失(loss) as its abstract object.
遭 is strictly negative. Using it for a positive or even neutral event is a jarring error that demonstrates a fundamental misunderstanding of the verb's meaning.- Mistake:
他的演讲遭到了热烈欢迎。(Tā de yǎnjiǎng zāodàole rèliè huānyíng.) - Correction:
他的演讲受到了热烈欢迎。(Tā de yǎnjiǎng shòudàole rèliè huānyíng.) - His speech received a warm welcome. - Why? You "receive" (
受) praise and welcome; you don't "suffer" (遭) it.
被 structure (被 + Agent + Verb) often try to insert the agent directly after 受/遭/蒙. This is grammatically incorrect. The agent can only appear as a modifier before the noun object.- Mistake:
这个项目受客户高度评价。(Zhège xiàngmù shòu kèhù gāodù píngjià.) - Correction:
这个项目受到了客户的高度评价。(Zhège xiàngmù shòudàole kèhù de gāodù píngjià.) - This project received high praise from the client. - Why?
受到needs a single noun phrase as its object.客户的高度评价("the client's high praise") functions as that single unit. The incorrect sentence attempts to treat受like被, which it is not.
受 (受伤, 受不了) are common in daily speech, overuse of 遭 and especially 蒙 will make you sound unnatural, overly dramatic, or even comical. Save them for when the context is appropriately formal.- Awkward:
我今天上班迟到，遭到了老板的批评。(Technically correct, but被老板批评了is far more natural for a casual complaint.) - Natural:
今天上班迟到，被老板批评了。(Jīntiān shàngbān chídào, bèi lǎobǎn pīpíngle.)
Real Conversations
While these patterns are dominant in writing, you will hear some of them in spoken Chinese, especially 受. Here is how they appear in modern, everyday contexts.
1. 受 in Daily Life (Very Common)
Expressions with 受 are fully integrated into daily speech, especially those related to feelings and personal states.
Text message exchange
A
你昨天面试怎么样了？ (Nǐ zuótiān miànshì zěnme yàngle?) - How was your interview yesterday?B
别提了，感觉受到了歧视，面试官一直在问我的婚姻状况。 (Biétíle, gǎnjué shòudàole qíshì, miànshì guān yīzhí zài wèn wǒ de hūnyīn zhuàngkuàng.) - Don't get me started. I felt like I was discriminated against; the interviewer kept asking about my marital status.Another common phrase is 受不了 (shòubuliǎo), meaning "can't stand it."
- 这天气太热了，我真受不了！ (Zhè tiānqì tài rèle, wǒ zhēn shòubuliǎo!) - This weather is too hot, I really can't stand it!
2. 遭 on Social Media (Slightly Dramatic)
Online, 遭 is often used for dramatic or humorous effect to describe misfortunes, big or small.
Social media post
今天真是倒霉透了！出门惨遭大雨淋成落汤鸡，新买的鞋也报废了。#水逆#
(Jīntiān zhēnshi dǎoméitòule! Chūmén cǎnzāo dàyǔ lín chéng luòtāngjī, xīn mǎi de xié yě bàofèile. #shuǐnì#)
- Translation: "Such terrible luck today! I went out and miserably suffered a downpour, getting drenched like a wet chicken, and my new shoes are ruined. #MercuryRetrograde#"
- Here, 惨遭 (cǎnzāo) (to miserably suffer) adds a layer of comic drama to the unfortunate event.
3. 蒙 in Formal Speech (Rare but Powerful)
In spoken contexts, 蒙 is reserved for very formal situations, like a CEO giving a speech or a public figure issuing a formal apology.
Excerpt from a company press conference:*
对于此次事件给社会带来的负面影响，以及让我们的忠实用户蒙受的困扰，我们表示最诚挚的歉意。
(Duìyú cǐ cì shìjiàn gěi shèhuì dài lái de fùmiàn yǐngxiǎng, yǐjí ràng wǒmen de zhōngshí yònghù méngshòu de kùnrǎo, wǒmen biǎoshì zuì chéngzhì de qiànyì.)
- Translation: "For the negative impact this incident has had on society, and for the trouble our loyal users have suffered, we express our most sincere apologies."
Quick FAQ
受到 (shòudào), 遭到 (zāodào), and 蒙受 (méngshòu)?In short: 受到 is a neutral receiver of abstract things (good, bad, or neutral). 遭到 is a specialist for encountering negative events and disasters. 蒙受 is a formal verb for suffering significant, profound losses or humiliation.
被 instead of these verbs?For concrete physical actions, you must use 被 (e.g., the glass was broken). For abstract concepts, especially in formal writing, 受/遭/蒙 are often better or the only correct choice (e.g., 受到欢迎 - to be popular). Replacing 受到欢迎 with a 被 sentence is not possible. They fill different grammatical and stylistic roles.
蒙 (méng) ever used in modern conversation?Almost never. Its use is a strong signal of a literary or classical register. The only exception might be in a few fixed phrases like 蒙了 (měngle), which means "to be stunned/clueless," but this has a different tone and is colloquial. Using 蒙受 in a casual chat would sound like you are quoting from a historical novel.
得到 (dédào) compare to 受到 (shòudào)?This is a key distinction. 得到 (dédào) means "to get" or "to obtain," and often implies effort or a successful outcome, usually for something desirable (e.g., 得到批准 - to obtain approval). 受到 (shòudào) is a more passive "reception" of something, regardless of whether you wanted it or not. You 得到 a promotion, but you 受到 criticism. The former is an achievement; the latter is an experience inflicted upon you.
Adversative Passive Structure
| Verb | Nuance | Common Collocation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
受
|
General negative
|
受批评
|
他受批评
|
|
遭
|
Severe/Disaster
|
遭抢劫
|
他遭抢劫
|
|
蒙
|
Deception/Injustice
|
蒙骗
|
他蒙骗
|
Meanings
These are adversative passive markers used to indicate that the subject has undergone a negative or unpleasant experience.
General Suffering
Used with 受 to indicate experiencing something negative.
“他{受|shòu}了{惊吓|jīngxià}。”
“这{项|xiàng}计划{受|shòu}到了{阻碍|zǔ'ài}。”
Disaster/Severe
Used with 遭 to indicate a major misfortune.
“他{遭|zāo}了{大难|dànàn}。”
“城市{遭|zāo}到了{洪水|hóngshuǐ}。”
Deception/Undeserved
Used with 蒙 to indicate being tricked or suffering an injustice.
“他{蒙|méng}受了{不白之冤|bùbáizhīyuān}。”
“他{蒙|méng}在{鼓里|gǔlǐ}。”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Subj + 遭 + Noun
|
他遭了灾
|
|
Negative
|
Subj + 没 + 遭 + Noun
|
他没遭灾
|
|
Question
|
Subj + 遭 + Noun + 吗?
|
他遭灾了吗?
|
|
Formal
|
Subj + 蒙受 + Noun
|
他蒙受损失
|
|
Passive
|
Subj + 受到 + Noun
|
他受到打击
|
|
Severe
|
Subj + 遭到 + Noun
|
他遭到攻击
|
Formality Spectrum
他受到了严厉的批评。 (Work/Social)
他被批评了。 (Work/Social)
他被骂了。 (Work/Social)
他被喷了。 (Work/Social)
Adversative Passive Hierarchy
General
- 受 Receive/Suffer
Severe
- 遭 Encounter Disaster
Deception
- 蒙 Be Deceived
Examples by Level
他{受|shòu}了{伤|shāng}。
He got hurt.
我{受|shòu}了{惊吓|jīngxià}。
I was frightened.
他{受|shòu}了{冷|lěng}。
He caught a cold.
这{受|shòu}了{损|sǔn}。
This is damaged.
城市{遭|zāo}了{灾|zāi}。
The city suffered a disaster.
他{蒙|méng}了{骗|piàn}。
He was deceived.
他{受|shòu}到了{批评|pīpíng}。
He received criticism.
我们{遭|zāo}了{大雨|dàyǔ}。
We were caught in heavy rain.
他{蒙|méng}受了{不白之冤|bùbáizhīyuān}。
He suffered an unjust accusation.
公司{受|shòu}到了{影响|yǐngxiǎng}。
The company was affected.
他{遭|zāo}到了{拒绝|jùjué}。
He was rejected.
这{遭|zāo}了{破坏|pòhuài}。
This was destroyed.
他{蒙|méng}在{鼓里|gǔlǐ}。
He was kept in the dark.
该{地区|dìqū}遭{旱灾|hànzāi}。
The area suffered a drought.
他{受|shòu}到了{法律|fǎlǜ}的{制裁|zhìcái}。
He was sanctioned by the law.
他{遭|zāo}到了{暗算|ànsuàn}。
He was backstabbed.
他{蒙|méng}受了{巨大|jùdà}的{损失|sǔnshī}。
He suffered a huge loss.
这{项|xiàng}政策{受|shòu}到了{质疑|zhìyí}。
The policy was questioned.
他{遭|zāo}到了{严厉|yánlì}的{抨击|pēngjī}。
He was severely attacked.
他{蒙|méng}受了{不公|bùgōng}的{待遇|dàiyù}。
He was treated unfairly.
他{蒙|méng}受{圣恩|shèng'ēn}。
He was favored by the emperor.
该{工程|gōngchéng}遭{搁置|gēzhì}。
The project was shelved.
他{受|shòu}到了{舆论|yúlùn}的{谴责|qiǎnzé}。
He was condemned by public opinion.
他{遭|zāo}到了{灭顶之灾|mièdǐngzhīzāi}。
He suffered a total catastrophe.
Easily Confused
Both are passive, but '被' is neutral while '受' is negative.
Both are negative, but '遭' is for severe disasters.
Both can mean being tricked, but '蒙' is more formal.
Common Mistakes
他被受苦
他受苦
他受了奖励
他获得了奖励
他遭了小雨
他淋了小雨
他蒙了礼物
他收到了礼物
他被遭抢劫
他遭抢劫
他受了快乐
他感到快乐
他蒙了考试
他没考好
他遭到了批评
他受到了批评
他蒙受了帮助
他得到了帮助
他受了地震
他遭了地震
他蒙受了表扬
他受到了表扬
他遭到了委屈
他受了委屈
他受了欺骗
他蒙受了欺骗
他遭了误解
他受到了误解
Sentence Patterns
他___了___。
该地区___到了___。
他___受了___。
他___在鼓里。
Real World Usage
该地区遭到了洪水袭击。
我受到了很多挫折。
我被骗了！
我受了点儿伤。
他蒙受了损失。
他遭到了暗算。
Check the register
No '被'
Collocations
Emotional weight
Smart Tips
Use '受' for general feelings like '受委屈' or '受惊吓'.
Use '遭' for disasters like '遭洪水' or '遭地震'.
Use '蒙' for deception like '蒙骗'.
Use these verbs to replace '被' when the event is negative.
Pronunciation
Tones
Ensure the fourth tone for 遭 (zāo) and 蒙 (méng) is crisp.
Emphatic
他！遭！了！大难！
Conveys shock or tragedy.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Remember: '受' is for 'Suffer', '遭' is for 'Zao-strophe' (disaster), and '蒙' is for 'Masked' (deceived).
Visual Association
Imagine a person standing in the rain (受), a house hit by a storm (遭), and a person wearing a blindfold being led away (蒙).
Rhyme
受 is for general pain, 遭 is for the hurricane, 蒙 is for the trickery, all bring misery.
Story
Xiao Wang went to the city. He '受' (suffered) a cold. Then he '遭' (encountered) a flood. Finally, he '蒙' (was tricked) by a taxi driver.
Word Web
Challenge
Write three sentences about a bad day using each verb once.
Cultural Notes
Used frequently in formal news reports to describe natural disasters.
Similar usage, but '受' is slightly more common in daily speech.
蒙 is often used in historical contexts to mean 'favored by'.
These verbs were originally independent verbs that evolved into passive markers in Classical Chinese.
Conversation Starters
你最近受过什么委屈吗？
你听说过最近的灾难吗？
你有没有被骗的经历？
你觉得什么情况下会受到批评？
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
他___到了严厉的批评。
Find and fix the mistake:
他被遭到了抢劫。
城市___了洪水。
他被骗了。(Use 蒙)
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
A: 你怎么了？ B: 我___了委屈。
损失 / 蒙受 / 他 / 了
Can '遭' be used for positive events?
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercises他___到了严厉的批评。
Find and fix the mistake:
他被遭到了抢劫。
城市___了洪水。
他被骗了。(Use 蒙)
Match: 1.受, 2.遭, 3.蒙
A: 你怎么了？ B: 我___了委屈。
损失 / 蒙受 / 他 / 了
Can '遭' be used for positive events?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises{由于丑闻，他感到___羞。|Yóuyú chǒuwén, tā gǎndào ___ xiū.} (Due to the scandal, he felt humiliated.)
Match the marker to the vibe.
Select the correct collocation.
{计划 / 该 / 遭到 / 反对 / 了}
Use {蒙受|méngshòu}.
{这次旅行很遭欢迎。|Zhè cì lǚxíng hěn zāo huānyíng.}
{承___您的帮助...|Chéng ___ nín de bāngzhù...} (Indebted to your help...)
Select the correct phrase.
Use {袭击|xíjī} (attack/hit) as the noun/verb nominalization.
{___受皮肉之苦|___ shòu píròu zhī kǔ} (Suffer physical pain/flesh wounds)
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
No, it's redundant. Use one or the other.
'受' is the most common and versatile.
No, they can be used for cities, companies, or projects.
It has literary roots and is often used in legal or formal contexts.
No, they are strictly for negative experiences.
Think of the severity: '受' (general), '遭' (severe), '蒙' (deception).
Yes, like '被', '叫', '让', but these are the main adversative ones.
'受' is fine, but '遭' and '蒙' might sound a bit formal.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
sufrir
Spanish 'sufrir' is more versatile and less register-dependent.
subir
French 'subir' is used more broadly than '遭'.
erleiden
German uses it primarily for major misfortunes.
受ける (ukeru)
Japanese has a specific 'suffering passive' suffix (-rare) that is more common.
تعرض لـ (ta'arrada li)
Arabic structure is more prepositional.
被 (bèi)
The adversative markers add emotional weight that '被' lacks.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
The Passive 'bèi' (被): How Things Happen to You
Overview The `被` (bèi) construction is the cornerstone of the passive voice in Mandarin Chinese. Unlike English, which...
Chinese Passive Vibe: How to use '受到' (shòudào)
Overview In Chinese, expressing the passive reception of an action—especially an abstract one—requires a more nuanced t...
Related Grammar Rules
Formal Hedging in Chinese: It Seems, I'm Afraid, Perhaps (似乎, 恐怕, 或许)
Overview In Chinese, as in any language, how you state a fact is as important as the fact itself. Advanced communicatio...
The 'Snake in the Cup' Idiom: Understanding `杯弓蛇影`
Overview At the heart of many Chinese idioms, or `{成语|chéngyǔ}`, lies a story that encapsulates a specific human expe...
Formal Degree Modifiers: 极其, 至为, 颇为
Overview In Chinese, expressing degrees of intensity goes far beyond the common adverbs `很` (hěn) and `非常` (fēicháng...
Formal Suffixes: -ity, -ize, & Degree (性, 化, 度)
Overview In your journey to Chinese fluency, you move from describing the world to analyzing it. You stop just saying a...
Advanced Formal Passives: 为...所 and 见
Overview At the C1 level, mastering register is as crucial as mastering grammar. While `被 (bèi)` is the all-purpose pa...
