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A2 noun #3,000 最常用 8分钟阅读

کلم

kalam
At the A1 level, 'Kalam' is a basic vocabulary word for a vegetable. You should know that it means 'cabbage'. You will use it in very simple sentences like 'I like cabbage' (Man kalam dust daram) or 'This is a cabbage' (In yek kalam ast). It is important to recognize the word when you see it in a picture of vegetables. You don't need to know all the different types yet, just that the big, round, green vegetable is called 'Kalam'. You should also be careful not to confuse it with 'Kalameh' (word), which is a common mistake for beginners. Focus on the sound: 'Ka-lam'.
At the A2 level, you can use 'Kalam' in more practical situations, such as shopping or following a simple recipe. You should be able to ask for the price: 'Kalam kiluyi chand ast?' (How much is cabbage per kilo?). You can also start to distinguish between 'Kalam-e Sefid' (white cabbage) and 'Kalam-e Ghermez' (red cabbage). You might use it to describe a salad: 'Salad-e kalam khoshmaze ast'. At this level, you are also learning basic verbs like 'khord kardan' (to chop), so you can say 'Man kalam ra khord mikonam' (I am chopping the cabbage).
At the B1 level, you can discuss 'Kalam' in the context of health and traditional Persian food. You should know about 'Kalam Polow', a famous Iranian dish, and be able to explain that it contains cabbage, rice, and herbs. You can talk about why cabbage is good for you, using words like 'vitamine' (vitamin) and 'salamati' (health). You will also encounter 'Gol-kalam' (cauliflower) and 'Kalam-e Borokoli' (broccoli) and should be able to use these terms correctly in conversation. You can describe the texture of cabbage as 'tord' (crunchy) or 'narm' (soft).
At the B2 level, you can use 'Kalam' in more complex discussions about agriculture or specific regional cuisines. You might talk about the difference between 'Kalam Polow Shirazi' (which uses kohlrabi) and other versions. You can understand more detailed cooking instructions, such as how to 'bokhar-paz' (steam) cabbage to preserve its nutrients. You can also use the word in the context of 'Torshi' (pickling) and describe the fermentation process. Your vocabulary should include terms like 'nakh-nakh kardan' (to shred into thin threads) when talking about preparing cabbage for a salad.
At the C1 level, you can use 'Kalam' in academic or professional contexts, such as discussing the botanical properties of the 'Brassicaceae' family in Persian. You can read articles about the economic impact of cabbage farming in different provinces of Iran. You are comfortable with metaphorical or idiomatic uses, if any, and can distinguish between subtle varieties like 'Kalam-e Ghomri' and 'Kalam-e Pich' in a culinary critique. You can discuss the historical arrival of certain cabbage varieties in Iran and their integration into the national diet.
At the C2 level, you have a near-native command of the word 'Kalam' and its nuances. You can participate in high-level culinary debates about the authentic ingredients of traditional dishes. You can use the word in technical agricultural discussions, perhaps regarding pest control for cabbage crops (e.g., 'shasht-e kalam'). You understand the role of cabbage in the history of Persian medicine (Tebb-e Sonnati) and can cite classical texts or modern research that mentions its properties. Your usage is flawless, including perfect command of all compound words and derivatives.
开始练习 例句 笔记与提示

کلم 30秒了解

  • Kalam is the Persian word for cabbage, a versatile and healthy leafy vegetable.
  • It is a core ingredient in traditional dishes like Kalam Polow and various salads.
  • Common varieties include green, red, cauliflower (Gol-kalam), and broccoli (Kalam Borokoli).
  • Learners should distinguish it from 'Kalameh' (word) and master its use in shopping and cooking.

The Persian word کلم (Kalam) refers to a broad category of leafy green, red, or white biennial plants grown as annual vegetable crops for their dense-leaved heads. In the Iranian culinary landscape, کلم is not just a single vegetable but a family of essential ingredients that form the backbone of several traditional dishes. From the crunchy texture of a winter salad to the soft, aromatic layers of a Persian pilaf, this vegetable is ubiquitous in Iranian households. Botanically, it belongs to the Brassica oleracea species, but in everyday Persian, it most commonly refers to the standard head cabbage.

Botanical Category
Cruciferous vegetable (سبزیجات چلیپایی)
Common Varieties
Kalam-e Ghermez (Red), Kalam-e Sefid (White), Kalam-e Pich (Cabbage head)
Primary Usage
Salads, stews, and mixed rice dishes (Polow)

"امروز برای ناهار سالاد کلم درست کردم که خیلی ترد و خوشمزه شده است."

— Common usage in a domestic setting

Understanding the word کلم requires recognizing its versatility. Unlike some cultures where cabbage is a secondary side dish, in Iran, it can be the star of the show. For instance, the famous Kalam Polow Shirazi uses a specific type of cabbage (often kohlrabi or regular cabbage) finely shredded and sautéed with aromatic herbs. The word itself is simple to pronounce but carries significant weight in nutritional discussions, often praised for its high vitamin C and fiber content. It is a staple of the 'Sabad-e Kala' (basket of goods) for most Iranian families due to its affordability and long shelf life.

"کلم سرشار از ویتامین سی است و برای تقویت سیستم ایمنی بدن بسیار مفید است."

In the context of Persian linguistics, کلم is a root noun that combines easily with adjectives to specify the type of cabbage. Whether it is the purple-hued Kalam-e Ghermez used to brighten up a Salad-e Fasl (seasonal salad) or the tightly packed Kalam-e Pich, the word remains the anchor. It is also important to distinguish it from the word 'Kalameh' (کلمه), which means 'word'. Beginners often confuse the two because of their visual similarity in script, but the lack of the final 'h' (ه) in cabbage makes the difference clear.

"برای تزیین سالاد الویه، معمولاً از کلم بنفش استفاده می‌کنند تا رنگ زیبایی داشته باشد."
Texture
Crunchy (ترد) when raw, tender (نرم) when cooked
Flavor Profile
Mildly sweet to peppery

Using the word کلم in a sentence is straightforward, as it functions as a standard count or non-count noun depending on the context. In culinary instructions, you will often see it paired with verbs of preparation. For example, khord kardan (to chop) is the most frequent partner for cabbage. Because cabbage is bulky, the act of shredding it (be surat-e رشته‌ای) is a specific skill mentioned in Persian recipes. When you are at a grocery store, you might ask for 'yek adad kalam' (one cabbage) or 'yek kilo kalam' (one kilo of cabbage).

"لطفاً کلم‌ها را خیلی ریز خرد کنید تا در سالاد بهتر دیده شوند."

Grammatically, کلم can take the plural form kalam-ha, though in many contexts, the singular is used to represent the vegetable in general. If you are discussing the health benefits, you would say Kalam baraye salamati mofid ast (Cabbage is good for health). In more advanced usage, you might encounter it in compound nouns like Kalam-shur (pickled cabbage), which is a popular accompaniment to Iranian fast food and traditional sandwiches. The word also appears in the names of specific dishes, most notably Kalam Polow, where it acts as a modifier for the rice dish.

Action Verbs
Khord kardan (to chop), Pokhtan (to cook), Shostan (to wash)
Adjectives
Taze (fresh), Kohne (old/stale), Ghermez (red), Sefid (white)

In formal writing, such as a nutritional report or a botanical guide, کلم might be categorized under sabzijat-e bargi (leafy vegetables). In a restaurant setting, you might see Salad-e Kalam on the menu, which is typically a coleslaw-style salad with a mayonnaise or lemon-based dressing. When speaking, Iranians often drop the 'e' of the Ezafe in very fast colloquial speech, but for learners, maintaining the Kalam-e... structure is recommended for clarity.

"آیا می‌دانستید که کلم بروکلی هم از خانواده کلم‌هاست؟"

The most common place to hear the word کلم is undoubtedly the Miveh-forushi (fruit and vegetable shop) or the Tarkabar (farmers' market). Vendors will often shout out the prices of their fresh produce, and Kalam-e taze is a frequent cry. You will also hear it in every Iranian kitchen. Mothers and grandmothers discussing the day's menu often debate whether to make Kalam Polow or Khurisht-e Kalam. In these domestic settings, the word is associated with the sounds of chopping on a wooden board and the distinct aroma of sautéing cabbage with turmeric.

"خانم، این کلم‌ها کیلویی چند هستند؟ خیلی تازه به نظر می‌رسند."

Beyond the kitchen, کلم appears frequently in health-related media. Iranian television often features segments on tebb-e sonnati (traditional medicine) or modern nutrition, where the benefits of Kalam for digestion or cancer prevention are discussed. You might hear a doctor say, Masraf-e kalam ra dar barname-ye ghazayi-ye khod gharar dehid (Include cabbage consumption in your diet plan). It is also a staple word in cooking shows, which are very popular in Iran, where chefs demonstrate the 'correct' way to shred cabbage for the perfect texture.

Market Context
Asking for prices, checking for freshness
Media Context
Health tips, cooking tutorials, agricultural news

In social gatherings, especially during dinner, guests might compliment the host on the Salad-e Kalam. It is a common 'pish-ghaza' (appetizer) in Iranian parties. You might hear someone say, In salad-e kalam vaghean khoshmaze ast, dastetun dard nakone (This cabbage salad is really delicious, thank you). This social reinforcement makes the word one of the first food-related terms a learner should master to navigate social and culinary situations in Iran.

The most frequent mistake for learners of Persian is the confusion between کلم (Kalam - cabbage) and کلمه (Kalameh - word). Because they share the same first three letters and look very similar in the Persian script, students often mix them up in reading and writing. A helpful way to remember is that Kalameh has a 'h' (ه) at the end, representing the 'e' sound, while Kalam ends abruptly on the 'm' sound. Confusing these two can lead to humorous situations, like saying "I ate a word for lunch" instead of "I ate cabbage."

"Incorrect: من یک کلمه خریدم. (I bought a word.)
Correct: من یک کلم خریدم. (I bought a cabbage.)"

Another common error involves the classification of related vegetables. In English, we might distinguish clearly between cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. In Persian, they all fall under the Kalam umbrella: Kalam-e Ghol (Cauliflower), Kalam-e Borokoli (Broccoli), and Kalam-e Pich (Cabbage). Learners often forget to add the qualifying noun and simply say Kalam, which usually defaults to the head cabbage. If a recipe specifically calls for cauliflower, using just Kalam will result in a very different dish!

Spelling Trap
کلم (Cabbage) vs. کلمه (Word)
Over-generalization
Using 'Kalam' when you specifically mean 'Kalam-e Ghol' (Cauliflower)

Lastly, there is the confusion with Kahu (Lettuce). While they are both leafy greens used in salads, they are distinct in Persian culture. Salad-e Shirazi uses cucumbers and tomatoes, but a standard Salad-e Fasl uses Kahu. Salad-e Kalam is a specific type, usually shredded more finely. Mixing these up in a restaurant order might get you a salad you didn't expect. Always double-check if the salad is based on Kahu or Kalam.

When exploring the world of کلم, it is useful to know the related vocabulary that often appears in the same context. The most immediate relative is کلم‌پیچ (Kalam-pich), which literally means 'wrapped cabbage' and refers to the standard tight-headed cabbage. Then there is گل‌کلم (Gol-kalam), which is Cauliflower. The word Gol means flower, so it's literally 'flower cabbage'. Similarly, کلم بروکلی (Kalam Borokoli) is Broccoli. These are all part of the same botanical family and are often found side-by-side in the market.

Gol-kalam (گل‌کلم)
Cauliflower - often pickled or used in stews.
Kalam-e Ghomri (کلم قمری)
Kohlrabi - essential for Shirazi Kalam Polow.
Kahu (کاهو)
Lettuce - the primary alternative for salads.
"مادرم همیشه در ترشی‌هایش از گل‌کلم و هویج استفاده می‌کند."

Another word often confused with cabbage by beginners is اسفناج (Esfenaj - Spinach). While the leaves are different, they are both used in 'Ash' (Persian thick soups). However, Kalam is rarely used in Ash, whereas Esfenaj is a primary ingredient. Knowing the difference helps in understanding the flavor profiles of Persian soups. Additionally, کرفس (Karafs - Celery) is another vegetable that, like cabbage, has its own dedicated stew (Khurisht-e Karafs), and learners often group these 'stew vegetables' together in their vocabulary lists.

Finally, consider the word ترشی (Torshi - Pickles). Cabbage is a major component of many types of Torshi, especially Torshi-ye Liteh or Torshi-ye Makhlut. If you like cabbage, you will likely encounter it in the form of Kalam-shur (salted/pickled cabbage) served alongside kebabs or in sandwiches. Understanding these associations helps move beyond just the noun and into the cultural usage of the ingredient.

How Formal Is It?

正式

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非正式

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俚语

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难度评级

需要掌握的语法

按水平分级的例句

1

این یک کلم است.

This is a cabbage.

Simple subject + predicate.

2

من کلم دوست دارم.

I like cabbage.

Subject + object + verb.

3

کلم سبز است.

Cabbage is green.

Noun + adjective.

4

مادرم کلم خرید.

My mother bought cabbage.

Past tense verb.

5

آیا کلم می‌خوری؟

Do you eat cabbage?

Question form.

6

کلم در یخچال است.

The cabbage is in the refrigerator.

Prepositional phrase.

7

یک کلم بزرگ.

A big cabbage.

Noun + adjective.

8

کلم و هویج.

Cabbage and carrot.

Conjunction 'and'.

1

لطفاً دو عدد کلم بخرید.

Please buy two cabbages.

Imperative mood.

2

کلم قرمز برای سالاد عالی است.

Red cabbage is great for salad.

Compound noun.

3

من کلم را خرد می‌کنم.

I am chopping the cabbage.

Present continuous sense.

4

قیمت کلم امروز چقدر است؟

What is the price of cabbage today?

Interrogative sentence.

5

او کلم پلو درست می‌کند.

She is making Kalam Polow.

Compound verb.

6

کلم‌ها را خوب بشویید.

Wash the cabbages well.

Plural noun + imperative.

7

این کلم خیلی تازه نیست.

This cabbage is not very fresh.

Negative sentence.

8

سالاد کلم با سس مایونز.

Cabbage salad with mayonnaise.

Noun phrase with preposition.

1

کلم منبع خوبی از ویتامین سی است.

Cabbage is a good source of vitamin C.

Formal statement.

2

در شیراز کلم پلو را با کلم قمری درست می‌کنند.

In Shiraz, they make Kalam Polow with kohlrabi.

Locative phrase.

3

اگر کلم را بپزید، نرم می‌شود.

If you cook cabbage, it becomes soft.

Conditional sentence.

4

من ترجیح می‌دهم کلم را خام بخورم.

I prefer to eat cabbage raw.

Infinitive construction.

5

گل‌کلم سوخاری یکی از پیش‌غذاهای محبوب است.

Fried cauliflower is a popular appetizer.

Complex noun phrase.

6

بوی کلم پخته شده در خانه پیچیده بود.

The smell of cooked cabbage filled the house.

Passive participle usage.

7

کلم بروکلی برای بچه‌ها بسیار مفید است.

Broccoli is very useful for children.

Benefactive phrase.

8

برای این دستور غذا، به یک کلم کوچک نیاز داریم.

For this recipe, we need a small cabbage.

Requirement expression.

1

کلم‌های این منطقه به دلیل خاک غنی، بسیار مرغوب هستند.

The cabbages of this region are of high quality due to the rich soil.

Causal clause.

2

باید کلم‌ها را به صورت رشته‌ای و یکنواخت خرد کنید.

You must chop the cabbages into uniform shreds.

Adverbial phrase of manner.

3

مصرف مداوم کلم می‌تواند خطر ابتلا به برخی بیماری‌ها را کاهش دهد.

Regular consumption of cabbage can reduce the risk of certain diseases.

Modal verb 'tavanestan'.

4

در طب سنتی، کلم را دارای طبعی سرد و خشک می‌دانند.

In traditional medicine, cabbage is considered to have a cold and dry nature.

Technical terminology.

5

کلم قرمز در اثر پختن ممکن است رنگ خود را به آبی تغییر دهد.

Red cabbage may change its color to blue upon cooking.

Scientific observation.

6

کشاورزان در حال برداشت کلم از مزارع وسیع هستند.

Farmers are harvesting cabbage from vast fields.

Present progressive.

7

کلم پلو با گوشت قلقلی یکی از غذاهای اصیل ایرانی است.

Kalam Polow with meatballs is one of the authentic Iranian dishes.

Descriptive noun phrase.

8

بافت ترد کلم در این سالاد تضاد خوبی با نرمی پنیر ایجاد کرده است.

The crunchy texture of the cabbage in this salad creates a good contrast with the softness of the cheese.

Abstract noun usage.

1

تحقیقات نشان می‌دهد که ترکیبات موجود در کلم خاصیت ضد سرطانی دارند.

Research shows that compounds in cabbage have anti-cancer properties.

Complex subordinate clause.

2

تنوع ژنتیکی کلم‌ها در ایران باعث ایجاد گونه‌های بومی منحصر به فردی شده است.

The genetic diversity of cabbages in Iran has led to unique native species.

Scientific register.

3

فرآیند تخمیر کلم در تهیه ترشی، ارزش غذایی آن را افزایش می‌دهد.

The fermentation process of cabbage in making pickles increases its nutritional value.

Gerund-like construction.

4

کلم به عنوان یک محصول استراتژیک در امنیت غذایی برخی مناطق نقش دارد.

Cabbage plays a role as a strategic product in the food security of some regions.

Political/Economic register.

5

اصلاح نژاد کلم برای مقاومت در برابر آفات، اولویت کشاورزی مدرن است.

Breeding cabbage for pest resistance is a priority of modern agriculture.

Formal noun strings.

6

در متون کهن، از خواص درمانی ضماد کلم برای التیام زخم‌ها یاد شده است.

In ancient texts, the healing properties of cabbage poultice for wounds are mentioned.

Archaic/Formal vocabulary.

7

صادرات کلم به کشورهای همسایه ارزآوری قابل توجهی برای کشور داشته است.

Exporting cabbage to neighboring countries has brought significant foreign exchange to the country.

Economic terminology.

8

تأثیر اقلیم بر میزان قند موجود در بافت کلم غیرقابل انکار است.

The impact of climate on the sugar content in cabbage tissue is undeniable.

Advanced scientific claim.

1

ظرافت‌های آشپزی در طبخ کلم پلو، مرز بین یک غذای معمولی و یک شاهکار هنری است.

The culinary subtleties in cooking Kalam Polow are the boundary between an ordinary meal and an artistic masterpiece.

Philosophical/Artistic register.

2

استحاله بافت کلم در فرآیند کاراملیزه شدن، طعمی ژرف به غذا می‌بخشد.

The transformation of cabbage texture during the caramelization process imparts a deep flavor to the dish.

Highly formal/Literary verbs.

3

کلم در ادبیات عامیانه گاه به عنوان نمادی از سادگی و بی‌پیرایگی به کار می‌رود.

In folk literature, cabbage is sometimes used as a symbol of simplicity and unpretentiousness.

Symbolic analysis.

4

واکاوی ساختار سلولی کلم پیچ، پیچیدگی‌های تکاملی این گیاه را آشکار می‌سازد.

Analyzing the cellular structure of head cabbage reveals the evolutionary complexities of this plant.

Academic inquiry.

5

تقابل طعم تند کلم خام و شیرینی کلم پخته، پارادوکسی دلپذیر در ذائقه ایجاد می‌کند.

The contrast between the pungent taste of raw cabbage and the sweetness of cooked cabbage creates a pleasant paradox on the palate.

Gourmet/Critical register.

6

تطبیق‌پذیری کلم با انواع ادویه‌جات، آن را به عنصری کلیدی در آشپزی تلفیقی بدل کرده است.

The adaptability of cabbage with various spices has turned it into a key element in fusion cuisine.

Modern culinary discourse.

7

بررسی تطبیقی ارقام مختلف کلم در حوضه مدیترانه و فلات ایران موضوع این پایان‌نامه است.

The comparative study of different cabbage varieties in the Mediterranean basin and the Iranian plateau is the subject of this thesis.

Academic research format.

8

کلم، فراتر از یک نهاده کشاورزی، بخشی از هویت معیشتی جوامع روستایی است.

Cabbage, beyond an agricultural input, is part of the livelihood identity of rural societies.

Sociological perspective.

常见搭配

کلم خرد شده
سالاد کلم
کلم تازه
کلم پخته
کلم قرمز
کلم سفید
کلم شور
ترشی کلم
کلم پلو
برگ کلم

常用短语

کلم پلو شیرازی

سالاد کلم و هویج

خورشت کلم

کلم شکم‌پر

دلمه کلم

آب کلم

کلم بروکلی بخارپز

گل کلم سرخ شده

کلم قرمز خرد شده

کلم پیچ تازه

容易混淆的词

کلم vs کلمه (Kalameh - Word)

کلم vs کاهو (Kahu - Lettuce)

کلم vs کرفس (Karafs - Celery)

习语与表达

""

""

""

""

容易混淆

کلم vs

کلم vs

کلم vs

کلم vs

کلم vs

句型

词族

相关

如何使用

culinary

Used in rice, salads, and pickles.

shopping

Sold by weight or by the head.

botanical

Refers to the entire Brassica family.

常见错误
  • Confusing Kalam with Kalameh.
  • Using Kalam when you mean Lettuce (Kahu).
  • Forgetting the Ezafe in 'Kalam-e Ghermez'.
  • Mispronouncing the 'a' as 'o'.
  • Thinking all Kalam Polow is the same (Shirazi is unique).

小贴士

Learn the family

Learn Gol-kalam and Kalam Borokoli at the same time as Kalam.

Shredding

In Persian recipes, cabbage is often shredded very thinly for the best texture.

Freshness

Look for 'Kalam-e taze' which should be firm and heavy for its size.

Short vowels

Keep the 'a' sounds short and equal in length.

Shiraz

If you visit Shiraz, you must try their famous Kalam Polow.

Ezafe

Don't forget the 'e' sound when adding a color: Kalam-e Sefid.

Salads

Cabbage is a great low-calorie base for Persian winter salads.

Visual

Visualize a 'Column' (sounds like Kalam) of cabbages stacked up.

Spelling

Practice writing کلم and کلمه side by side to see the difference.

Context

If you hear it in a kitchen, it's cabbage. If in a classroom, it might be 'word'.

记住它

词源

Middle Persian

文化背景

Often recommended in traditional medicine for its cooling properties (though debated).

Famous for Kalam Polow, often using kohlrabi.

Cabbage is a key ingredient in mixed pickles.

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"آیا کلم پلو دوست داری؟"

"چطور سالاد کلم درست می‌کنی؟"

"کلم قرمز بهتر است یا سفید؟"

"بهترین روش پخت کلم چیست؟"

"آیا در شهر شما کلم زیاد می‌کارند؟"

日记主题

امروز با کلم چه غذایی درست کردی؟

چرا کلم برای سلامتی مفید است؟

خاطره‌ای از خوردن کلم پلو بنویس.

تفاوت کلم و کاهو را توضیح بده.

لیست خریدی بنویس که شامل کلم باشد.

常见问题

10 个问题

Kalam means cabbage, while Kalameh means word. The latter has an extra 'h' sound at the end.

It is called 'Kalam Borokoli'.

Yes, 'Kalam' is the main ingredient, though the type of cabbage can vary by region.

You should use 'Gol-kalam' to be specific, but it is in the same family.

Yes, it is a very common and affordable vegetable used in many traditional dishes.

It is 'Kalam-e Ghermez'.

It refers to head cabbage, where the leaves are wrapped tightly.

No, Salad Shirazi is made of cucumber, tomato, and onion. Cabbage is used in 'Salad-e Kalam'.

It is 'Kalam-e khord shode'.

Yes, it is considered very healthy and full of vitamins.

自我测试 180 个问题

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

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قَلَم 阿拉伯语
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