用你的语言查看此页面

English

فارسی

العربية

Deutsch

Español

Français

日本語

한국어

Português

हिन्दी

首页
学习
波斯语
词汇
خصوصی

A1 adjective #1,500 最常用 7分钟阅读

خصوصی

前1,500

At the A1 level, you should learn 'خصوصی' (khosusi) as a basic adjective meaning 'private.' You will mostly use it to describe everyday objects or simple situations. For example, a 'private house' (khane-ye khosusi) or a 'private car' (mashin-e khosusi). At this stage, focus on the fact that it is the opposite of 'omumi' (public). You might hear it when someone says they have a 'private teacher' for Persian. It's important to remember the 'e' sound (Ezafe) that connects the noun to 'khosusi.' Don't worry about the complex political or economic meanings yet; just think of it as something that is 'not for everyone.' You can use it to tell someone that a room is private: 'In otagh khosusi ast.' This is a very useful word for setting basic boundaries and describing your belongings in a simple way.

At the A2 level, you can start using 'خصوصی' in more varied contexts, such as education and work. You will likely encounter phrases like 'mo'allem-e khosusi' (private tutor) or 'kelas-e khosusi' (private class). You should also be able to distinguish between 'khosusi' and 'dowlati' (government-run/public). For instance, you might talk about a 'bimarestan-e khosusi' (private hospital) versus a 'bimarestan-e dowlati.' You'll also start to see it in digital contexts, like a 'private profile' on social media. At this level, you should be comfortable using 'khosusi' with the Ezafe construction and beginning to understand that it can also mean 'confidential' in a simple sense, like 'harf-e khosusi' (a private talk).

By B1, you should understand 'خصوصی' in more abstract and social contexts. This includes the concept of 'harim-e khosusi' (privacy/private sphere). You'll be able to discuss the 'bakhsh-e khosusi' (private sector) in a basic economic conversation. You should also start to notice the difference between 'khosusi' and 'shakhsi' (personal). While a 'private letter' is 'name-ye khosusi,' a 'personal opinion' is 'nazar-e shakhsi.' You can use 'khosusi' to describe meetings or events that are not open to the public, like a 'jaleseh-ye khosusi' (private meeting). Your vocabulary should expand to include related verbs like 'khosusi-sazi' (privatization), which you might hear in news reports about the economy.

At the B2 level, you should have a nuanced grasp of 'خصوصی' and its role in formal and legal language. You will encounter it in discussions about 'malekiyat-e khosusi' (private property) and the legal protections afforded to it. You should be able to use it to describe complex social dynamics, such as the tension between 'private' and 'public' life in Iranian society. You will also see it used in more sophisticated collocations like 'be surat-e khosusi' (privately/in a private manner). At this stage, you should be able to use the word in essays or debates about education, healthcare, and economics, comparing the merits of private versus public systems using appropriate terminology and grammar.

At the C1 level, 'خصوصی' becomes a tool for deep cultural and philosophical analysis. You can discuss the historical evolution of the 'private' space in Persian architecture and social life (the 'andaruni'). You should be able to understand and use the word in high-level academic or journalistic texts, such as those analyzing the 'privatization' of the Iranian oil industry or the ethical implications of 'privacy' in the age of big data. You will recognize the subtle ways 'khosusi' is used to imply exclusivity, elitism, or secrecy in political discourse. Your mastery should allow you to use it in complex sentence structures, such as 'khosusi-tarin layeh-haye shakhsiyat' (the most private layers of personality).

At the C2 level, you use 'خصوصی' with the precision of a native speaker, understanding all its connotations and historical baggage. You can engage in professional-level debates about 'khosusi-sazi' (privatization) and its impact on social justice. You understand how the word functions in classical and modern literature to delineate the boundary between the self and the world. You can use it idiomatically and recognize when a speaker uses it to subtly exclude others or to create a sense of intimacy. Your understanding of 'khosusi' is no longer just about a definition; it's about the entire social and legal framework of 'privacy' and 'particularity' in the Persian-speaking world.

开始练习例句笔记与提示

خصوصی 30秒了解

Khosusi means 'private' or 'personal' and is the opposite of 'omumi' (public).
It is used for private schools, hospitals, lessons, and the private economic sector.
It can also mean 'confidential' when referring to conversations or information.
Grammatically, it follows the noun with an Ezafe (e.g., kelas-e khosusi).

The Persian word خصوصی (pronounced 'khosusi') is a fundamental adjective that primarily translates to 'private,' 'personal,' or 'confidential.' Rooted in the Arabic root 'kh-s-s,' which pertains to specialization or particularity, it serves as a cornerstone for distinguishing between the public sphere and the individual domain. In its most basic sense, it describes something that belongs to or is intended for a specific person or group, rather than the general public. This can range from physical spaces like a 'private room' to abstract concepts like 'private thoughts.' Understanding khosusi is essential for navigating social boundaries in Iranian culture, where the distinction between the 'andaruni' (inner/private) and 'biruni' (outer/public) has historically been very significant.

Ownership & Access: It denotes things not owned or controlled by the state or the public. For example, 'bakhsh-e khosusi' refers to the private sector in economics.
Confidentiality: It is used to describe information or conversations that are not meant for others to hear. A 'harf-e khosusi' is a private word or a secret.

این یک مهمانی خصوصی است و ورود عموم آزاد نیست.

Translation: This is a private party and public entry is not allowed.

Beyond simple privacy, khosusi often carries a connotation of 'special' or 'tailored.' In educational contexts, a 'mo'allem-e khosusi' is a private tutor who provides specialized attention. This nuance is vital: while 'vizheh' means special in a general sense, 'khosusi' implies that the specialness comes from the restricted, personal nature of the service or object. In the modern era, the word has taken on heavy weight in political discourse regarding 'khosusi-sazi' (privatization), the process of transferring state-owned assets to private individuals or companies.

او در یک شرکت خصوصی کار می‌کند.

Translation: He works in a private company.

Privacy Rights: The phrase 'harim-e khosusi' refers to the legal and ethical concept of 'privacy' or 'private sphere' that should be protected from intrusion.

لطفاً به زندگی خصوصی دیگران احترام بگذارید.

Translation: Please respect the private lives of others.

Using خصوصی correctly requires an understanding of Persian adjective placement and the Ezafe construction. As an adjective, it almost always follows the noun it modifies, connected by the short 'e' sound (the Ezafe). For example, to say 'private car,' you say 'mashin-e khosusi.' It is a versatile word that functions across formal and informal registers without changing its form, though its collocations might vary.

Grammatical Placement: Noun + Ezafe + خصوصی. Example: 'dars-e khosusi' (private lesson).
Adverbial Use: While primarily an adjective, it can function adverbially when paired with certain verbs, often meaning 'privately' or 'in confidence.' 'Ba u khosusi harf zadam' (I spoke with him privately).

کلاس‌های خصوصی معمولاً گران‌تر هستند.

Translation: Private classes are usually more expensive.

In professional settings, khosusi is used to distinguish between governmental (dowlati) and non-governmental entities. If you are filling out a form in Iran, you might see a checkbox for 'bakhsh-e khosusi' (private sector). In social media contexts, a 'safhe-ye khosusi' refers to a private profile or account. It is important to note that 'khosusi' is distinct from 'shakhsi' (personal). While they overlap, 'khosusi' often implies a lack of public access, whereas 'shakhsi' emphasizes individual ownership or character.

من یک جت خصوصی ندارم!

Translation: I don't have a private jet!

Comparative & Superlative: Like most Persian adjectives, you can add '-tar' for comparative (khosusi-tar - more private) and '-tarin' for superlative (khosusi-tarin - most private).

این خصوصی‌ترین بخش خاطرات من است.

Translation: This is the most private part of my memories.

You will encounter خصوصی in a wide array of environments, from the halls of government to the dinner table. In the news, it is almost constantly mentioned in economic reports discussing the 'bakhsh-e khosusi' (private sector) and the challenges of 'khosusi-sazi' (privatization) in the Iranian economy. Journalists use it to describe closed-door meetings ('jaleseh-ye khosusi') between diplomats or politicians where the public and press are excluded.

In Education: Students and parents frequently talk about 'madares-e khosusi' (private schools) or 'mo'allem-e khosusi' (private tutors) when seeking better educational opportunities outside the state system.
In Healthcare: Patients often specify if they are going to a 'bimarestan-e khosusi' (private hospital), which is usually associated with higher costs and better facilities compared to public ones.

بیمارستان‌های خصوصی امکانات بیشتری دارند.

Translation: Private hospitals have more facilities.

In daily conversation, friends might use it to lower the volume of a chat: 'Mikhaham khosusi ba to harf bezanam' (I want to talk to you privately). It signals that the topic is sensitive or not for everyone's ears. On the internet, you'll see it in settings menus ('tanzimat-e khosusi' - privacy settings) or when a social media user has a 'private' account. It is also common in legal contexts regarding 'malekiyat-e khosusi' (private property), a concept that is frequently debated in the context of urban development and law.

این یک موضوع خصوصی خانوادگی است.

Translation: This is a private family matter.

In the Arts: You might hear about a 'namayeshgah-e khosusi' (private exhibition) where only invited guests can view the artwork before it opens to the public.

One of the most frequent errors learners make is confusing خصوصی (khosusi) with شخصی (shakhsi). While both can translate to 'private' or 'personal,' they are not always interchangeable. 'Shakhsi' is more about the individual (the 'person'), whereas 'khosusi' is more about the exclusion of the public or the specialized nature of something. For example, 'nazar-e shakhsi' is a 'personal opinion,' but 'bakhsh-e khosusi' is the 'private sector.' You wouldn't say 'bakhsh-e shakhsi' to mean the private sector.

Khosusi vs. Shakhsi: Use 'khosusi' for institutions, sectors, and confidentiality. Use 'shakhsi' for individual belongings or opinions.
Khosusi vs. Vizheh: 'Vizheh' means 'special' or 'exclusive' in a positive, highlighted sense. 'Khosusi' is 'special' in the sense of being restricted to a specific group.

❌ اشتباه: این نظر خصوصی من است.
✅ درست: این نظر شخصی من است.

Note: While 'khosusi' isn't grammatically wrong here, 'shakhsi' is much more natural for 'personal opinion'.

Another mistake involves the Ezafe. Beginners often forget to add the 'e' sound when connecting 'khosusi' to a noun. Saying 'mashin khosusi' sounds broken; it must be 'mashin-e khosusi.' Additionally, some learners confuse 'khosusi' with 'ekhtesasi' (exclusive/dedicated). 'Ekhtesasi' is used when something is dedicated solely to one purpose or person (like a dedicated parking spot), whereas 'khosusi' is more general.

❌ اشتباه: او معلم شخصی دارد.
✅ درست: او معلم خصوصی دارد.

Note: 'Private tutor' is always 'mo'allem-e khosusi'.

Persian has several words that touch upon the concept of 'private' or 'special,' and distinguishing between them will make your speech more precise. خصوصی is the broad term for 'private,' but let's look at its cousins.

شخصی (Shakhsi): Meaning 'personal.' Used for things like 'personal belongings' (vasayel-e shakhsi) or 'personal life' (zendegi-ye shakhsi). It emphasizes the individual.
اختصاصی (Ekhtesasi): Meaning 'exclusive' or 'dedicated.' Used for things like an 'exclusive interview' (mosahebe-ye ekhtesasi) or a 'dedicated lane' for buses.
ویژه (Vizheh): Meaning 'special.' Used for 'special editions,' 'special offers,' or 'special guests.' It doesn't necessarily imply privacy, just importance or uniqueness.
محرمانه (Mahramaneh): Meaning 'confidential' or 'top secret.' This is a stronger version of 'khosusi' used in government or legal documents.

این یک پارکینگ اختصاصی است، نه خصوصی.

Translation: This is an exclusive parking spot, not just a private one (implying it's reserved for a specific person/car).

When comparing khosusi and omumi (public), the line is usually clear. Omumi is for everyone; khosusi is for a few. However, in the context of 'private lessons,' khosusi is the only choice. If you say 'dars-e shakhsi,' it sounds like you are teaching yourself. If you say 'dars-e vizheh,' it sounds like a special curriculum, not necessarily a one-on-one session.

How Formal Is It?

正式

非正式

难度评级

需要掌握的语法

按水平分级的例句

این ماشین خصوصی است.

This is a private car.

Simple adjective use with 'ast' (is).

من یک اتاق خصوصی دارم.

I have a private room.

Noun + Ezafe + Adjective.

او معلم خصوصی است.

He/She is a private teacher.

Common occupation phrase.

این نامه خصوصی است.

This letter is private.

Predicate adjective.

خانه ما خصوصی است.

Our house is private.

Possessive + Adjective.

او به مدرسه خصوصی می‌رود.

He goes to a private school.

Prepositional phrase.

آیا این یک بخش خصوصی است؟

Is this a private section?

Question form.

من کلاس خصوصی دارم.

I have a private class.

Direct object.

ما در یک بیمارستان خصوصی هستیم.

We are in a private hospital.

Locative phrase.

او می‌خواهد خصوصی با شما حرف بزند.

He wants to talk to you privately.

Adverbial use of 'khosusi'.

این شرکت خصوصی بزرگ است.

This private company is big.

Adjective modifying the subject.

صفحه اینستاگرام او خصوصی است.

Her Instagram page is private.

Modern digital context.

او برای درس ریاضی معلم خصوصی گرفت.

He got a private tutor for math.

Compound verb 'mo'allem gereftan'.

آیا شما در بخش خصوصی کار می‌کنید؟

Do you work in the private sector?

Economic term.

این یک مهمانی خصوصی برای دوستان است.

This is a private party for friends.

Complex noun phrase.

او یک جت خصوصی خرید.

He bought a private jet.

Direct object.

احترام به حریم خصوصی دیگران واجب است.

Respecting others' privacy is mandatory.

Concept of 'harim-e khosusi'.

بخش خصوصی نقش مهمی در اقتصاد دارد.

The private sector plays an important role in the economy.

Abstract subject.

آن‌ها یک جلسه خصوصی در دفتر رئیس داشتند.

They had a private meeting in the boss's office.

Professional context.

این اطلاعات کاملاً خصوصی و محرمانه است.

This information is completely private and confidential.

Synonym pairing.

دولت باید از مالکیت خصوصی حمایت کند.

The government must support private property.

Legal/Political term.

او زندگی خصوصی‌اش را از رسانه‌ها مخفی می‌کند.

He hides his private life from the media.

Pronominal suffix with adjective.

ما به دنبال یک سرمایه‌گذار خصوصی هستیم.

We are looking for a private investor.

Business context.

این موزه یک کلکسیون خصوصی ارزشمند دارد.

This museum has a valuable private collection.

Descriptive phrase.

خصوصی‌سازی صنایع بزرگ با چالش‌های زیادی روبروست.

The privatization of large industries faces many challenges.

Noun derived from 'khosusi'.

او ترجیح می‌دهد مسائل خصوصی‌اش را عمومی نکند.

He prefers not to make his private issues public.

Contrast between khosusi and omumi.

حقوق شهروندی شامل حفاظت از حریم خصوصی نیز می‌شود.

Citizens' rights also include the protection of privacy.

Legal discourse.

این ویلا در یک منطقه خصوصی و آرام واقع شده است.

This villa is located in a private and quiet area.

Passive construction.

او به صورت خصوصی با وکیلش مشورت کرد.

He consulted with his lawyer privately.

Adverbial phrase 'be surat-e khosusi'.

بسیاری از مدارس خصوصی استانداردهای بالاتری دارند.

Many private schools have higher standards.

Plural noun phrase.

سرمایه‌گذاری در بخش خصوصی ریسک بالایی دارد.

Investing in the private sector has high risk.

Gerund phrase as subject.

او یک نامه‌ی خصوصی برای پادشاه نوشت.

He wrote a private letter to the king.

Historical/Formal context.

مرز میان زندگی خصوصی و حرفه‌ای در حال محو شدن است.

The boundary between private and professional life is fading.

Abstract sociological concept.

نقد ساختاری به روند خصوصی‌سازی در دهه‌های اخیر افزایش یافته است.

Structural criticism of the privatization process has increased in recent decades.

Academic register.

او در خاطراتش به خصوصی‌ترین زوایای روح خود می‌پردازد.

In his memoirs, he addresses the most private angles of his soul.

Superlative 'khosusi-tarin'.

افشای مکاتبات خصوصی دیپلمات‌ها جنجال بزرگی به پا کرد.

The disclosure of diplomats' private correspondence caused a great controversy.

Complex genitive chain.

تکنولوژی‌های نوین حریم خصوصی افراد را به شدت تهدید می‌کنند.

New technologies severely threaten individuals' privacy.

Subject-verb agreement with plural.

او به عنوان یک شهروند، بر حق مالکیت خصوصی خود پافشاری کرد.

As a citizen, he insisted on his right to private property.

Prepositional phrase 'bar... pafshari kardan'.

این اثر هنری تنها در مجموعه‌های خصوصی یافت می‌شود.

This artwork is only found in private collections.

Passive voice 'yaft shodan'.

گفتمان حریم خصوصی در حقوق بین‌الملل جایگاه ویژه‌ای دارد.

The discourse of privacy has a special place in international law.

High-level abstract noun.

دیالکتیک میان فضای عمومی و حریم خصوصی از مباحث کلیدی جامعه‌شناسی مدرن است.

The dialectic between public space and the private sphere is a key topic in modern sociology.

Philosophical/Academic terminology.

پیامدهای ناگوار خصوصی‌سازی رانتی بر عدالت اجتماعی غیرقابل انکار است.

The adverse consequences of rent-seeking privatization on social justice are undeniable.

Political-economic critique.

او با ظرافتی خاص، مرزهای امر خصوصی و امر سیاسی را در اشعارش درهم می‌آمیزد.

With a particular delicacy, he blends the boundaries of the private and the political in his poems.

Literary analysis.

صیانت از حریم خصوصی در فضای مجازی نیازمند زیرساخت‌های حقوقی مستحکم است.

Safeguarding privacy in cyberspace requires robust legal infrastructures.

Formal administrative language.

تقابل میان منافع عمومی و حقوق خصوصی همواره منشأ چالش‌های حقوقی بوده است.

The conflict between public interests and private rights has always been a source of legal challenges.

Legal theory.

او در نامه‌های خصوصی‌اش به واکاوی عمیق‌ترین لایه‌های ناخودآگاه خویش می‌پردازد.

In his private letters, he engages in a deep exploration of the deepest layers of his unconscious.

Psychological register.

گذار از اقتصاد دولتی به اقتصاد خصوصی نیازمند شفافیت و نظارت دقیق است.

The transition from a state economy to a private economy requires transparency and close supervision.

Policy-oriented language.

پدیدارشناسی حریم خصوصی در معماری سنتی ایران موضوع رساله دکتری او بود.

The phenomenology of privacy in traditional Iranian architecture was the subject of his doctoral thesis.

Advanced academic subject.

常见搭配

بخش خصوصی

مدرسه خصوصی

معلم خصوصی

حریم خصوصی

بیمارستان خصوصی

زندگی خصوصی

جلسه خصوصی

نامه خصوصی

شرکت خصوصی

مالکیت خصوصی

常用短语

به طور خصوصی

حرف خصوصی

کلاس خصوصی

جت خصوصی

شماره خصوصی

ملک خصوصی

سرمایه‌گذار خصوصی

گفتگوی خصوصی

فضای خصوصی

حقوق خصوصی

容易混淆的词

خصوصی vs شخصی (Personal)

خصوصی vs اختصاصی (Exclusive)

خصوصی vs ویژه (Special)

习语与表达

容易混淆

خصوصی vs شخصی

Focuses on the individual person's identity or belongings.

خصوصی vs اختصاصی

Focuses on something being reserved for a specific use.

句型

如何使用

nuance

Khosusi implies 'not public', while Shakhsi implies 'individual'.

formality

Used in all registers.

常见错误

Using 'shakhsi' when 'khosusi' is required (e.g., private sector).
Forgetting the Ezafe between the noun and 'khosusi'.
Mispronouncing 'kh' as 'h'.
Using 'khosusi' for 'special' when 'vizheh' is more appropriate.
Confusing 'khosusi' with 'ekhtesasi' (exclusive).

小贴士

Pair with Omumi

Always learn 'khosusi' alongside 'omumi' to remember the public/private distinction.

Ezafe is Key

Ensure you use the Ezafe (e sound) when 'khosusi' follows a noun.

Home Privacy

Understand that 'khosusi' is a very important concept regarding the Iranian home.

Private Sector

In business, always use 'bakhsh-e khosusi' for the private sector.

Confidentiality

Use 'khosusi' to politely ask for a private conversation.

Privacy Settings

Look for 'khosusi' in the settings of Persian apps.

Property Rights

Learn 'malekiyat-e khosusi' for discussions about property.

Tutoring

Use 'kelas-e khosusi' when looking for one-on-one lessons.

The 'Kh' Sound

Practice the 'kh' sound to avoid sounding like you're saying 'hosusi'.

Formal Reports

Use 'khosusi' in formal reports to distinguish from state-run entities.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'Khosusi' as 'Cozy' - private things are often cozy and for just you.

词源

Arabic

文化背景

Traditional Persian houses are built around an inner courtyard to ensure maximum privacy from the street.

Many Iranians maintain private Instagram accounts to share photos that wouldn't be appropriate for the public eye due to social or religious norms.

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"آیا شما به مدرسه خصوصی می‌رفتید یا دولتی؟"

"نظر شما درباره خصوصی‌سازی چیست؟"

"چگونه از حریم خصوصی خود در اینترنت محافظت می‌کنید؟"

"آیا تا به حال معلم خصوصی داشته‌اید؟"

"به نظر شما بیمارستان‌های خصوصی بهتر هستند؟"

日记主题

درباره اهمیت حریم خصوصی در زندگی خود بنویسید.

تجربه خود را از یک کلاس خصوصی توصیف کنید.

تفاوت‌های بخش خصوصی و دولتی را در کشور خود مقایسه کنید.

常见问题

10 个问题

Yes, in most contexts it translates to private, personal, or confidential.

The most common opposite is 'omumi' (public) or 'dowlati' (governmental).

It's better to use 'shakhsi' for opinions, though 'khosusi' is understandable.

Yes, very frequently to refer to the private sector (bakhsh-e khosusi).

It is 'mo'allem-e khosusi'.

It means privatization, the process of making a state industry private.

It is used in both formal and informal Persian.

It is pronounced kho-su-si.

Yes, 'harf-e khosusi' means a private or secret talk.

It means 'privacy' or 'private sphere'.