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B1 adjective 10分钟阅读

پریشان

parishān
例句 笔记与提示 پریشان 30秒了解
解析 پریشان in your Level:
At the A1 level, you can think of 'parishān' as a word for 'very sad' or 'messy.' While it is a bit advanced for beginners, you might see it in simple stories to describe someone's hair after they wake up (muye parishān) or someone who is crying and 'parishān' because they lost their toy. Just remember: it means things are not in their right place—whether it's hair or feelings. It is the opposite of 'happy' or 'neat.' You can use it simply as: 'U parishān ast' (He is distressed).
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At the A2 level, you start to use 'parishān' to describe feelings of worry. It is stronger than 'nārāhat' (upset). You might use it when talking about a friend who has a problem at work or school. 'Cherā parishāni?' (Why are you distressed?) is a good question to learn. You also learn that it can describe a 'messy' situation, like 'otāgh-e parishān' (a messy/disturbed room), although 'be-ham-rikhteh' is more common for rooms. It helps you express more complex emotions than just 'sad' or 'happy.'
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At the B1 level, you should understand the nuance between 'parishān' and 'negarān' (worried). 'Parishān' describes a state of mind where thoughts are scattered and one feels disturbed or anxious. It is often used in the context of 'afkār-e parishān' (scattered thoughts). You will encounter this word in news reports about 'awzā-ye parishān' (disturbed situations) or in intermediate literature. You should be able to use it with verbs like 'shodan' (to become) and 'kardan' (to make/cause). It is a key word for describing psychological distress.
At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'parishān' in more abstract and formal contexts. You will see it in editorials or psychological texts. It describes a 'disturbed' state of affairs, such as 'khāter-e parishān' (a troubled mind). You should also be aware of its poetic roots, as it appears frequently in Persian songs and classical poetry to describe the 'scattered' soul of a lover. At this level, you should use it to describe not just people, but also systems, economies, or historical periods that were 'parishān' (turbulent/chaotic).
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At the C1 level, you should appreciate the deep literary and philosophical connotations of 'parishān.' It is a word that captures the 'entropy' of the human spirit. You will study its use in the works of Hafez or Saadi, where 'parishāni' is a desired state of the mystic lover. You should be able to distinguish it from synonyms like 'āshofteh,' 'moztareb,' and 'moshavvash' with precision. You might use it in academic writing to describe a 'parishān-gū' (incoherent) argument or a 'parishān' (fragmented) narrative structure in a novel.
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At the C2 level, 'parishān' becomes a tool for subtle expression. You understand its etymological journey from 'scattered' to 'distressed.' You can use it to describe existential angst or the chaotic nature of reality itself. You are comfortable with compound forms like 'parishān-rūzgār' (one who has fallen on hard times) or 'parishān-hāl.' You can analyze how the word functions as a motif in classical Persian aesthetics, where the 'parishān' (disheveled) look of a beloved is a sign of divine beauty. Your usage is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker.
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例句 笔记与提示

پریشان 30秒了解

  • Parishān means distressed or mentally disturbed in Persian.
  • It also describes physical things like hair being messy or scattered.
  • It is a common word in Persian poetry and daily emotional talk.
  • The word implies a lack of order, whether in thoughts or objects.

The Persian word پریشان (Parishān) is a multifaceted adjective that bridges the gap between physical disorder and emotional distress. At its core, it describes a state of being 'scattered' or 'unraveled.' When applied to an object, like hair, it means disheveled or messy. However, its most common usage in modern Persian is psychological, describing a person who is deeply troubled, anxious, or mentally unsettled. It is the feeling of having one's thoughts pulled in a thousand directions at once, making it impossible to find peace or focus. This word is a favorite in Persian literature and poetry because it captures the chaotic nature of the human heart when it is in love, in mourning, or in fear.

Emotional State
When someone is 'parishān,' they are not just 'sad' (nārāhat); they are 'disturbed.' This implies a level of agitation or anxiety that disrupts their normal flow of life. It is the state of mind after receiving bad news or while waiting for an uncertain outcome.
Physical Appearance
In a literal sense, it describes things that are not neatly arranged. The most common poetic usage is 'muye parishān' (disheveled hair), which often symbolizes beauty or wildness in classical Persian verse.
Intellectual Confusion
It can describe speech or thoughts that lack coherence. If someone is 'parishān-gū' (speaking in a parishān way), they are rambling or talking nonsense because their mind is too troubled to form logical sentences.

او پس از شنیدن خبر تصادف، بسیار پریشان به نظر می‌رسید.
(After hearing the news of the accident, he looked very distressed/disturbed.)

In social contexts, using 'parishān' shows a high level of empathy. If you tell a friend, 'I saw you were parishān today,' you are acknowledging that their distress was visible and significant. It is more formal and poetic than 'negarān' (worried) and deeper than 'nārāhat' (upset). It suggests a soul that is currently in a state of entropy. In the modern day, you might hear this in a news report about 'awzā-ye parishān' (the chaotic/disturbed situation) of a region or economy. It implies that the natural order has been disrupted.

چرا اینقدر افکارت پریشان است؟ کمی استراحت کن.
(Why are your thoughts so scattered/disturbed? Get some rest.)

Historically, the word comes from the root 'pari' (around/scattered) and 'shān' (state). It evolved from describing things literally scattered to describing the human psyche. In the famous poetry of Hafez, 'zolf-e parishān' (scattered tresses) is a recurring motif, representing the chaotic pull of love that keeps the lover's heart in a state of constant 'parishāni.' Thus, the word carries a weight of romanticism along with its clinical meaning of anxiety.

خواب‌های پریشان مانع از استراحت او می‌شدند.
(Disturbed/scattered dreams were preventing him from resting.)

او با موهایی پریشان از خواب بیدار شد.
(He woke up with disheveled hair.)

Using پریشان (Parishān) correctly requires understanding its role as an adjective that can modify both people and abstract concepts. It usually follows the noun it modifies using the Ezafe construction (the short 'e' sound linking nouns and adjectives). For example, 'khāter-e parishān' (a disturbed mind/memory). It can also function as a predicate adjective with the verb 'shodan' (to become) or 'budan' (to be).

With 'Shodan' (To Become)
This describes the process of losing one's composure. 'Man parishān shodam' means 'I became distressed.' It is often used when an external event triggers a change in mental state.
With 'Kardan' (To Make)
This is the causative form. 'In khabar mā rā parishān kard' (This news made us distressed). It is a common way to describe the impact of events or people on one's peace of mind.

اوضاع اقتصادی کشور بسیار پریشان است.
(The country's economic situation is very chaotic/disturbed.)

When describing physical objects, 'parishān' is almost exclusively used for hair or threads. You wouldn't usually call a messy desk 'parishān' (you'd use 'sholoogh' or 'be-ham-rikhteh'), but you would definitely use it for a bird's nest or a tangled web. In literature, it is often paired with 'hāl' (state/condition) to create 'hāl-e parishān,' which is a poetic way of saying 'I am not doing well emotionally.'

لطفاً با این حرف‌ها مرا پریشان نکن.
(Please do not distress me with these words.)

In more advanced usage, you might encounter the noun form 'parishāni' (distress/chaos). For example, 'az parishāni-ye u nārāhat shodam' (I was saddened by his distress). It functions like any other abstract noun. When speaking, the stress falls on the last syllable: pa-ri-SHĀN. If you emphasize it correctly, it carries a sense of weight and gravity appropriate for its meaning.

صدای پریشان او پشت تلفن نشان‌دهنده ترسش بود.
(Her distressed voice over the phone indicated her fear.)

روزگار پریشانی را سپری می‌کنیم.
(We are going through distressed/turbulent times.)

You will encounter پریشان (Parishān) in a variety of settings, ranging from high-brow literature to emotional daily conversations. It is not a word used for trivial matters. You wouldn't use it because you lost your keys (that's 'nārāhat' or 'dargir'), but you would use it if you are facing a major life crisis or if your mind is genuinely spinning from stress.

In Classical Poetry
Persian poets like Rumi, Hafez, and Saadi use this word constantly. It describes the 'scattered' state of the lover's soul. If you read a Ghazal, look for 'zolf-e parishān' (scattered hair) or 'del-e parishān' (disturbed heart). In this context, it is often a beautiful, romanticized suffering.
In News and Media
News anchors use it to describe chaotic political situations, 'awzā-ye parishān-e mantiqe' (the disturbed state of the region). It implies a lack of stability and order.
In Therapy and Psychology
Modern Persian psychologists use 'parishāni' to translate 'distress' or 'agitation.' A patient might describe their 'afkār-e parishān' (intrusive or scattered thoughts) during a session.

حافظ می‌گوید: «زلف پریشان تو را انجمن‌هاست.»
(Hafez says: 'Your disheveled hair has many gatherings/admirers.')

In Iranian cinema and TV dramas (Seryāl-hā), when a character is pacing back and forth, unable to sleep, or looking disheveled after a tragedy, other characters will ask, 'Cherā inqadr parishāni?' (Why are you so distressed?). It is a very evocative word that signals to the audience that the character is reaching a breaking point. It is also used in formal letters to express concern about a situation that is not going well.

گزارش‌ها از وضعیت پریشان پناهندگان خبر می‌دهند.
(Reports inform of the distressed condition of the refugees.)

Finally, you might hear it in religious sermons or spiritual talks, where 'parishāni-ye daryā' (the agitation of the sea) is used as a metaphor for the human soul's distance from peace. It is a word that spans the spectrum from the physical to the metaphysical, making it an essential part of the Persian vocabulary for anyone wishing to express deep emotion or describe complex chaos.

While پریشان (Parishān) is a versatile word, learners often confuse it with other terms for worry or sadness. The most common mistake is using it for simple, everyday worry. If you are worried about being late for a bus, you are 'negarān,' not 'parishān.' Using 'parishān' for small things sounds overly dramatic or poetic, like saying 'my soul is in tatters' because you forgot your umbrella.

Parishān vs. Negarān
'Negarān' is 'worried' about a specific future event. 'Parishān' is a general state of mental disturbance or agitation. You can be 'negarān' about an exam, but if the exam stress makes you unable to eat or think, you have become 'parishān.'
Parishān vs. Āshofteh
These are very close synonyms. However, 'āshofteh' often implies a more violent or sudden disorder (like a room that was ransacked), while 'parishān' is softer and more frequently used for hair or internal mental states.

Incorrect: من برای کلیدهایم پریشان هستم.
(Correct: I am worried about my keys -> نگران هستم)

Another mistake is in the word order. Remember that in Persian, adjectives usually follow the noun. 'Parishān moohā' is incorrect; it must be 'moohā-ye parishān.' Also, be careful with the causative 'parishān kardan.' It is a strong verb. If you say someone 'parishān-am kard,' you are saying they truly disturbed your peace, not just that they annoyed you.

او با نگاهی پریشان به من خیره شد.
(He stared at me with a distressed look.)

Lastly, learners sometimes confuse 'parishān' with 'pashimān' (regretful). They sound similar, but 'pashimān' is about wishing you hadn't done something, while 'parishān' is about being in a state of turmoil. 'I am parishān that I lied' is wrong; you should say 'I am pashimān that I lied,' although the lie might make you feel parishān (distressed) afterwards!

To truly master Persian, you need to know which 'flavor' of distress or disorder you want to convey. پریشان (Parishān) is just one point on a spectrum of words that describe lack of order or peace. Depending on the context—whether it's clinical, poetic, or casual—you might choose a different word.

مضطرب (Moztareb) - Anxious
Use this for clinical anxiety or being 'stressed out.' It's more modern and technical than 'parishān.' If a student is shaking before an exam, they are 'moztareb.'
آشفته (Āshofteh) - Disordered/Turbulent
Very close to 'parishān.' However, 'āshofteh' carries a sense of 'agitation.' An 'āshofteh' person might be angry or physically restless, whereas a 'parishān' person might just be quietly falling apart.
سردرگم (Sardargom) - Confused/Lost
This is specifically for the 'scattered' aspect of thoughts. If you don't know what decision to make, you are 'sardargom.' 'Parishān' is more emotional; 'sardargom' is more cognitive.

او میان دو تصمیم سردرگم بود، اما دلش پریشان بود.
(He was confused between two decisions, but his heart was distressed.)

In literature, 'shekasteh' (broken) is sometimes used as a synonym for 'parishān' when describing a state of mind. However, 'shekasteh' implies a finality or a defeat, whereas 'parishān' is more about the ongoing state of being unsettled. If you are describing a messy physical environment, 'dar-ham-bar-ham' (tangled/jumbled) is a great colloquial alternative to 'parishān.'

اتاقش همیشه درهم‌برهم است.
(His room is always jumbled/messy.)

Understanding these nuances allows you to express yourself with the precision of a native speaker. In a formal essay, 'parishāni-ye fari' (intellectual distress) sounds much more sophisticated than just saying 'moshkel' (problem). By choosing 'parishān,' you invoke a long history of Persian thought regarding the complexity of the human condition.

趣味小知识

The word is a perfect example of how Persian uses physical concepts to describe complex emotions. Just as hair can be unraveled, so can the mind.

发音指南

UK /pæɾiːˈʃɒːn/
US /pæɾiːˈʃɑːn/
The stress is always on the final syllable: pa-ri-SHĀN.
押韵词
پشیمان (Pashimān) تابستان (Tābestān) باران (Bārān) آسان (Āsān) گریان (Geryān) خندان (Khandān) طوفان (Tūfān) ایران (Irān)
常见错误
  • Pronouncing the first 'a' like the long 'a' in 'father'. It should be short.
  • Putting the stress on the first syllable.
  • Confusing the 'sh' sound with 's'.
  • Shortening the final 'ā' sound.
  • Confusing it with 'pashimān' (regretful).
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按水平分级的例句

1

او موهای پریشانی دارد.

He has messy hair.

Adjective follows the noun with 'i' (Ezafe).

2

مادرم کمی پریشان است.

My mother is a bit distressed.

Simple subject-adjective-verb structure.

3

او امروز پریشان به نظر می‌رسد.

He looks distressed today.

'Be nazar residan' means 'to look/appear'.

4

من پریشان شدم.

I became distressed.

Past tense of 'shodan'.

5

غذای پریشان روی میز بود.

The messy food was on the table.

Literal use for 'scattered'.

6

عروسک او پریشان بود.

Her doll was messy/disheveled.

Adjective 'parishān' used as a predicate.

7

چرا پریشانی؟

Why are you distressed?

Shortened form of 'parishān hasti'.

8

او یک خواب پریشان دید.

He had a disturbed dream.

Adjective modifying 'khāb' (dream).

1

او به خاطر امتحان پریشان بود.

He was distressed because of the exam.

'Be khāter-e' means 'because of'.

2

این خبر همه را پریشان کرد.

This news made everyone distressed.

Causative 'parishān kardan'.

3

او با صدای پریشان حرف می‌زد.

He was talking with a distressed voice.

Adjective modifying 'sedā' (voice).

4

من از دیدن او پریشان شدم.

I became distressed by seeing him.

'Az didan-e' means 'from seeing'.

5

اتاق او خیلی پریشان و شلوغ است.

His room is very messy and crowded.

Using two adjectives to describe a room.

6

او همیشه افکار پریشانی دارد.

She always has scattered thoughts.

Plural noun 'afkār' with adjective.

7

لطفاً پریشان نباش، همه چیز درست می‌شود.

Please don't be distressed, everything will be fine.

Imperative negative 'nabāsh'.

8

او با چشمانی پریشان به ما نگاه کرد.

He looked at us with distressed eyes.

Adjective modifying 'cheshmān' (eyes).

1

اوضاع اقتصادی کشور کمی پریشان است.

The country's economic situation is a bit disturbed.

Using 'parishān' for abstract situations.

2

خاطر او از این اتفاق پریشان گشت.

His mind became disturbed by this event.

'Ghasht' is a formal synonym for 'shod'.

3

نویسنده در کتاب خود از روزگار پریشان می‌گوید.

The author speaks of turbulent times in his book.

'Rūzgār-e parishān' is a common phrase.

4

او به دلیل تنهایی دچار پریشانی شده است.

He has become distressed due to loneliness.

'Dochār-e ... shodan' means 'to suffer from'.

5

این نامه‌ی پریشان نشان از حال بد او دارد.

This distressed letter shows his bad state.

'Neshān az ... dārad' means 'is a sign of'.

6

او سعی کرد افکار پریشانش را جمع و جور کند.

He tried to gather his scattered thoughts.

'Jam' o jūr kardan' is an idiom for organizing.

7

چرا اینقدر پریشان‌گویی می‌کنی؟

Why are you talking so incoherently?

'Parishān-gū' is a compound noun/adjective.

8

او از آینده‌ی خود بسیار پریشان است.

He is very distressed about his future.

'Az' is used to indicate the cause of distress.

1

جامعه در آن دوران وضعیتی پریشان داشت.

Society had a disturbed/chaotic state in that era.

Formal historical description.

2

او با ظاهری پریشان در جلسه حاضر شد.

He appeared in the meeting with a disheveled appearance.

'Zāher-e parishān' refers to physical look.

3

اشعار او بازتابی از روح پریشانش بود.

His poems were a reflection of his disturbed soul.

'Bāztāb' means reflection.

4

او از پریشانی خاطر رنج می‌برد.

He suffers from mental distress.

'Ranj bordan' means 'to suffer'.

5

این موسیقی فضای پریشانی را القا می‌کند.

This music evokes a distressed atmosphere.

'Elghā kardan' means 'to evoke/induce'.

6

او با لحنی پریشان از ما کمک خواست.

He asked us for help in a distressed tone.

'Lahn-e parishān' refers to the tone of voice.

7

پریشانی او مانع از تمرکزش می‌شد.

His distress prevented him from focusing.

Noun form 'parishāni' as a subject.

8

او در میان انبوهی از کاغذهای پریشان نشسته بود.

He was sitting among a mass of scattered papers.

Literal use of 'scattered'.

1

ساختار پریشان روایت، خواننده را سردرگم می‌کند.

The fragmented structure of the narrative confuses the reader.

Literary criticism context.

2

او در پریشان‌حالی مفرط به سر می‌برد.

He is in a state of extreme distress.

'Be sar bordan' means 'to live in/be in'.

3

این فیلسوف به تبیین جهان پریشان ما می‌پردازد.

This philosopher explains our chaotic world.

'Tabyin' means 'explanation/exposition'.

4

او با قلمی پریشان، دردهای جامعه را به تصویر کشید.

With a disturbed pen, he depicted the pains of society.

Metaphorical use of 'qalam' (pen).

5

پریشان‌خاطری او ناشی از بحران‌های وجودی بود.

His mental distress stemmed from existential crises.

'Nāshi az' means 'stemming from'.

6

او به پریشان‌گویی‌های سیاستمداران اعتراض کرد.

He protested the incoherent ramblings of the politicians.

Plural compound noun.

7

در این نقاشی، خطوط پریشان حس اضطراب را منتقل می‌کنند.

In this painting, the scattered lines convey a sense of anxiety.

Artistic analysis.

8

او با وجود پریشانی، سعی کرد وقار خود را حفظ کند.

Despite his distress, he tried to maintain his dignity.

'Bā voojūd-e' means 'despite'.

1

پریشانی زلف یار، کنایه از کثرت عالم است.

The dishevelment of the beloved's hair is a metaphor for the multiplicity of the world.

Sufi metaphorical context.

2

او در ورطه‌ی پریشانی مطلق غرق شده بود.

He was drowned in the abyss of absolute distress.

'Vartah' means 'abyss/vortex'.

3

نثر پریشان او، آینه‌ی تمام‌نمای آشفتگی‌های فکری‌اش بود.

His fragmented prose was a perfect mirror of his intellectual turmoil.

'Āyene-ye tamām-namā' is a poetic idiom.

4

او از هرگونه انتظام گریزان و به پریشانی متمایل بود.

He fled from any order and was inclined toward chaos/distress.

'Gharizān' means 'fleeing from'.

5

سیر تطور این واژه از معنای فیزیکی به ساحت روان‌شناختی پریشانی، جالب است.

The evolution of this word from a physical meaning to the psychological realm of distress is interesting.

Linguistic analysis.

6

او با پریشان‌حالی تمام، از دیار خود هجرت کرد.

In a state of total distress, he migrated from his homeland.

High formal register.

7

این اثر، پریشانی غایی انسان معاصر را به نمایش می‌گذارد.

This work displays the ultimate distress of contemporary man.

'Ghāyi' means 'ultimate/final'.

8

او در میانه‌ی غوغای پریشان شهر، به دنبال آرامش بود.

Amidst the chaotic clamor of the city, he was seeking peace.

'Ghowghā' means 'uproar/clamor'.

常见搭配

موی پریشان
خاطر پریشان
افکار پریشان
اوضاع پریشان
خواب پریشان
روزگار پریشان
دل پریشان
احوال پریشان
صدای پریشان
نگاه پریشان

常用短语

پریشان شدن

— To become distressed or disturbed. Used when a person loses their peace of mind.

با شنیدن خبر، ناگهان پریشان شد.

پریشان کردن

— To make someone distressed or to mess something up. Often used in poetry.

این غم مرا پریشان کرده است.

پریشان‌حال بودن

— To be in a state of distress. A more formal way to describe one's condition.

او این روزها بسیار پریشان‌حال است.

از پریشانی

— Out of distress or confusion. Explains the reason for an action.

از پریشانی نمی‌دانست چه می‌گوید.

بسیار پریشان

— Very distressed. Adding an intensifier for emphasis.

او از مرگ گربه‌اش بسیار پریشان بود.

پریشان و آشفته

— Distressed and agitated. A common pair of synonyms for emphasis.

او پریشان و آشفته به دفتر آمد.

خیال پریشان

— Disturbed imagination or thoughts. Often used in literary contexts.

خیال پریشان او را رها نمی‌کرد.

پریشان‌خاطری

— The state of having a troubled mind. Used as a noun.

پریشان‌خاطری او ناشی از بدهی بود.

چهره پریشان

— A distressed face. Describes the visible signs of anxiety.

چهره پریشان او همه را نگران کرد.

در این پریشانی

— In this state of chaos/distress. Sets the scene for a difficult time.

در این پریشانی، کسی به فکر ما نیست.

习语与表达

"پریشان‌گویی کردن"

— To talk incoherently or ramble due to distress or illness.

بیمار در تب، پریشان‌گویی می‌کرد.

Neutral
"زلف پریشان"

— Literally 'scattered hair,' but idiomatically refers to beauty or the chaotic nature of love in poetry.

زلف پریشان او دل را می‌برد.

Literary
"خواب پریشان دیدن"

— To have nightmares or very confusing, unsettling dreams.

هر شب خواب‌های پریشان می‌بیند.

Neutral
"پریشان‌روزگار"

— Someone who has fallen on hard times or has a chaotic life.

او مردی پریشان‌روزگار و تنها بود.

Formal/Literary
"دل پریشان داشتن"

— To be deeply worried or heart-broken.

او دلی پریشان از دوری پسرش داشت.

Poetic
"پریشان کردن ورق"

— To mess up the order of things (rare, literal).

باد ورق‌های کتاب را پریشان کرد.

Neutral
"خاطر پریشان کردن"

— To disturb someone's mind or annoy them deeply.

با این حرف‌ها خاطر مرا پریشان نکن.

Formal
"پریشان‌فکر"

— Someone whose thoughts are disorganized or who is easily distracted.

او دانش‌آموزی پریشان‌فکر است.

Neutral
"اوضاع پریشان"

— A chaotic situation where nothing is going right.

اوضاع پریشان بازار همه را ترساند.

Neutral
"پریشان‌مو"

— Having disheveled hair; often used as an epithet in poetry.

آن زیبا‌روی پریشان‌مو را دیدی؟

Literary

词族

名词

پریشانی (Parishāni) - Distress/Chaos
پریشان‌گویی (Parishān-gūyi) - Incoherent speech

动词

پریشان کردن (Parishān kardan) - To distress/mess up
پریشان شدن (Parishān shodan) - To become distressed

形容词

پریشان (Parishān) - Distressed
پریشان‌حال (Parishān-hāl) - Distressed state
پریشان‌خاطر (Parishān-khāter) - Troubled mind

相关

آشفته (Āshofteh)
مضطرب (Moztareb)
پراکنده (Parākandeh)
مشوش (Moshavvash)
بی‌قرار (Bi-qarār)
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记忆技巧

Think of a 'Parisian' (Parishān) artist who is very distressed because their hair is messy and their paintings are scattered everywhere.

视觉联想

Imagine a bird's nest that has been blown apart by the wind—the twigs are 'parishān.' Now imagine those twigs are your thoughts.

Word Web

Hair Thoughts Anxiety Scattered Chaos Distress Poetry Unsettled

词源

From Middle Persian 'parēšān'. It is composed of the prefix 'pari-' (meaning around or scattered, related to Greek 'peri') and the root 'shān' (meaning state or appearance).

原始含义： The original meaning focused on the physical state of being scattered or spread out in different directions.

Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> Persian.
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