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A2 verb #2,500 mais comum 8 min de leitura

くださる

To give (to me/us - honorific)

At the A1 level, you primarily encounter くださる in its most famous form: ください (kudasai). You learn this early on as the word for 'please.' For example, 'Mizu o kudasai' (Water, please). At this stage, you don't need to worry about the complex social hierarchy or the fact that it's a verb meaning 'to give.' You just need to know that adding kudasai after a noun or a -te form verb makes a request polite. It is the first step into the world of Japanese etiquette. You learn that 'Tabete kudasai' is how you tell someone 'Please eat' in a way that isn't a rude command. Even though you aren't using the full verb kudasaru yet, you are using its spirit—asking someone to 'give' you the favor of an action. Focus on the -te kudasai pattern for now, as it is the most vital tool for survival Japanese. You will hear this from teachers, shop staff, and in textbooks constantly. It is the 'magic word' of Japanese. By the end of A1, you should be comfortable making basic requests using this form without necessarily understanding the underlying honorific grammar of sonkeigo.
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At the A2 level, you begin to see くださる as a full verb, specifically as the polite くださいました (kudasaimashita). This is where you learn the 'Direction of Giving.' You learn that Japanese has different words for 'give' depending on who is giving to whom. You are introduced to the concept that when a teacher or a boss gives you something, you cannot use the word agemasu or kuremasu; instead, you use kudasaimasu. You also learn the irregular conjugation: that it's kudasaimasu and not kudasarimasu. This is a key distinction for A2 learners. You start using ~te kudasaru to express gratitude. For example, 'Sensei ga naoshite kudasaimashita' (The teacher corrected it for me). You are beginning to understand that Japanese culture places a high value on acknowledging favors from those above you. You should practice identifying when someone is 'higher' than you (like a senior student or a doctor) and choosing kudasaru over kureru. This shows you are moving beyond 'survival' Japanese into 'socially aware' Japanese.
By B1, you are expected to use くださる and its polite form くださいます fluently in semi-formal situations. You understand the uchi-soto (in-group/out-group) dynamics. For instance, you know that if you are talking to a stranger about your own boss, your boss is 'in-group,' so you might not use kudasaru for them in that specific context (this is advanced, but B1 starts touching on it). You also learn the plain form くださった (kudasatta). You use this when talking to a friend about a superior's action: 'Kachou ga ogotte kudasatta!' (The section chief treated me!). You also begin to see くださる in more complex grammar, like ~te kudasaru koto ni natta (It has been decided that [a superior] will do [something] for me). You are also becoming aware of the difference between ~te kudasaru (the superior does it) and ~te itadaku (I receive the favor). You can choose which one to use based on what you want to emphasize. Your ability to conjugate the irregular kudasai- stem should be perfect by now, including the negative kudasaranai.
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At the B2 level, you master the nuances of くださる in professional environments. You use it naturally in business emails and formal meetings. You are comfortable with the stem-form usage, such as ~kudasari, arigatou gozaimasu, which is more formal than ~te kudasatte. You also understand how to use くださる when referring to actions taken by a client or a customer, who are always treated as 'superiors' in Japanese business. You can distinguish between kudasaru and the even more formal o-kudasaeru (though rare). You also recognize when くださる is used in honorific passive constructions or combined with other keigo. You are sensitive to the 'over-politeness' trap and know that using kudasaru for someone who is clearly your equal or subordinate can sound sarcastic or mocking. Your listening skills are sharp enough to catch kudasaru in fast-paced business dialogue, and you understand the social hierarchy of a room just by hearing who uses kudasaru for whom.
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At the C1 level, くださる is a tool for subtle social maneuvering. You understand its use in literary contexts and highly formal oratory. You can appreciate the nuances in historical dramas or formal speeches where くださる might be used to reinforce traditional power structures. You are also aware of the nijuu keigo (double honorific) errors that even native speakers sometimes make and can avoid them. You can use くださる in complex conditional sentences, like 'Moshi koshite kudasaru no de areba...' (If you would be so kind as to...). You understand the 'giving' verbs so well that you can use them to define the 'distance' between people. You might use くださる for a distant relative to maintain a respectful distance, or kureru for a close mentor to show intimacy, depending on the desired social outcome. You also understand the use of くださる in religious or imperial contexts, where it takes on a sense of 'bestowing' from a divine or semi-divine source.
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At the C2 level, your mastery of くださる is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker. You understand the historical evolution of the word from kudasu and how its usage has shifted through the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa eras. You can analyze the use of くださる in classical Japanese literature (as kudasaru or its precursors) and explain how it reflects the social stratification of those times. In modern contexts, you use it with perfect 'social tact,' knowing exactly when to deploy it to show respect, when to use itadaku to show humility, and when to stick to neutral language to avoid sounding overly formal. You can handle the most complex honorific chains in high-level diplomatic or corporate negotiations where くださる is just one piece of a complex linguistic puzzle. You are also capable of teaching these nuances to others, explaining the psychological and sociological underpinnings of why くださる is used the way it is in Japanese society.
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Pratique Exemplos Notas e dicas

くださる em 30 segundos

  • Honorific 'give' for superiors giving to you.
  • Irregular polite form: kudasaimasu (not kudasarimasu).
  • Used as ~te kudasaru for favors from superiors.
  • The root of the common request 'kudasai'.

The Japanese verb くださる (kudasaru) is a cornerstone of Japanese honorific language, specifically categorized under sonkeigo (respectful language). At its most fundamental level, it means 'to give,' but it carries a very specific directional and social weight that differentiates it from the standard verb kureru. In the intricate web of Japanese social hierarchy, くださる is used when someone of higher social status, greater age, or superior professional rank gives something to the speaker or to someone within the speaker's 'in-group' (family, company, etc.). This 'giving' can be a physical object, but more frequently in modern Japanese, it refers to an action performed for the speaker's benefit.

Grammatical Category
Godan Verb (Irregular conjugation in polite form)
Social Direction
Superior → Speaker / In-group
Honorific Level
Sonkeigo (Respectful)

Understanding くださる requires grasping the concept of uchi-soto (inside-outside). When a teacher (outside/superior) gives a book to you (inside), you use くださる to show respect to the teacher's generosity. It elevates the giver while acknowledging the speaker as the humble recipient. This verb is the honorific counterpart to kureru. While kureru is used among friends or towards subordinates, くださる is essential for maintaining professional and social harmony in Japan.

先生が本をくださいました。 (Sensei ga hon o kudasaimashita.)

— The teacher (honorably) gave me a book.

The verb is also the root of the ubiquitous request form ~te kudasai. When you say 'tabete kudasai' (please eat), you are literally asking someone to 'honorably give the act of eating' to you. This connection highlights how deeply embedded the concept of 'receiving an action as a gift' is in Japanese culture. Without くださる, Japanese polite requests would lose their foundational logic of gratitude and respect.

部長が私を褒めてくださった。 (Buchou ga watashi o homete kudasatta.)

— The department manager (honorably) praised me.

In terms of conjugation, くださる is slightly irregular. In its polite -masu form, it becomes くださいます (kudasaimasu) instead of the expected kudasarimasu. This is a shared trait among the five special honorific verbs: irassharu, ossharu, kudasaru, nasaru, and gozaru. Mastering this irregularity is a key milestone for A2 and B1 learners moving into formal Japanese communication.

Dictionary Form
くださる (Kudasaru)
Polite Form
くださいます (Kudasaimasu)
Te-form
くださって (Kudasatte)

Historically, the word derives from kudasu (to lower/hand down). This etymology perfectly illustrates the vertical nature of the relationship: the giver is 'handing down' a favor or object from a position of higher status to the speaker below. While modern usage is less about literal 'lowering' and more about social etiquette, the underlying sense of receiving a kindness from a superior remains the core of its meaning.

お客様が貴重なご意見をくださいました。 (Okyakusama ga kichou na go-iken o kudasaimashita.)

— The customer (honorably) gave us their valuable opinion.

Using くださる correctly involves two primary patterns: as a standalone verb meaning 'to give' and as an auxiliary verb following the -te form of another verb to indicate a favor performed by a superior.

1. The Standalone Verb (Giving Objects)

When a superior gives you a physical object, the structure is: [Giver] が/は [Recipient] に [Object] を くださる. Note that the recipient is often omitted if it is the speaker.

Example
社長がお土産をくださいました。 (The CEO gave me a souvenir.)

2. The Auxiliary Verb (~te kudasaru)

This is the most common usage. It follows the -te form of a verb to show that someone of higher status did something for you. [Verb in Te-form] + くださる. This expresses deep gratitude for the action.

先輩が仕事を教えてくださった。 (Senpai ga shigoto o oshiete kudasatta.)

— My senior (honorably) taught me the work.

3. Conjugation Nuances

The most important thing to remember is the irregular polite form. Unlike regular Godan verbs ending in -ru, くださる drops the -ru and adds -imasu directly to the stem kudasai-.

  • Dictionary: くださる (kudasaru)
  • Polite: くださいます (kudasaimasu) NOT kudasarimasu
  • Negative: くださらない (kudasaranai)
  • Past: くださった (kudasatta)
  • Te-form: くださって (kudasatte)
  • Imperative: ください (kudasai) - This is where 'Please' comes from!

4. Formal vs. Informal

While くださる is inherently formal, you can use its plain form (kudasaru/kudasatta) when talking to friends about a superior. For example, telling a classmate that a teacher gave you a hint: 'Sensei ga hinto o kudasatta yo!' This maintains respect for the teacher while keeping the conversation with your friend casual.

お忙しい中、お越しくださりありがとうございます。 (O-isogashii naka, okoshi-kudasari arigatou gozaimasu.)

— Thank you for (honorably) coming despite being busy.

In very formal writing or speeches, you might see the stem form kudasari used as a conjunction, as seen in the example above. This is a higher level of formal Japanese (Keigo) often found in business emails or announcements.

You will encounter くださる in almost every formal or semi-formal social interaction in Japan. It is the language of service, education, and corporate hierarchy.

1. In the Workplace

This is the primary 'habitat' for くださる. Employees use it when discussing actions taken by their bosses, clients, or senior colleagues. If a client sends an email, you tell your boss: 'Okyakusama ga meeru o kudasaimashita' (The client gave us an email).

Common Scenario
A manager reviewing a report you wrote and giving feedback.

2. Customer Service and Retail

While staff usually use kenjougo (humble language) for their own actions, they use sonkeigo (respectful language) like くださる for the customer's actions. You will hear: 'Goran-kudasai' (Please look - literally 'Honorably give us the act of looking').

アンケートにご協力くださった皆様に感謝いたします。 (Ankeeto ni go-kyouryoku kudasatta minasama ni kansha itashimasu.)

— We thank everyone who (honorably) cooperated with our survey.

3. Schools and Universities

Students use くださる when referring to their teachers. Whether a teacher gives a lecture, a grade, or advice, くださる is the only appropriate verb to express the student's subordinate position and gratitude.

4. Public Announcements

Train stations, airports, and department stores use くださる in their automated and live announcements. 'Gochuui-kudasai' (Please be careful) is heard hundreds of times a day in Tokyo stations.

5. Formal Ceremonies

At weddings, funerals, or graduation ceremonies, speakers use くださる to acknowledge the presence and contributions of guests and dignitaries. It sets a tone of solemnity and high respect.

Even advanced learners struggle with the nuances of くださる. Here are the most frequent pitfalls to avoid.

1. The Conjugation Error

The most common mistake is regularizing the polite form. Many learners say kudasarimasu because it follows the standard rule for -ru verbs. However, you must use くださいます. This applies to all forms based on the -i stem.

Incorrect
先生が本をくださらいました。 (X)
Correct
先生が本をくださいました。 (O)

2. Directional Confusion

くださる is strictly for Superior → Me/Us. You cannot use it when you give something to a superior. For that, you need sashiageru (humble giving). Using くださる for your own actions sounds incredibly arrogant, as if you are calling yourself a superior.

私が社長に資料をくださいました。 (X - Arrogant/Wrong)

— I (honorably) gave the CEO the documents.

3. Confusing with 'Kureru'

While kureru and くださる share the same direction, using kureru for a boss or teacher is considered rude or 'too familiar.' Conversely, using くださる for a younger sibling or a close friend sounds unnaturally stiff or even sarcastic.

4. Double Honorifics (Nijuu Keigo)

Sometimes learners try to make it 'extra polite' by adding other honorifics, like o-kudasari ni naru. This is redundant and grammatically incorrect. くださる is already at the maximum level of respect for the verb 'to give.'

5. Misusing 'Kudasai' in Commands

While ~te kudasai is polite, in very high-stakes business situations (like talking to a major client), even kudasai can sound too much like a command. In those cases, professionals use ~te itadakemasen ka (Could I receive the favor of...).

To master くださる, you must understand its place among other Japanese verbs of 'giving' and 'receiving.'

1. くれる (Kureru)

The dictionary-standard version of くださる. It also means 'to give to me/us,' but it is used for equals or inferiors. If your friend gives you an apple, use kureru. If your boss gives you an apple, use くださる.

2. 差し上げる (Sashiageru)

This is the humble (kenjougo) version of 'to give,' but the direction is Me → Superior. It is the opposite of くださる in terms of social direction. You use this when you are the giver and you want to show humility.

Comparison
くださる: Boss → Me (Respectful)
差し上げる: Me → Boss (Humble)

3. 与える (Ataeru)

A neutral, often more abstract or formal verb for 'to give' or 'to provide.' It doesn't carry the uchi-soto (in-group/out-group) nuances of くださる. It's used for things like 'giving a prize' or 'providing an opportunity' in a general sense.

4. 頂く / いただく (Itadaku)

The humble version of 'to receive' (morau). While くださる focuses on the giver's action, itadaku focuses on the receiver's humble acceptance. Often, ~te kudasaru and ~te itadaku can describe the same event from different perspectives.

A: 先生が教えてくださった。
B: 先生に教えていただいた。

— Both mean 'The teacher taught me,' but A emphasizes the teacher's kindness, while B emphasizes the speaker's gratitude.

How Formal Is It?

Formal

""

Nível de dificuldade

Gramática essencial

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Exemplos por nível

1

水をください。

Water, please.

Basic 'kudasai' for a noun request.

2

これを読んでください。

Please read this.

Te-form + kudasai for a polite request.

3

座ってください。

Please sit down.

Te-form request.

4

ペンを貸してください。

Please lend me a pen.

Te-form request.

5

待ってください。

Please wait.

Te-form request.

6

日本語で言ってください。

Please say it in Japanese.

Te-form request.

7

ゆっくり話してください。

Please speak slowly.

Te-form request.

8

見せてください。

Please show me.

Te-form request.

1

先生が本をくださいました。

The teacher gave me a book.

Honorific 'give' (kudasaimashita) from a superior.

2

社長がお土産をくださいました。

The CEO gave me a souvenir.

Honorific 'give' for a high-status person.

3

お医者様がアドバイスをくださいました。

The doctor gave me some advice.

Using kudasaru for professional respect.

4

先輩が傘を貸してくださいました。

My senior lent me an umbrella.

~te kudasaru for a favor from a senior.

5

母の友達がお菓子をくださいました。

My mother's friend gave me some sweets.

Respect for an older person outside the family.

6

田中さんが手伝ってくださいました。

Mr. Tanaka (a superior) helped me.

~te kudasaru for assistance.

7

部長が褒めてくださいました。

The department manager praised me.

~te kudasaru for a verbal favor.

8

知らない人が道を教えてくださいました。

A stranger (politely) showed me the way.

Using respect for a helpful stranger.

1

先生が私の作文を直してくださった。

The teacher corrected my essay (plain form).

Plain form 'kudasatta' used in casual speech about a superior.

2

社長がわざわざお越しくださいました。

The CEO took the trouble to come here.

Honorific prefix 'o-' + stem + kudasaru.

3

先輩が夕食をご馳走してくださいました。

My senior treated me to dinner.

~te kudasaru for financial generosity.

4

どなたがこれを送ってくださったのですか。

Who was the person who (honorably) sent this?

Using kudasaru in a question about an unknown benefactor.

5

詳しく説明してくださって、ありがとうございます。

Thank you for explaining it in detail.

~te kudasatte as a way to express thanks.

6

皆さんが応援してくださったおかげで合格しました。

I passed thanks to everyone's support.

~te kudasatta in an 'okage de' (thanks to) clause.

7

案内してくださる方はどなたですか。

Who is the person who will be (honorably) guiding us?

Kudasaru used in a relative clause.

8

父に時計をくださったのは、今の社長です。

The one who gave my father the watch is the current CEO.

Kudasaru used for a superior giving to a family member (in-group).

1

お忙しい中、お時間を割いてくださり感謝しております。

I am grateful that you spared time for me despite your busy schedule.

Stem form 'kudasari' used in formal written/spoken gratitude.

2

お客様が貴重なご意見をくださいました。

The customer provided us with valuable feedback.

Standard business respect for customers.

3

教授が推薦状を書いてくださることになりました。

It has been decided that the professor will write a recommendation letter for me.

~te kudasaru koto ni naru (formal arrangement).

4

わざわざご連絡くださり、恐縮です。

I am humbled that you took the trouble to contact me.

Honorific contact + kudasari + kyoushuku (humble expression).

5

資料を送付してくださいましたら幸いです。

I would be grateful if you could (honorably) send the documents.

~te kudasaimashitara (polite conditional).

6

社長自ら陣頭指揮を執ってくださいました。

The CEO himself took the lead in the operations.

Respect for a superior's direct action.

7

温かいお言葉をかけてくださり、心が救われました。

Your kind words saved my spirit.

Metaphorical 'giving' of words.

8

ご指導くださった皆様に、深く御礼申し上げます。

I offer my deep thanks to everyone who guided me.

Formal speech usage.

1

天が味方してくださったとしか思えない勝利だ。

This victory feels as though the heavens themselves were on our side.

Personification of 'Heaven' as a superior entity using kudasaru.

2

恩師が亡くなる直前に、この言葉を遺してくださいました。

My mentor left these words for me just before they passed away.

High respect for a deceased mentor's final 'gift'.

3

多大なるご寄付をくださいました有志の方々に敬意を表します。

We pay our respects to the volunteers who provided such generous donations.

Formal public acknowledgment of generosity.

4

陛下がお言葉を賜り、国民に勇気をくださいました。

His Majesty granted words and gave courage to the people.

Extremely high honorific context.

5

私のような若輩者に、再挑戦の機会をくださいました。

You gave a young, inexperienced person like me a second chance.

Contrasting 'wakahai-mono' (humble self) with 'kudasaru' (superior).

6

歴史が我々に教えてくださる教訓は、極めて重い。

The lessons that history teaches us are extremely grave.

Abstract concept (History) treated as a superior entity.

7

名もなき英雄たちが、今の平和を築いてくださったのだ。

Nameless heroes are the ones who built the peace we enjoy today.

Collective respect for ancestors/heroes.

8

この地を訪れてくださる方々を、最高の形でお迎えしたい。

We want to welcome those who visit this land in the best possible way.

Hospitality-focused respect for visitors.

1

万物の霊長たる人間に対し、自然が警鐘を鳴らしてくださっている。

Nature is sounding an alarm for humans, the so-called lords of creation.

Philosophical personification of Nature as a superior warning entity.

2

先哲が遺してくださった知恵の結晶を、我々は継承せねばならない。

We must inherit the crystallization of wisdom left to us by the wise men of old.

Highly formal/literary 'giving' of intellectual heritage.

3

一介の書生に過ぎぬ私を、先生は対等に扱ってくださいました。

The master treated me, a mere humble student, as an equal.

Highlighting the superior's grace in lowering themselves.

4

神仏が加護をくださると信じ、困難に立ち向かう。

Believing that the gods and Buddha will grant protection, I face the hardships.

Religious context of divine 'giving'.

5

亡き祖父が、夢の中で道を示してくださいました。

My late grandfather showed me the way in a dream.

Respect for the deceased in a spiritual context.

6

この荒廃した地に、一筋の光を投げかけてくださったのは貴殿です。

It was you who cast a ray of light upon this desolate land.

Archaic/High-literary 'kiden' (you) paired with kudasaru.

7

宇宙の真理が、いつか我々にその姿を現してくださることを願う。

I hope that the truths of the universe will one day reveal themselves to us.

Scientific/Philosophical personification of the Universe.

8

古の歌人が、四季の移ろいを言葉に留めてくださいました。

The poets of old captured the changing seasons in words for us.

Cultural gratitude for historical artistic contributions.

Colocações comuns

お土産をくださる (give a souvenir)
お言葉をくださる (give words/advice)
チャンスをくださる (give a chance)
時間をくださる (give time)
メールをくださる (send an email)
教えてくださる (teach me)
助けてくださる (help me)
褒めてくださる (praise me)
呼んでくださる (call/invite me)
送ってくださる (send to me)

Frases Comuns

〜てください (Please do...)

〜てくださりありがとうございます (Thank you for doing...)

〜てくださいますか (Would you please do...?)

お越しください (Please come)

ご覧ください (Please look)

ご注意ください (Please be careful)

お座りください (Please sit)

少々お待ちください (Please wait a moment)

お召し上がりください (Please eat/drink)

ご遠慮ください (Please refrain from)

Frequentemente confundido com

くださる vs くれる (kureru)

Kureru is neutral/casual; Kudasaru is respectful.

くださる vs あげる (ageru)

Ageru is giving 'away' from the speaker; Kudasaru is giving 'to' the speaker.

くださる vs いただく (itadaku)

Itadaku is humble 'receive' (subject is me); Kudasaru is respectful 'give' (subject is superior).

Expressões idiomáticas

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Fácil de confundir

くださる vs

くださる vs

くださる vs

Padrões de frases

Família de palavras

Relacionado

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Como usar

social status

The giver must be higher in status than the receiver.

directional rule

The action must always flow towards the speaker or their in-group.

Erros comuns
  • Saying 'kudasarimasu' instead of 'kudasaimasu'.
  • Using 'kudasaru' when giving something to a teacher.
  • Using 'kureru' for a boss.
  • Forgetting to use the te-form before kudasaru for actions.
  • Using 'kudasaru' for your own actions.

Dicas

Stem Irregularity

The stem of くださる is くださ-, but for the polite form, it uses くださっ- + い + ます. Always remember the 'i'!

Customer is King

In Japan, the customer is always the superior. Always use くださる for their actions.

Softening Requests

Adding '〜てくださいますか' is softer and more polite than just '〜てください'.

Formal Gratitude

In letters, 'ご指導くださり' is a standard way to thank a mentor.

Catching the Subject

If you hear 'kudasaimashita', the subject is almost always a person of high status.

Downwards Arrow

Visualize the kanji 下 (down) in くださる to remember it's about 'handing down' a favor.

No 'Agemasu' to Me

Never say 'Sensei ga agemashita' for something given to you. It must be 'kudasaimashita'.

Gratitude Included

くださる inherently carries a sense of 'thank you.' It's not just a transaction.

Relative Clauses

You can use 'kudasatta hito' to mean 'the person who was kind enough to...'

Public Safety

Listen for 'go-chuui kudasai' on train platforms to stay safe!

Memorize

Origem da palavra

Derived from the verb 'kudasu' (下す), meaning 'to lower' or 'to hand down.'

Contexto cultural

Usually not used within one's own family when talking to outsiders, but used when talking to family members about a teacher or boss.

Common in prayers when asking for blessings from deities.

Always use 'くださる' for clients, even if they are younger than you.

Pratique na vida real

Contextos reais

Iniciadores de conversa

"昨日、部長が何をくださいましたか？"

"先生が教えてくださった本、読みましたか？"

"どなたがこの花をくださったのですか？"

"社長がわざわざお越しくださるそうですよ。"

"親切に道を教えてくださる人がいて助かりました。"

Temas para diário

今日、誰かがあなたのためにしてくださったことを書いてください。

先生や上司からくださったアドバイスで、一番印象に残っているものは何ですか？

最近、誰かに「〜てくださってありがとうございます」と言いましたか？

あなたが尊敬する人が、あなたに何をくださったら嬉しいですか？

「くださる」を使って、仕事の成功を誰かに感謝する文章を書いてください。

Perguntas frequentes

10 perguntas

Yes, when talking to people outside your family about your parents, though 'kureru' is more common within the family.

No, it is always 'kudasaimasu' in standard Japanese.

'Te kudasai' is a request ('Please do'), while 'te kudasaimasu' is a statement ('They honorably do for me').

Only if they are in a superior position, like a young CEO or a customer.

Yes, in the plain form 'kudasatta' when talking about a superior.

It is 'kudasaranai'.

It's the imperative form of 'kudasaru,' literally asking the person to honorably give the action.

Never. It would sound like you are calling yourself a superior.

Yes, much more polite and respectful.

Use 'Kudasatte arigatou gozaimasu' or 'Kudasari arigatou gozaimasu'.

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