интенсификация
интенсификация em 30 segundos
- A formal noun meaning 'intensification' or 'making more efficient'.
- Commonly used in economic, academic, and political Russian contexts.
- Requires the genitive case for the process being intensified.
- Distinguished from 'growth' by its focus on quality and efficiency.
The Russian word интенсификация is a high-level academic and professional noun that refers to the process of increasing the effectiveness, productivity, or tension of an activity or process. Unlike simple 'growth' (рост), which can happen by just adding more resources (extensive growth), intensification implies getting more out of what you already have through better technology, harder work, or more sophisticated methods. It is a word you will encounter in economic reports, scientific papers, and high-level political discourse. It describes a shift from quantity to quality, where the 'intensity' of the effort is the driving force behind the result.
- Economic Context
- In economics, this term is almost always paired with production or labor. It signifies moving away from 'extensive' methods (like hiring more people) toward 'intensive' methods (like using automation). It is the hallmark of a developing or advanced economy seeking efficiency over raw volume.
- Agricultural Usage
- In farming, it refers to increasing crop yields per hectare through fertilizers, irrigation, and better machinery rather than simply clearing more land for planting.
- Abstract Application
- In social or psychological contexts, it can describe the heightening of feelings, conflicts, or social interactions. If a diplomatic crisis is worsening, one might speak of the intensification of the conflict.
Современная экономика требует интенсификации производства для сохранения конкурентоспособности.
Historically, the term gained massive popularity during the Soviet era, particularly in the 1970s and 80s, when the USSR attempted to pivot from industrial expansion to industrial modernization. The slogan 'курс на интенсификацию' (a course toward intensification) was ubiquitous in state media, signaling a desperate need to upgrade aging factories. Today, the word has lost its ideological baggage but remains a staple of formal Russian. You won't hear a teenager say it while playing video games, but you will hear a CEO say it during a quarterly briefing or a professor during a lecture on thermodynamics or sociology.
Наблюдается интенсификация культурного обмена между нашими странами.
Using интенсификация correctly requires understanding its grammatical behavior and the nouns it typically modifies. As a feminine noun ending in '-ция', it follows the third declension pattern for nouns of Latin origin. Most commonly, it is followed by a noun in the genitive case, answering the question 'intensification of what?' (интенсификация чего?).
- The Genitive Connection
- Always pair it with a process: интенсификация труда (intensification of labor), интенсификация процессов (intensification of processes), интенсификация сотрудничества (intensification of cooperation).
- Verbal Pairings
- Common verbs used with this noun include: проводить (to conduct/carry out), требовать (to require), способствовать (to contribute to + dative), привести к (to lead to + dative). For example: 'Это привело к интенсификации конфликта' (This led to the intensification of the conflict).
Правительство призвало к интенсификации усилий по борьбе с коррупцией.
In scientific writing, you will often see it in the nominative case as the subject of a sentence explaining a phenomenon. In business, it often appears in the prepositional case after 'о' or 'об' (about) or the dative case after 'к' (toward). Remember that because it is a process, it is rarely used in the plural. While 'интенсификации' (plural) is grammatically possible, it sounds awkward and is almost never used in standard Russian.
Без интенсификации учебного процесса мы не успеем пройти программу.
While интенсификация isn't a word you'll use to buy bread, it is inescapable in specific spheres of Russian life. If you watch the news (like 'Vremya' or 'Vesti'), you will hear it during segments on the economy, agriculture, or international relations. It conveys a sense of urgency and modernization. For example, a news anchor might report on the 'интенсификация переговоров' (intensification of negotiations) between two world leaders when a deadline is approaching.
- In the Office
- In a corporate setting, a manager might speak about the 'интенсификация работы' (intensification of work) during a 'crunch' period before a major product launch. It sounds more professional and less stressful than saying 'everyone needs to work harder.'
- In University
- Academic lectures are full of this word. A sociology professor might discuss the 'интенсификация социальных связей' (intensification of social ties) in the digital age, or a biology professor might discuss the 'интенсификация метаболизма' (intensification of metabolism).
В докладе отмечается интенсификация миграционных потоков в последние годы.
You will also find this word in technical manuals and scientific journals. If you are reading about chemistry or physics in Russian, 'интенсификация реакций' (intensification of reactions) describes speeding up a process using catalysts or higher temperatures. It's a 'utility' word for anyone describing a system that is being pushed to its limits or made more efficient. Interestingly, in the context of sports, a coach might talk about 'интенсификация тренировок' (intensification of training) as an athlete approaches a competition date.
Because интенсификация is a complex, multi-syllabic word, even advanced learners can trip over it. The most common errors are not just in pronunciation, but in confusing it with similar-sounding words or using it in the wrong register.
- Confusion with 'Интенсивность'
- This is the most frequent mistake. 'Интенсивность' (intensity) is a state or a quality (e.g., the intensity of light). 'Интенсификация' is a process or an action. You can measure the intensity, but you perform or undergo intensification.
- Spelling and Suffixes
- Learners sometimes try to turn the English 'intensifying' into a Russian word by adding '-инг' or using the wrong suffix. Remember, the Russian equivalent of '-ification' is almost always '-икация'.
- Register Mismatch
- Using this word in a casual text message to a friend (e.g., 'Let's intensify our party!') sounds bizarre and robotic. Stick to 'давай зажжём' (let's light it up) or 'давай активнее' (let's be more active).
❌ Неправильно: Нам нужна интенсивность производства.
✅ Правильно: Нам нужна интенсификация производства.
Another mistake involves the prepositional government. Many learners try to use 'в' (in) when they should use the genitive case. Instead of saying 'интенсификация в работе', it is much more natural to say 'интенсификация работы'. The word 'интенсификация' essentially 'owns' the noun that follows it in the genitive case.
Russian is a language rich in synonyms, and depending on the nuance you want to convey, there might be a better word than интенсификация. Understanding these alternatives will make your Russian sound more natural and precise.
- Усиление (Strengthening/Increase)
- This is the most common and versatile alternative. It can refer to physical strength, volume, or the power of an argument. Use 'усиление' when you mean simply making something stronger without the specific 'efficiency' nuance of intensification.
- Ускорение (Acceleration)
- If the 'intensification' is primarily about speed, use 'ускорение'. This was the other famous keyword of the Gorbachev era ('ускорение и перестройка').
- Форсирование (Forcing/Stepping up)
- This implies a more aggressive, often artificial speeding up of a process, like 'форсирование событий' (forcing events to happen faster than they naturally would).
Word Best For... Интенсификация Efficiency/Academic/Economic Усиление General/Physical/Feelings Наращивание Volume/Capacity (e.g., weapons, power) Обострение Negative things (e.g., illness, conflict)
Choosing the right word depends on the 'flavor' of the increase. If you are talking about a military buildup, you would use 'наращивание' (building up) or 'усиление' (strengthening). If you are talking about a disease getting worse, you would use 'обострение' (exacerbation). 'Интенсификация' remains the 'cleanest,' most clinical word for describing a systemic increase in activity level or efficiency.
How Formal Is It?
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Curiosidade
This word was a 'buzzword' in the 1980s Soviet Union, used by Mikhail Gorbachev to describe his early economic reforms before 'Perestroika' became the main term.
Guia de pronúncia
- Skipping the 'и' after 'ф'.
- Putting stress on 'сив'.
- Pronouncing 'ц' as 'с'.
- Shortening it to 'интенсификация' without the 'и'.
- Muddling the 'н' sounds.
Nível de dificuldade
Long word, but a cognate, so recognizable.
Easy to misspell with so many vowels.
A tongue-twister for many learners.
Clearly pronounced in formal speech.
O que aprender depois
Pré-requisitos
Aprenda a seguir
Avançado
Gramática essencial
Genitive Case with Nouns of Action
Интенсификация (чего?) производства.
Stress in Latin-derived nouns in -ция
Stress is usually on the 'а' before 'ция'.
Dative Case with 'способствовать'
Способствовать (чему?) интенсификации.
Prepositional Case with 'о'
Мы говорили об интенсификации.
Verbal Nouns Register
Words in -ция are almost always formal/academic.
Exemplos por nível
Это большая интенсификация.
This is a big intensification.
Simple nominative use.
Нам нужна интенсификация.
We need intensification.
Object of the verb 'нужна' (needs).
Интенсификация - это хорошо.
Intensification is good.
Predicate nominative.
Где интенсификация?
Where is the intensification?
Interrogative sentence.
Я вижу интенсификацию.
I see the intensification.
Accusative case (-цию).
Вот ваша интенсификация.
Here is your intensification.
Demonstrative 'вот'.
Интенсификация работы важна.
Intensification of work is important.
Genitive 'работы' following the noun.
Нет интенсификации.
There is no intensification.
Genitive case after 'нет'.
Интенсификация труда помогает заводу.
Intensification of labor helps the factory.
Subject with genitive modifier.
Мы начали интенсификацию обучения.
We started the intensification of training.
Accusative case after 'начали'.
Это план интенсификации производства.
This is a plan for the intensification of production.
Genitive case after 'план'.
После интенсификации всё изменилось.
After the intensification, everything changed.
Genitive case after 'после'.
Они говорят об интенсификации.
They are talking about intensification.
Prepositional case after 'о'.
Интенсификация требует времени.
Intensification requires time.
Verb 'требует' takes the genitive.
Благодаря интенсификации мы победили.
Thanks to intensification, we won.
Dative case after 'благодаря'.
Это результат интенсификации усилий.
This is the result of the intensification of efforts.
Double genitive construction.
Интенсификация сельского хозяйства спасла урожай.
The intensification of agriculture saved the harvest.
Formal subject phrase.
Руководство настаивает на интенсификации процесса.
Management insists on the intensification of the process.
Prepositional case after 'настаивать на'.
Интенсификация обмена информацией ускоряет работу.
Intensification of information exchange speeds up work.
Complex subject phrase.
Мы стремимся к интенсификации нашего диалога.
We strive for the intensification of our dialogue.
Dative case after 'стремиться к'.
Интенсификация конфликта была неизбежна.
The intensification of the conflict was inevitable.
Abstract usage.
Программа направлена на интенсификацию экономики.
The program is aimed at the intensification of the economy.
Prepositional case after 'направлена на'.
Интенсификация тренировок дала свои плоды.
The intensification of training bore fruit.
Idiomatic 'дала свои плоды'.
Вопрос об интенсификации сотрудничества остаётся открытым.
The question of intensification of cooperation remains open.
Formal business phrasing.
Интенсификация производства невозможна без новых технологий.
Intensification of production is impossible without new technologies.
Logical condition 'без'.
Происходит интенсификация культурных связей между регионами.
There is an intensification of cultural ties between regions.
Verb 'происходит' (is occurring).
Интенсификация использования ресурсов — наш главный приоритет.
Intensification of resource use is our main priority.
Sentence with a dash (em-dash).
Мы наблюдаем интенсификацию конкуренции на рынке.
We are observing an intensification of competition in the market.
Verb 'наблюдаем' (observing).
Это приведёт к интенсификации миграционных процессов.
This will lead to the intensification of migration processes.
Future tense with 'приведёт к'.
Интенсификация учебного процесса требует больших усилий от студентов.
Intensification of the learning process requires great effort from students.
Noun + Genitive + Verb + Genitive.
Внедрение ИТ-решений способствует интенсификации бизнеса.
Implementation of IT solutions contributes to business intensification.
Dative case after 'способствует'.
Интенсификация добычи нефти вызвала споры у экологов.
Intensification of oil extraction caused disputes among ecologists.
Causal relationship.
Стратегия предполагает интенсификацию инновационной деятельности.
The strategy involves the intensification of innovative activity.
High-level professional terminology.
Интенсификация политического дискурса свидетельствует о кризисе.
The intensification of political discourse indicates a crisis.
Abstract academic subject.
Наблюдается интенсификация процессов глобализации в финансовом секторе.
There is an intensification of globalization processes in the financial sector.
Complex passive construction.
Интенсификация эксплуатации оборудования может привести к поломкам.
Intensification of equipment use can lead to breakdowns.
Technical warning context.
Это решение направлено на интенсификацию притока инвестиций.
This decision is aimed at intensifying the flow of investment.
Economic policy phrasing.
Интенсификация контактов на высшем уровне крайне важна.
The intensification of high-level contacts is extremely important.
Diplomatic register.
Мы видим интенсификацию борьбы за сферы влияния в Арктике.
We see an intensification of the struggle for spheres of influence in the Arctic.
Geopolitical context.
Интенсификация умственного труда требует особого режима отдыха.
Intensification of mental labor requires a special rest regime.
Psychological/Occupational health context.
Интенсификация семиотических процессов в постмодерне поражает.
The intensification of semiotic processes in postmodernity is striking.
Philosophical/Academic register.
Неконтролируемая интенсификация производства ведёт к экологической катастрофе.
Uncontrolled intensification of production leads to ecological catastrophe.
Critical analytical tone.
Интенсификация межнациональных противоречий требует деликатного подхода.
The intensification of interethnic contradictions requires a delicate approach.
Sociopolitical nuance.
Происходит интенсификация отчуждения личности в цифровом обществе.
An intensification of individual alienation is occurring in digital society.
Sociological critique.
Интенсификация налогового администрирования пополнила бюджет.
The intensification of tax administration replenished the budget.
Legal/Financial register.
Интенсификация поисковых работ принесла неожиданные результаты.
The intensification of search operations brought unexpected results.
Scientific/Exploratory context.
Мы наблюдаем интенсификацию рефлексии в современной литературе.
We observe an intensification of reflection in contemporary literature.
Literary criticism.
Интенсификация обмена веществ — ключ к пониманию этой патологии.
The intensification of metabolism is the key to understanding this pathology.
Medical/Biological precision.
Colocações comuns
Frases Comuns
— A policy or direction toward making things more intensive.
Мы взяли курс на интенсификацию.
— Elements that contribute to the process.
Основные факторы интенсификации производства.
— To require an increase in intensity.
Ситуация требует интенсификации мер.
— To help or facilitate the process.
Новые законы способствуют интенсификации.
— The ongoing act of making something intensive.
Процесс интенсификации продолжается.
— The degree to which something is intensive.
Высокий уровень интенсификации труда.
Frequentemente confundido com
Intensity (state) vs Intensification (process).
Intention (purpose) vs Intensification (making intense).
Integration (combining) vs Intensification (strengthening).
Expressões idiomáticas
— When progress is only reported in documents but not in reality.
Это всего лишь интенсификация на бумаге.
critical— To choose efficiency over raw expansion.
Мы решили идти путём интенсификации.
formal— Pushing for efficiency regardless of the human or environmental cost.
Интенсификация любой ценой нам не нужна.
critical— The primary force driving the change.
Наука — двигатель интенсификации.
metaphorical— The positive results of the process.
Мы уже видим плоды интенсификации.
positive— Someone or something that suffers due to increased pressure.
Он стал жертвой интенсификации труда.
empathetic— A widespread trend of increasing intensity.
Новая волна интенсификации охватила отрасль.
journalistic— A tool or method used to force intensification.
Налоги — важный рычаг интенсификации.
economic— Intensification that happens without being officially announced.
Происходит скрытая интенсификация нагрузок.
analytical— The point beyond which things cannot be made more intensive.
Мы достигли предела интенсификации.
technicalFácil de confundir
Similar root.
Интенсивность is a measurable quality (the intensity of light), while интенсификация is the act of making something more intense.
Высокая интенсивность света vs Интенсификация освещения.
Both mean 'making more active'.
Активизация is more general; интенсификация implies a qualitative/structural shift in efficiency.
Активизация фанатов vs Интенсификация производства.
Synonyms.
Усиление is simpler and can be physical; интенсификация is more abstract and technical.
Усиление звука vs Интенсификация диалога.
Often happen together.
Ускорение is just about speed; интенсификация is about density and efficiency.
Ускорение бега vs Интенсификация тренировки.
Both mean 'more'.
Наращивание is quantitative (more stuff); интенсификация is qualitative (better use of stuff).
Наращивание мышц vs Интенсификация обмена веществ.
Padrões de frases
Это [noun] интенсификации.
Это план интенсификации.
Нам нужна интенсификация [genitive].
Нам нужна интенсификация работы.
[Verb] к интенсификации [genitive].
Это привело к интенсификации споров.
[Subject] способствует интенсификации [genitive].
Наука способствует интенсификации труда.
В основе [genitive] лежит интенсификация [genitive].
В основе успеха лежит интенсификация усилий.
Вопрос об интенсификации [genitive].
Вопрос об интенсификации обмена.
Программа направлена на интенсификацию [genitive].
Программа направлена на интенсификацию экономики.
Наблюдается резкая интенсификация [genitive].
Наблюдается резкая интенсификация огня.
Família de palavras
Substantivos
Verbos
Adjetivos
Relacionado
Como usar
High in specialized literature, low in daily speech.
-
Using 'интенсивность' instead of 'интенсификация'.
→
Нам нужна интенсификация производства.
You need the process, not just the quality.
-
Wrong stress: интенсИфикация.
→
интенсификАция
Stress always falls on the 'A' in '-ация'.
-
Using 'в' before the next noun.
→
Интенсификация работы (Genitive).
No preposition is needed between the noun and its modifier here.
-
Spelling it 'интенсифкация'.
→
Интенсификация
Don't forget the 'и' after the 'ф'.
-
Using it in a casual greeting.
→
Привет! Как дела?
Never use 'интенсификация' in casual greetings; it's too formal.
Dicas
Root Recognition
Recognize the root 'интенсив-'. If you see it, the word always relates to depth, strength, or concentration.
Genitive Key
Always look for the noun right after it. It will be in the genitive case and tell you *what* is being intensified.
Formal Only
Use this word in emails, essays, and presentations. Avoid it in casual chats with friends.
End Stress
Remember: -кАция. The stress is always on the 'A' before 'ция'.
Avoid Bureacratese
Don't over-use it. Too many words ending in '-ция' make your writing sound like a boring government report.
News Trigger
When you hear this word on the news, get ready for a report on economics or international meetings.
Context Clues
In economic texts, it almost always contrasts with 'extensive' growth.
The 'FI-KA' Jolt
Associate 'FIKA' with a caffeine jolt that intensifies your energy.
Modernization Signal
In Russia, this word is a signal that someone wants to modernize a system.
C1 Essential
If you are aiming for C1, you must be able to use this word to describe complex social and economic trends.
Memorize
Mnemônico
Think of 'Intense' + 'Factory' + 'Action'. It's the action of making a factory more intense.
Associação visual
Imagine a sponge being squeezed harder to get more water out without adding more water to the sponge.
Word Web
Desafio
Try to say 'интенсификация' five times fast without tripping over the 'и-фи-ка' part.
Origem da palavra
Derived from the Latin 'intensio' (stretching, tension) and 'facere' (to make). It entered Russian likely through German 'Intensivierung' or French 'intensification' in the 19th century.
Significado original: The act of making something tense or stretched tight.
Indo-European (Latin root).Contexto cultural
No specific sensitivities; it is a neutral, clinical term.
In English, 'intensification' is often used for weather (storms) or conflicts. In Russian, its use in economics and labor is much more frequent.
Pratique na vida real
Contextos reais
Economic Report
- интенсификация производства
- интенсификация труда
- темпы интенсификации
- факторы интенсификации
University Lecture
- интенсификация процессов
- научная интенсификация
- интенсификация обмена
- сущность интенсификации
Sports Training
- интенсификация нагрузок
- интенсификация занятий
- период интенсификации
- интенсификация подготовки
International News
- интенсификация переговоров
- интенсификация конфликта
- интенсификация связей
- интенсификация диалога
Agriculture
- интенсификация земледелия
- интенсификация фермерства
- методы интенсификации
- результаты интенсификации
Iniciadores de conversa
"Как вы относитесь к интенсификации рабочего дня?"
"Считаете ли вы, что интенсификация обучения всегда полезна?"
"Какие пути интенсификации производства вы видите в нашей компании?"
"Может ли интенсификация привести к выгоранию сотрудников?"
"Нужна ли нам интенсификация культурного обмена с другими странами?"
Temas para diário
Опишите случай, когда интенсификация ваших усилий помогла вам достичь цели.
Как интенсификация технологий изменила вашу повседневную жизнь за последние пять лет?
Рассуждение: Интенсификация труда — это путь к прогрессу или к стрессу?
Какие сферы вашей жизни требуют немедленной интенсификации?
Представьте план интенсификации изучения русского языка для себя.
Perguntas frequentes
10 perguntasNo, while very common in business and economics, it is also used in science (chemistry, biology), politics (negotiations), and even personal development (studying).
Grammatically, 'интенсификации' exists, but it is almost never used. It's better to treat it as an uncountable noun describing a single process.
The most direct opposite is 'экстенсивное развитие' (extensive development) or 'ослабление' (weakening).
Break it into parts: IN-TEN-SI-FI-KA-TSI-YA. Practice the 'FI-KA' transition as it's the hardest part for English speakers.
It was very popular in Soviet propaganda, but it's a standard Russian word of Latin origin used long before and after the USSR.
Yes, but 'усиление' or 'обострение' is more common for feelings. 'Интенсификация чувств' sounds very clinical or literary.
'Проводить' (to conduct) or 'требовать' (to require) are the most natural pairings.
Yes, 'усиление' is making something stronger, while 'интенсификация' is making a process more efficient or concentrated.
Yes, it frequently appears in TRKI (TORFL) exams at the B2 and C1 levels in the reading and writing sections.
In meteorology, yes, 'интенсификация шторма' is used, though 'усиление' is more common in weather reports.
Teste-se 200 perguntas
Write a sentence using 'интенсификация труда'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Describe why intensification is better than extensive growth.
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Use 'интенсификация' in a sentence about technology.
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Write 'We need intensification' in Russian.
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Use the word in the prepositional case.
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Use the word in the dative case.
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Write a formal headline using the word.
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Write 'Intensification is important' in Russian.
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Use the word in the accusative case.
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Write a sentence about agriculture.
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Use the word in a sentence about a conflict.
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Write 'Without intensification' in Russian.
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Use 'курс на интенсификацию' in a sentence.
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Write about intensification of training.
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Use the word in a sentence about globalization.
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Write 'It is a result of intensification'.
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Use the word with the verb 'требовать'.
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Write about intensification of competition.
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Use the word in a sentence about research.
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Write an abstract sentence about 'being'.
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Say 'интенсификация' three times clearly.
Read this aloud:
Você disse:
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Say 'Нам нужна интенсификация'.
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Say 'Интенсификация производства'.
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Say 'Курс на интенсификацию экономики'.
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Say 'Это интенсификация'.
Read this aloud:
Você disse:
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Say 'Благодаря интенсификации'.
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Say 'Интенсификация учебного процесса'.
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Say 'Интенсификация международного сотрудничества'.
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Say 'Где интенсификация?'.
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Say 'План интенсификации'.
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Say 'Требовать интенсификации усилий'.
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Say 'Интенсификация инновационной деятельности'.
Read this aloud:
Você disse:
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Say 'Интенсификация важна'.
Read this aloud:
Você disse:
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Say 'Об интенсификации'.
Read this aloud:
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Say 'Привести к интенсификации'.
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Say 'Интенсификация миграционных процессов'.
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Say 'Я вижу интенсификацию'.
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Say 'Без интенсификации'.
Read this aloud:
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Say 'Способствовать интенсификации'.
Read this aloud:
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Say 'Интенсификация семиотических процессов'.
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Listen to the word: [интенсификация]. How many syllables did you hear?
Listen: 'Нам нужна интенсификация'. What is needed?
Listen: 'Интенсификация производства важна'. What is important?
Listen: 'Это план'. What is it?
Listen: 'Курс на интенсификацию'. What is the direction?
Listen: 'Благодаря интенсификации'. What is the cause?
Listen: 'Интенсификация конфликта'. What is intensifying?
Listen: 'Где она?'. What is 'she' (intensification)?
Listen: 'Об интенсификации'. What is the preposition?
Listen: 'Требует интенсификации'. What does it require?
Listen: 'Резкая интенсификация'. Is it slow or fast?
Listen: 'Интенсификация важна'. Is it good?
Listen: 'Без неё'. Without what?
Listen: 'Способствует интенсификации'. Does it help?
Listen: 'Интенсификация обмена'. What is being intensified?
/ 200 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Интенсификация is your 'go-to' word for describing a professional or systemic increase in activity. Example: 'Интенсификация труда' means working smarter/harder, not just hiring more people.
- A formal noun meaning 'intensification' or 'making more efficient'.
- Commonly used in economic, academic, and political Russian contexts.
- Requires the genitive case for the process being intensified.
- Distinguished from 'growth' by its focus on quality and efficiency.
Root Recognition
Recognize the root 'интенсив-'. If you see it, the word always relates to depth, strength, or concentration.
Genitive Key
Always look for the noun right after it. It will be in the genitive case and tell you *what* is being intensified.
Formal Only
Use this word in emails, essays, and presentations. Avoid it in casual chats with friends.
End Stress
Remember: -кАция. The stress is always on the 'A' before 'ция'.
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аванс
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агентство
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акция
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анкета
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аренда
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ассортимент
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баланс
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банк
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банковский
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бесплатный
B1O curso é gratuito para estudantes universitários.