Navigating Space and Time

Hey there, friend! You've already learned so many basics and you're getting comfortable speaking Persian. Good for you! Now, we're going to take another step forward and learn to talk in a way that makes it seem like you can see and plan everything precisely. In this chapter, you'll learn how to accurately say something is in (dar), on (rū), or under (zīr) something else. For example,

the book is on the table

or

the cat is under the bed.

Just remember that «rū» and zīr connect to their nouns with a tiny Ezafe. Plus, you'll learn how to use «bā» (with) and bedūn-e (without) to talk about who was with you or what you didn't have, like

I went to the cafe with my friends

or "I can't wake up without coffee." Don't forget that bedūn-e also needs an Ezafe! Want to know

from where to where

(az... tā...) something is? Or say

what something is for

(barā-ye)? For instance,

I have class from Saturday to Tuesday

or

this gift is for you.

You can even arrange your plans precisely with before and after (ghabl az / ba'd az), like

I exercise before work.

Finally, you'll learn how to talk about your habits: what you always do, what you usually do, or what you never do (remember, hargez (never) always comes with a negative verb!). After this chapter, you'll never get lost giving directions or describing daily events again. You'll be able to make plans more easily, explain your schedule, and generally, your conversations will become much more precise and beautiful. Ready for this exciting journey? Let's go!

• 波斯语方位词：在...里、上、下 (dar, rū, zīr)

  你可以用 dar 表示在大空间，用 rū-ye 放在表面，用 zīr-e 躲在下面。
• “有”与“无”的魔法：Bā vs Bedūn

  用 «bā» 来连接人或工具，用 bedūn-e 表示缺少某物，记得后者一定要带上 Ezafe 连接音。
• 波斯语范围：从...到... (az... tā...)

  就像做一个三明治，用 az（从）和 «tā»（到）夹住你的起点和终点，轻松搞定时间、空间或数量的范围。
• 用 'barā-ye' (为了) 表达目的

  你有了表达“为了”的魔法工具！用 barā-ye + 名词，告诉大家东西是给谁的，或者你做事情是为了什么。
• 波斯语时间介词：在…之前与之后 (ghabl az / ba'd az)

  掌握 ghabl az 和 "ba'd az"，你就能像母语者一样轻松安排约会、描述日常，还能在进门时优雅地展示波斯礼仪！
• 波斯语习惯：总是、通常、从不 (hamisheh, ma'mūlan)

  你已经会说基础句子了，现在只需把 hamisheh 或 "ma'mūlan« 放在主语后面。记住，用 »hargez" 时动词必须变否定！