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A2 noun #7,000 最常用 10分钟阅读

کینه

Q: How do I say 'I don't hold a grudge' in Persian?

The most common way is 'Man kineh-i nadaram' (من کینهای ندارم) or 'Kineh be del nagereftam' (کینه به دل نگرفتم).

前7,000

开始练习例句笔记与提示 کینه 30秒了解

解析 کینه in your Level:

At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'کینه' (Kineh) means a 'grudge' or a 'bad feeling' that stays in your heart. It is a noun. You might hear it in very simple sentences like 'I don't have a grudge.' In Persian, we use the verb 'dashtan' (to have) with this word. For example, 'Man kineh nadaram' means 'I don't have a grudge.' It is important to know that this is a negative feeling. You should try to remember that it is different from being 'angry' (khashmgin). Anger is quick, but 'kineh' is slow and long. At this level, just focus on the basic meaning: 'bad feeling from the past.' You don't need to use it in complex sentences yet. Just recognize it when you hear it in stories or conversations about friends and family. Remember, it sounds like 'Kee-neh.'

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At the A2 level, you should be able to use 'کینه' (Kineh) in basic sentences to describe feelings between people. You should learn the common phrase 'kineh dashtan az kasi' (to have a grudge against someone). Note that we use 'az' (from) instead of 'against.' For example: 'U az man kineh darad' (He has a grudge against me). You can also use the word 'kineh-i' as an adjective to describe a person who doesn't forgive easily. A 'kineh-i' person is someone who keeps their anger for a long time. You might use this word when talking about why two people are not talking to each other. It is a useful word for explaining social situations. You should also know the opposite concept, which is 'bakhshidan' (to forgive). Use 'kineh' when you want to talk about a resentment that has lasted for more than a day or two.

As a B1 learner, you can start using 'کینه' (Kineh) to discuss more complex social and emotional topics. You should be familiar with the phrase 'kineh be del gereftan' (to take a grudge to the heart). This implies that an event has caused a deep emotional scar. You can use it in the context of history, literature, or personal development. For example, 'Nabayad kineh-haye ghadimi ra zendeh konim' (We shouldn't revive old grudges). You should also begin to see the difference between 'kineh' and 'doshmani' (enmity). 'Kineh' is the feeling inside, while 'doshmani' is the external state of being enemies. In B1, you can use these words to describe the plots of movies or books. You can also use the word 'bi-kineh' (without a grudge) to describe a pure or kind heart. This level is about moving from simple 'having' to describing the 'impact' of the grudge on relationships.

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At the B2 level, you should understand the cultural and ethical weight of 'کینه' (Kineh) in Persian society. It is often discussed in the context of 'akhlaq' (ethics) and 'erfan' (mysticism). You should be able to use more formal verbs like 'kineh varzidan' (to bear malice) and 'kineh-tuzi kardan' (to act out of spite). You can discuss how 'kineh' affects a community or a family over generations. You should be able to explain the nuances between 'kineh,' 'nefrat' (hatred), and 'boghz' (suppressed malice). For instance, you might write an essay about the importance of 'gozasht' (forbearance) in resolving 'kineh.' You should also be able to understand the word when used in news reports about political tensions or historical grievances. Your vocabulary should include related terms like 'kineh-jo' (someone seeking a grudge/revenge) and 'kineh-tuz' (vengeful).

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At the C1 level, your understanding of 'کینه' (Kineh) should extend into the realm of classical Persian literature and philosophy. You should be able to analyze the role of 'kineh' in the Shahnameh, where it serves as a primary motivator for the heroic and tragic actions of characters like Rostam or Afrasiab. You should understand poetic metaphors, such as 'shostan-e kineh az del' (washing the grudge from the heart). You can use the word in academic or literary critiques to describe the psychological motivations of a protagonist. You should also be comfortable with the word's appearance in Sufi poetry (like Rumi or Hafez), where 'kineh' is described as a veil that prevents the soul from seeing the Truth. At this level, you should be able to discuss the sociopolitical implications of 'kineh' in the Middle East, using the term to describe long-standing collective traumas and the difficulty of reconciliation.

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At the C2 level, you have a native-like grasp of 'کینه' (Kineh) and all its subtle connotations. You can use it with precision in any context, from high-level diplomatic negotiations to deep philosophical debates. You understand the etymological roots of the word and its evolution through Middle Persian (Pahlavi) to the modern day. You can appreciate and employ the most obscure idiomatic expressions involving 'kineh.' You are capable of discussing the duality of 'kineh' and 'mehr' (affection) as a fundamental human condition in Persian thought. You can write sophisticated poetry or prose where 'kineh' is personified or used as a complex symbol. You are also aware of the regional variations in how the word is used in Iran, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan, and how it interacts with local customs and dialects. Your mastery includes the ability to use the word to evoke specific historical or literary atmospheres effortlessly.

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开始练习例句笔记与提示

کینه 30秒了解

Kineh means a long-term grudge or resentment in Persian.
It is a noun often used with the verb 'dashtan' (to have).
In Persian culture, it is seen as a negative, heavy emotion.
The word is central to many Persian literary and epic stories.

The Persian word کینه (Kineh) is a profound and heavy noun that translates to 'grudge,' 'malice,' or 'deep-seated resentment' in English. Unlike simple anger (khashm), which is often a fleeting emotional response to a specific event, kineh describes a long-term emotional state where a person nurtures and preserves their bitterness toward another for a long period. It is the act of keeping a fire burning long after the initial spark has faded. In Persian culture, the concept of kineh is frequently discussed in both ethical and literary contexts, often as a poisonous trait that harms the bearer as much as the target.

Emotional Depth: It represents a persistent feeling of ill-will. It is not just being upset; it is the refusal to let go of a past grievance.

In daily conversation, you will hear this word when people are discussing relationships, family feuds, or historical conflicts. It carries a negative connotation because Persian ethics, influenced by Sufism and classical poetry, heavily emphasize 'bakhshesh' (forgiveness) and 'gozasht' (letting go). When someone says 'man kineh-i az to nadaram' (I have no grudge against you), they are offering a significant olive branch, indicating that the slate is clean and no hidden bitterness remains.

او هنوز از آن اتفاق قدیمی در دلش کینه دارد.
(He still holds a grudge in his heart from that old incident.)

The word is often paired with verbs like 'dashtan' (to have) or 'be del gereftan' (to take to the heart). Holding a kineh is seen as a weight on the soul. In literature, specifically the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, kineh is a driving force behind epic wars and tragic downfalls. The 'Kineh-ye Siavash' (The Revenge/Grudge for Siavash) is a central theme that fuels the long-standing conflict between Iran and Turan.

Synonym Nuance: While 'doshmani' means enmity or being enemies, 'kineh' is the internal feeling that causes that enmity.

Understanding kineh is essential for navigating Iranian social dynamics (Ta'arof and beyond). Because Iranians often value harmony and politeness (zaher), kineh can sometimes be hidden beneath a polite exterior, making its eventual resolution a significant emotional event. It is a word that touches on the very core of human psychology and interpersonal ethics in the Persian-speaking world.

بیا کینه‌ها را کنار بگذاریم و با هم آشتی کنیم.
(Let's put aside the grudges and reconcile with each other.)

In modern contexts, you might hear it in psychological discussions about 'holding on to the past.' It is a versatile word that bridges the gap between ancient epic poetry and modern therapy sessions. Whether you are reading Hafez or talking to a friend about a misunderstanding, kineh is the key term for that lingering shadow of past hurts.

Using کینه (Kineh) correctly requires understanding its common verbal pairings and the grammatical structures that support it. In Persian, you don't just 'feel' a grudge; you usually 'have' it, 'carry' it, or 'sow' it. The most common construction is 'kineh dashtan' (to have a grudge).

Common Verb: Dashtan (To Have): Used to describe the state of holding resentment. Example: 'Man az hich-kas kineh nadaram' (I have no grudge against anyone).

Another frequent structure involves the preposition 'az' (from/of). When you hold a grudge against someone, you have kineh 'from' them. This is a crucial distinction for English speakers who are used to the preposition 'against.' For example: 'U az baradar-ash kineh be del darad' (He has a grudge from/against his brother in his heart).

او نسبت به همکارش کینه شدیدی پیدا کرده است.
(He has developed a severe grudge toward his colleague.)

For more formal or literary contexts, the verb 'varzidan' (to practice/exercise) is used. 'Kineh varzidan' means to actively harbor or nurture malice. This is often used in ethical warnings: 'Kineh navarzid' (Do not bear malice). In contrast, 'kineh-tuzi kardan' describes the active behavior of someone acting out of spite.

When discussing the removal of these feelings, Persians use verbs like 'shostan' (to wash) or 'pak kardan' (to clean). 'Kineh-ha ra az del shostan' (To wash the grudges from the heart) is a beautiful, poetic way to describe forgiveness. It implies that the heart was stained and now it is pure again.

نباید اجازه دهی کینه در قلبت ریشه کند.
(You shouldn't let a grudge take root in your heart.)

Prepositional Usage: Use 'az' (from) for the person you resent, or 'nesbat be' (toward) for a more formal tone.

In a work environment, you might say: 'Siyast-haye sherkat ba'es-e kineh beyne karmandan shod' (The company policies caused a grudge between the employees). Here, kineh is the result of an action. It is a noun that describes the atmosphere as much as the individual feeling.

قلب او پاک است و هیچ کینه‌ای در آن نیست.
(His heart is pure and there is no grudge in it.)

Finally, remember that 'kineh' is often contrasted with 'mehr' (love/affection). In many Persian poems, the struggle of life is described as the battle between kineh and mehr. Using these two words together can add a layer of sophistication to your Persian speech.

You will encounter the word کینه (Kineh) in a variety of settings, ranging from high-brow literature to everyday family drama. In Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, where Persian is spoken, the concept of social harmony is paramount, so the presence of kineh is often seen as a significant barrier to that harmony.

Iranian Cinema and TV: In Persian 'Soap Operas' or 'Serial-ha,' the plot often revolves around a decades-old kineh between two families. You will hear characters say: 'In kineh-ye ghadimi bayad tamum beshe' (This old grudge must end).

In the household, parents often teach their children not to be 'kineh-i' (grudge-holding). If two siblings are fighting, a mother might say, 'Kineh be del nagir' (Don't take a grudge to your heart). This is a common phrase used to encourage immediate reconciliation and to prevent small arguments from turning into long-term bitterness.

شاعر می‌گوید: سینه از کینه بپرداز که خورشید شوی.
(The poet says: Empty your chest of grudges so that you may become the sun.)

In the realm of Persian literature, kineh is a monumental theme. If you listen to recitations of the Shahnameh, you will hear about 'Kineh-khahi' (seeking revenge/seeking the satisfaction of a grudge). This is not just a personal feeling but a matter of honor and justice in the epic tradition. The word here takes on a more heroic, albeit tragic, tone.

You will also hear this word in political discourse. Analysts might discuss the 'kineh-tuzi' of one nation toward another, or how historical events have left a 'kineh' in the collective memory of a people. In this context, it describes a geopolitical resentment rather than a personal one.

در اخبار شنیدم که اختلافات قدیمی باعث ایجاد کینه بین دو کشور شده است.
(I heard in the news that old disputes have caused a grudge between the two countries.)

Religious and Ethical Sermons: Religious speakers often cite 'kineh' as one of the 'diseases of the heart' (amraz-e ghalbi) that a believer must cure through prayer and humility.

Finally, in music—especially traditional and pop ballads—kineh is a frequent guest. Lyrics often lament how a lover's kineh has replaced their former love, or how the singer is trying to live a life 'bi-kineh' (without a grudge). It is a word that resonates deeply with the Persian soul's focus on emotional purity.

For English speakers learning Persian, the word کینه (Kineh) can be tricky because its usage doesn't perfectly mirror 'grudge' or 'resentment.' Here are the most common pitfalls to avoid.

Mistake 1: Confusing Kineh with Khashm: 'Khashm' (خشم) is anger—the immediate, hot emotion. 'Kineh' is the cold, lasting resentment. If you are mad because someone just stepped on your foot, use 'khashm.' If you are still mad about it three years later, use 'kineh.'

Another common error is using the wrong preposition. In English, we hold a grudge 'against' someone. In Persian, the natural preposition is 'az' (from). Saying 'Man kineh baraye to daram' is incorrect; you should say 'Man az to kineh daram.'

غلط: من علیه او کینه دارم.
درست: من از او کینه دارم.
(Wrong: I have a grudge against him. Right: I have a grudge from/of him.)

Learners also often confuse 'Kineh' with 'Nefrat' (hate). While they are related, 'Nefrat' is a strong feeling of loathing, whereas 'Kineh' specifically implies a memory of a past wrong that hasn't been forgiven. You can hate someone (nefrat) without necessarily having a specific grudge (kineh) from a past event, although they usually go hand-in-hand.

A subtle mistake is using 'kineh' for simple dislikes. If you don't like a certain food or a movie, you never use 'kineh.' It is strictly reserved for interpersonal or inter-group animosity. Using it for a movie would sound very strange and overly dramatic to a native speaker.

اشتباه: من از این غذا کینه دارم.
درست: من از این غذا بدم می‌آید.
(Wrong: I have a grudge against this food. Right: I dislike this food.)

Pronunciation Pitfall: Ensure you don't pronounce it as 'Kine' (one syllable). It is 'Ki-neh' (two syllables), with the 'h' at the end being a silent 'e' sound in modern Persian.

Finally, be careful with the word 'Entegham' (revenge). While 'kineh' is the feeling, 'entegham' is the action. You might have 'kineh' which leads you to seek 'entegham.' Don't use them interchangeably. 'Kineh' is the internal state, 'entegham' is the external response.

Persian is a language rich in emotional vocabulary. To truly master the concept of کینه (Kineh), you should know how it compares to other words for negative feelings and conflict.

Kineh vs. Nefrat (Hatred): 'Nefrat' (نفرت) is intense hatred or disgust. You can feel 'nefrat' for a person's character, but 'kineh' usually requires a specific reason or a past event that hasn't been settled.

Another close relative is 'Doshmani' (دشمنی), which means 'enmity' or 'hostility.' While 'kineh' is the internal feeling, 'doshmani' often refers to the state of being enemies or the hostile actions that result from that feeling. You can have 'kineh' in your heart without acting on it, but 'doshmani' implies an active conflict.

کینه مثل یک سم است، اما دشمنی مثل یک جنگ است.
(A grudge is like a poison, but enmity is like a war.)

Then there is 'Boghz' (بغض). This word is fascinating because it can mean 'spite' or 'malice' (similar to kineh), but it also refers to the 'lump in the throat' one feels before crying. When used in the sense of malice (Boghz o Kineh), it emphasizes the choking, suppressed nature of the resentment.

For the opposite of 'kineh,' consider 'Gozasht' (گذشت) which means 'forbearance' or 'letting go,' and 'Bakhshesh' (بخشش) which means 'forgiveness.' In Persian ethics, 'Gozasht' is the ultimate cure for 'kineh.'

Comparison Table

Kineh: Long-term resentment based on a past event.
Khashm: Temporary, intense anger.
Nefrat: Deep loathing or hatred.
Adavat: Formal or deep-seated animosity (very formal).

او به جای کینه، بذر دوستی در دلش می‌کارد.
(Instead of a grudge, he sows the seed of friendship in his heart.)

In summary, while 'kineh' is the standard word for a grudge, you can choose 'boghz' for a more emotional/suppressed feeling, 'doshmani' for an active conflict, or 'geleh' for a minor complaint. Each word paints a slightly different picture of the human heart's complexities.

How Formal Is It?

趣味小知识

The word 'Kin' (without the final e) is still used in high Persian poetry and the Shahnameh. The modern 'e' at the end was originally a grammatical marker that became part of the word over centuries.

发音指南

UK /kiːˈne/

US /kiːˈneɪ/

The stress is typically on the second syllable: ki-NEH.

押韵词

سینه (Sineh - chest) دیرینه (Dirineh - ancient) زمینه (Zamineh - background) کمینه (Kamineh - minimum) مدینه (Madineh - city/Medina) آدینه (Adineh - Friday) گنجینه (Ganjineh - treasure) پشمینه (Pashmineh - woolen)

常见错误

Pronouncing it as a single syllable 'Kin'.
Over-emphasizing the final 'h' which is actually a silent marker for the 'e' sound.
Confusing the vowel 'i' with 'ai' (like 'kine').
Pronouncing the first syllable like 'kin' (family) instead of 'kee'.
Making the final 'e' too long like 'ee'.

难度评级

阅读 3/5

Easy to recognize in texts, but requires context to distinguish from simple anger.

写作 4/5

Requires knowledge of the correct prepositions (az) and auxiliary verbs (dashtan/varzidan).

口语 3/5

Common in daily speech, especially in emotional or conflict-related discussions.

听力 3/5

Easily heard in movies and songs due to its emotional weight.

接下来学什么

前置知识

خشم (Anger) دل (Heart) داشتن (To have) بد (Bad) دوست (Friend)

接下来学习

انتقام (Revenge) بخشش (Forgiveness) گذشت (Forbearance) آشتی (Reconciliation) نفرت (Hatred)

高级

عداوت (Enmity) ضغینه (Malice - Arabic loanword) کینه‌توزی (Spitefulness) سعه صدر (Magnanimity)

需要掌握的语法

Compound Verbs with 'Dashtan'

کینه داشتن (To have a grudge). The noun remains fixed while the verb conjugates.

Preposition 'Az' for Source of Emotion

من از او کینه دارم. Using 'az' to indicate the person the emotion is directed toward.

Adjective Formation with '-i'

کینه + ای = کینه‌ای (Someone who holds a grudge).

Subjunctive after 'Nabayad'

نباید کینه داشته باشی. (You shouldn't have a grudge).

Ezafe Construction for Adjectives

کینه ی قدیمی (An old grudge). Using the 'ye' sound to connect noun and adjective.

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按水平分级的例句

من کینه ندارم.

I don't have a grudge.

Subject + Noun + Negative Verb 'dashtan'.

او کینه دارد؟

Does he have a grudge?

Simple question structure.

کینه بد است.

A grudge is bad.

Noun + Adjective + Linking verb 'ast'.

دوست من کینه ندارد.

My friend doesn't have a grudge.

Possessive construction 'Dust-e man'.

چرا کینه داری؟

Why do you have a grudge?

Interrogative 'Chera'.

قلب او کینه ندارد.

His heart has no grudge.

Metaphorical use of 'ghalb' (heart).

کینه را دور بریز.

Throw away the grudge.

Imperative verb 'dur beriz'.

ما کینه نداریم.

We don't have a grudge.

First person plural.

او از من کینه به دل دارد.

He holds a grudge against me in his heart.

Use of 'az' (from/against) and 'be del' (in heart).

نباید کینه داشته باشی.

You shouldn't have a grudge.

Modal verb 'nabayad' + subjunctive.

یک کینه قدیمی بین آن‌هاست.

There is an old grudge between them.

Adjective 'ghadimi' (old) following the noun.

او خیلی کینه‌ای است.

He is very grudge-holding/vengeful.

Adjective form 'kineh-i'.

کینه باعث ناراحتی می‌شود.

A grudge causes sadness.

Verb 'ba'es shodan' (to cause).

بیا کینه‌ها را فراموش کنیم.

Let's forget the grudges.

Plural 'kineh-ha'.

او هیچ کینه‌ای از تو ندارد.

He has no grudge whatsoever against you.

Use of 'hich' for emphasis.

کینه تو را پیر می‌کند.

A grudge makes you old.

Direct object 'to ra'.

او کینه را در قلبش نگه داشته است.

He has kept the grudge in his heart.

Present perfect tense 'negah dashte ast'.

این کینه ریشه در گذشته دارد.

This grudge has roots in the past.

Metaphorical 'risheh dashtan'.

باید کینه را از دلت پاک کنی.

You must wipe the grudge from your heart.

Infinitive phrase 'pak kardan'.

او به خاطر یک کینه قدیمی با من حرف نمی‌زند.

He doesn't talk to me because of an old grudge.

Phrase 'be khater-e' (because of).

کینه می‌تواند دوستی‌ها را نابود کند.

A grudge can destroy friendships.

Modal 'tavanestan' (can).

او همیشه سعی می‌کند بی کینه زندگی کند.

He always tries to live without a grudge.

Adverbial 'bi kineh'.

آیا این کینه واقعاً لازم است؟

Is this grudge really necessary?

Adverb 'vaghe'an' (really).

او کینه‌اش را پشت لبخندش پنهان می‌کند.

He hides his grudge behind his smile.

Verb 'penhan kardan' (to hide).

کینه ورزیدن تنها به خود انسان آسیب می‌زند.

Bearing malice only harms the person themselves.

Gerund style 'kineh varzidan'.

او از کینه‌توزی‌های همکارش خسته شده بود.

He was tired of his colleague's spiteful actions.

Noun 'kineh-tuzi' (spitefulness).

این فیلم داستان کینه و انتقام است.

This movie is a story of grudge and revenge.

Coordinating nouns 'kineh' and 'entegham'.

در دلش هیچ کینه و بغضی نسبت به کسی نداشت.

He had no grudge or malice toward anyone in his heart.

Pairing 'kineh' and 'boghz'.

او با کینه‌جویی سعی کرد اعتبار مرا خراب کند.

With vengefulness, he tried to ruin my reputation.

Adverbial 'ba kineh-juyi'.

بخشش بهترین راه برای رهایی از کینه است.

Forgiveness is the best way to be free from a grudge.

Superlative 'behtarin rah'.

او کینه‌های دوران کودکی را هنوز فراموش نکرده است.

He has still not forgotten the grudges of childhood.

Compound noun 'dowran-e kudaki'.

سیاست‌های غلط باعث ایجاد کینه در جامعه شد.

Wrong policies caused a grudge in society.

Abstract noun 'jame'eh' (society).

کینه شتری اصطلاحی برای کینه‌های طولانی و فراموش‌نشدنی است.

'Camel's grudge' is a term for long and unforgettable grudges.

Idiomatic expression 'Kineh-ye shotori'.

او در نوشته‌هایش به تحلیل روان‌شناختی کینه می‌پردازد.

In his writings, he deals with the psychological analysis of grudges.

Verb 'be ... pardakhtan' (to deal with/address).

در شاهنامه، کینه سیاوش محرک اصلی بسیاری از جنگ‌هاست.

In the Shahnameh, the grudge for Siavash is the main driver of many wars.

Proper noun 'Shahnameh'.

او توانست با سعه صدر بر کینه‌های شخصی غلبه کند.

He was able to overcome personal grudges with magnanimity.

Complex phrase 'sa'eh-ye sadr' (magnanimity).

کینه توزی‌های بی‌پایان آن‌ها باعث فروپاشی خانواده شد.

Their endless spiteful acts caused the collapse of the family.

Adjective 'bi-payan' (endless).

او معتقد است که کینه مانع رشد معنوی انسان می‌شود.

He believes that a grudge prevents human spiritual growth.

Verb 'mane' shodan' (to prevent/hinder).

ادبیات کلاسیک ما پر از پندهایی برای دوری از کینه است.

Our classical literature is full of advice for avoiding grudges.

Phrase 'duri az' (avoidance of).

او با لحنی خالی از کینه، حقیقت را بیان کرد.

He told the truth with a tone empty of malice.

Phrase 'khali az' (empty of).

زدودن کینه از زوایای تاریک ذهن، کاری دشوار اما ضروری است.

Erasing the grudge from the dark corners of the mind is a difficult but necessary task.

Gerund 'zodudan' (erasing/cleansing).

کینه در این متن استعاره‌ای از جهل و تاریکی است.

Grudge in this text is a metaphor for ignorance and darkness.

Noun 'este'areh' (metaphor).

او به چنان مرحله‌ای از عرفان رسیده بود که کینه برایش بی‌معنا بود.

He had reached such a stage of mysticism that a grudge was meaningless to him.

Consecutive 'chonan... ke' (such... that).

تاریخ بشر همواره تحت تأثیر کینه‌های قومی و نژادی بوده است.

Human history has always been influenced by ethnic and racial grudges.

Passive voice 'taht-e ta'sir... bude ast'.

او در اشعارش به تقابل همیشگی کینه و مهر می‌پردازد.

In his poems, he addresses the constant confrontation of grudge and love.

Noun 'taghabol' (confrontation/opposition).

نباید اجازه داد کینه به مثابه یک میراث شوم به نسل‌های بعد منتقل شود.

One should not allow a grudge to be transmitted to future generations as a sinister heritage.

Phrase 'be masabeh-ye' (as/in the capacity of).

او با کلامی نافذ، ریشه‌های کینه را در دل مخاطبانش خشکاند.

With penetrating speech, he withered the roots of grudge in the hearts of his audience.

Causative verb 'khoshkandan' (to make dry/wither).

تجلی کینه در رفتارهای اجتماعی می‌تواند به خشونت ساختاری منجر شود.

The manifestation of grudge in social behaviors can lead to structural violence.

Academic term 'khoshunat-e sakhtari'.

常见搭配

کینه داشتن

کینه به دل گرفتن

کینه قدیمی

کینه شتری

کینه ورزیدن

کینه را شستن

بدون کینه

کینه جویی کردن

تخم کینه

پاک کردن کینه

常用短语

کینه ندارم

— I don't hold a grudge. Used to reassure someone.

خیالت راحت، من کینه ندارم.

کینه به دل نگیر

— Don't take it to heart/Don't hold a grudge. Used as advice.

از حرفش کینه به دل نگیر، شوخی کرد.

کینه شتری

— A very long-lasting and stubborn grudge. Based on the belief that camels never forget a hurt.

او کینه شتری دارد و هیچ وقت نمی‌بخشد.

بی کینه

— Pure-hearted or without malice.

او آدم بی کینه‌ای است.

کینه توز

— Vengeful or spiteful person.

همسایه ما خیلی کینه توز است.

کینه جو

— Someone who actively seeks to satisfy a grudge.

او نگاهی کینه جو داشت.

کینه دیرینه

— A long-standing, ancient grudge.

این یک کینه دیرینه بین دو خانواده است.

از روی کینه

— Out of spite or because of a grudge.

او این کار را از روی کینه انجام داد.

کینه و بغض

— Malice and resentment (often used together).

او با کینه و بغض حرف می‌زد.

رفع کینه

— The removal or resolution of a grudge.

آن‌ها برای رفع کینه جلسه گذاشتند.

容易混淆的词

کینه vs خشم (Khashm)

Khashm is temporary anger; Kineh is long-term resentment.

کینه vs نفرت (Nefrat)

Nefrat is hatred; Kineh is a specific grudge from a past event.

کینه vs انتقام (Entegham)

Entegham is the action of revenge; Kineh is the feeling that leads to it.

习语与表达

"کینه شتری"

— A grudge that is never forgotten and eventually results in revenge. Camels are proverbially known in Persian culture for their long memories of ill-treatment.

مراقب باش، علی کینه شتری دارد؛ ده سال بعد هم یادت می‌اندازد.

Informal/Common

"کینه به دل گرفتن"

— To allow a resentment to settle in one's heart/mind.

برای هر مسئله کوچکی کینه به دل نگیر.

Neutral

"تخم کینه کاشتن"

— To do something that will cause long-term resentment between people.

با این حرف‌ها فقط تخم کینه می‌کاری.

Literary/Metaphorical

"کینه را از دل شستن"

— To completely forgive and clear one's mind of resentment.

عید زمان خوبی برای شستن کینه‌ها از دل است.

Poetic/Traditional

"سینه را از کینه پرداختن"

— To empty the chest/heart of all grudges (very formal).

عارفان سینه را از کینه می‌پردازند.

Classical Literary

"کینه توزی کردن"

— To behave in a way that shows one is harboring and acting on a grudge.

او مدام در حال کینه توزی نسبت به رقبای خود است.

Formal

"آب روی آتش کینه ریختن"

— To calm down a situation of deep resentment.

حرف‌های او مثل آب روی آتش کینه بود.

Literary

"کینه جویی"

— The act of seeking to settle a score or satisfy a grudge.

کینه جویی راه به جایی نمی‌برد.

Neutral

"گرد کینه"

— The 'dust' of a grudge (implying something that obscures the truth or beauty of a relationship).

نباید بگذاری گرد کینه روی دوستی‌تان بنشیند.

Poetic

"کینه ورز"

— One who habitually bears malice.

او انسانی کینه ورز و بدخواه است.

Formal/Literary

容易混淆

کینه vs بغض (Boghz)

Both refer to a negative feeling in the chest/throat.

Boghz is the physical sensation of suppressed emotion or crying; Kineh is the mental state of resentment.

بغض گلویش را گرفت (A lump caught in his throat) vs او کینه دارد (He has a grudge).

کینه vs عداوت (Adavat)

Both mean enmity.

Adavat is more formal and often refers to an external state of hostility between groups; Kineh is internal.

عداوت دیرینه (Ancient enmity).

کینه vs گله (Geleh)

Both involve being upset with someone.

Geleh is a complaint or grievance that you usually talk about; Kineh is a grudge you might keep secret.

من از تو گله دارم (I have a complaint against you).

کینه vs حسادت (Hesadat)

Both are negative emotions toward others.

Hesadat is jealousy/envy; Kineh is resentment because of a perceived wrong.

حسادت به موفقیت دیگران (Jealousy of others' success).

کینه vs قهر (Ghar)

Both involve not talking to someone.

Ghar is the act of not speaking to someone because of being upset; Kineh is the underlying reason.

آن‌ها با هم قهر هستند (They are not on speaking terms).

句型

[Subject] [Noun] [Verb - negative]

من کینه ندارم.

[Subject] از [Person] [Noun] دارد.

او از من کینه دارد.

نباید [Noun] را در [Location] نگه داشت.

نباید کینه را در قلب نگه داشت.

[Subject] به خاطر [Noun] حرف نمی‌زند.

او به خاطر کینه حرف نمی‌زند.

[Noun] ورزیدن باعث [Result] می‌شود.

کینه ورزیدن باعث تنهایی می‌شود.

باید [Noun] را از دل [Verb - subjunctive].

باید کینه را از دل بشویی.

[Noun] به مثابه [Metaphor] است.

کینه به مثابه زهر است.

تجلی [Noun] در [Context] منجر به [Outcome] می‌شود.

تجلی کینه در سیاست منجر به جنگ می‌شود.

词族

名词

کینه (Kineh) - grudge

کینه‌توزی (Kineh-tuzi) - spitefulness

کینه‌جویی (Kineh-juyi) - vengefulness

کین (Kin) - archaic form of kineh

动词

کینه داشتن (Kineh dashtan) - to have a grudge

کینه ورزیدن (Kineh varzidan) - to bear malice

کینه به دل گرفتن (Kineh be del gereftan) - to take a grudge to heart

形容词

کینه‌ای (Kineh-i) - grudge-holding

کینه‌توز (Kineh-tuz) - spiteful

کینه‌جو (Kineh-jo) - vengeful

بی‌کینه (Bi-kineh) - without grudge

如何使用

frequency

The word is very common in emotional, ethical, and literary discussions.

常见错误

Using 'kineh kardan' → کینه داشتن (Kineh dashtan)
'Kardan' is the general 'to do' verb, but 'kineh' is a state you 'have' or 'bear,' not something you 'do.'
Saying 'kineh alayhe' (against) → کینه از کسی (Kineh az kasi)
Persian uses the preposition 'az' (from) to indicate the target of the grudge.
Pronouncing it 'Kin' → کینه (Ki-neh)
The 'e' at the end is essential in modern Persian. 'Kin' is strictly for formal poetry.
Using it for objects → بد آمدن (Bad amadan - to dislike)
You cannot have 'kineh' against a non-human thing like a computer or weather.
Confusing with 'Khashm' → خشم (Khashm)
If the anger is new and hot, use 'khashm.' If it is old and cold, use 'kineh.'

小贴士

Use 'az' not 'against'

Always remember that in Persian, you have a grudge 'from' (az) someone, not 'against' them. This is a very common mistake for English speakers.

The '-i' adjective

Adding an 'i' to the end makes it 'Kineh-i', which describes a person who holds grudges. Use this to describe someone's personality.

Nowruz and Kineh

If you want to impress Iranians, mention that Nowruz is a time to 'shostan-e kineh' (wash away grudges). It shows deep cultural knowledge.

Shahnameh Context

If you see 'Kin' in old books, it is the same as 'Kineh.' The shorter version is very common in classical poetry.

The 'Be del gereftan' phrase

Use 'kineh be del nagir' as a polite way to say 'no offense' or 'don't be upset' after a joke or a critique.

Pairing with Boghz

In formal writing, using the pair 'boghz o kineh' sounds very natural and sophisticated when describing deep animosity.

Two Syllables

Make sure to pronounce both syllables: Ki-neh. Don't let it sound like one syllable 'Kin'.

Internal vs External

Remember that Kineh is an internal feeling. Use it to describe what is happening inside someone's mind or heart.

Reconciliation

When someone says 'Kineh-i nadaram,' it is a very positive sign in a relationship. It means the conflict is truly over.

Keen on keeping

Think: If you have Kineh, you are 'Keen' on keeping your anger. This will help you remember the word 'Kineh'.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'Kineh' as 'Keen-ness' to stay angry. A person with 'kineh' is 'keen' on keeping their old resentment alive.

视觉联想

Imagine a cold, dark stone sitting inside a glowing red heart. The stone is the 'kineh'—it doesn't belong there and it's cold and heavy.

Word Web

Heart (Del) Grudge (Kineh) Revenge (Entegham) Forgiveness (Bakhshesh) History (Gozashteh) Poetry (Sher) Camel (Shotor) Spite (Boghz)

挑战

Try to identify one thing you are slightly annoyed about and say out loud in Persian: 'Man kineh nadaram' (I have no grudge). Repeat it three times to memorize the sound.

词源

The word 'کینه' (Kineh) originates from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) 'kēn'. It has roots in Proto-Indo-European *kwei-, which relates to 'paying,' 'atoning,' or 'avenging.'

原始含义： The original meaning in Old/Middle Persian was focused on 'vengeance' or 'retribution' for a wrong committed.

Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> Persian.

文化背景

Be careful when accusing someone of having 'kineh.' It is a strong moral judgment and can be offensive if used lightly in a social setting.

In English-speaking cultures, 'holding a grudge' is also seen negatively but is often discussed in psychological terms. In Persian, it is more often discussed in moral and poetic terms.

The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi (The theme of 'Kineh-ye Siavash'). The poetry of Hafez (Often mentions cleaning the heart of kineh). The Masnavi of Rumi (Discusses kineh as a spiritual poison).

在生活中练习

真实语境

Family Disputes

کینه خانوادگی (Family grudge)
کینه قدیمی (Old grudge)
آشتی کردن (Reconciling)
بخشیدن (Forgiving)

Literature/Poetry

کینه سیاوش (Grudge for Siavash)
شستن کینه (Washing the grudge)
تخم کینه (Seed of grudge)
کینه‌خواهی (Revenge seeking)

Psychology/Self-help

رهایی از کینه (Freedom from grudge)
تاثیر کینه بر ذهن (Impact of grudge on mind)
فراموش کردن گذشته (Forgetting the past)
مدیریت خشم (Anger management)

Politics

کینه تاریخی (Historical grudge)
کینه قومی (Ethnic grudge)
تنش‌های سیاسی (Political tensions)
روابط خصمانه (Hostile relations)

Daily Social Life

کینه به دل نگرفتن (Not taking to heart)
آدم کینه‌ای (Grudge-holding person)
بی کینه بودن (Being without grudge)
سوءتفاهم (Misunderstanding)

对话开场白

"آیا تو آدم کینه‌ای هستی یا زود می‌بخشی؟ (Are you a grudge-holding person or do you forgive quickly?)"

"به نظر تو بهترین راه برای از بین بردن کینه چیست؟ (In your opinion, what is the best way to destroy a grudge?)"

"آیا تا به حال از کسی کینه شتری داشته‌ای؟ (Have you ever had a 'camel's grudge' against someone?)"

"چرا بعضی از کینه‌ها سال‌ها طول می‌کشند؟ (Why do some grudges last for years?)"

"در فرهنگ شما، بخشش مهم‌تر است یا گرفتن انتقام؟ (In your culture, is forgiveness more important or taking revenge?)"

日记主题

درباره زمانی بنویسید که کینه‌ای را از دلتان پاک کردید و چه حسی داشتید. (Write about a time you cleared a grudge from your heart and how you felt.)

آیا کینه می‌تواند در بعضی موارد مفید باشد؟ چرا؟ (Can a grudge be useful in some cases? Why?)

تفاوت بین خشم لحظه‌ای و کینه طولانی‌مدت را شرح دهید. (Describe the difference between momentary anger and long-term grudge.)

چگونه می‌توانیم به دیگران کمک کنیم تا کینه‌هایشان را فراموش کنند؟ (How can we help others forget their grudges?)

نقش کینه در داستان‌های قدیمی و اسطوره‌ها چیست؟ (What is the role of grudge in old stories and myths?)

常见问题

10 个问题

Yes, in almost every context—ethical, religious, and social—'kineh' is considered a negative and destructive emotion. It is seen as a 'poison' for the heart.

The most common way is 'Man kineh-i nadaram' (من کینه‌ای ندارم) or 'Kineh be del nagereftam' (کینه به دل نگرفتم).

'Kineh' is the feeling of resentment inside you. 'Entegham' is the action you take to get back at the person. You can have 'kineh' without taking 'entegham.'

No, 'kineh' is strictly for interpersonal or inter-group resentment. You can't have a 'kineh' against a broken car or a difficult exam.

It's a cultural belief that camels have long memories and will wait for years to get revenge on a human who mistreated them. It describes a very stubborn grudge.

No, it is used in all registers, but formal Persian has variations like 'kineh varzidan' while informal Persian uses 'kineh dashtan.'

The most common opposites are 'Bakhshesh' (Forgiveness) and 'Gozasht' (Forbearance/Passing over a mistake).

In modern Persian, the final 'h' is silent and serves to indicate that the preceding letter has an 'e' sound. It is pronounced 'Ki-neh,' not 'Ki-neh-heh.'

No, 'kineh kardan' is not used. You should use 'kineh dashtan' or 'kineh be del gereftan.'

Yes, 'kineh' (often as 'ghill' or 'hiqd' in Arabic roots) is frequently mentioned as something to be removed from the hearts of the faithful.

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