B2 Advanced Verbs 21 min read 中等

在印地语中表达习惯：'做' 字结构 (किया करना)

用 «过去分词 + करना» 来描述你有意识培养的习惯或怀旧的过去，千万别加 «ने» 助词。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'किया करना' (kiya karna) to express habits or repeated actions that define a person's routine or tendency.

  • Use the past participle of the main verb + करना (karna). Example: वह रोज़ पढ़ा करता है (He studies daily).
  • The 'karna' part conjugates based on the subject's gender, number, and person.
  • In the negative, use 'नहीं' before 'किया' or 'करना' depending on emphasis.
Subject + [Verb-aa/ee/e] + [karna (conjugated)]

Overview

The किया करना (kiyā karnā) construction in Hindi denotes a habitual action or routine that is undertaken with a degree of intentionality, regularity, or a sense of past custom. Unlike the simple habitual aspect (formed with the imperfective participle + होना, e.g., मैं खाता हूँ - *I eat [regularly/as a fact]*) which states a general truth or an unremarked routine, किया करना emphasizes the practice of an action. It conveys that the subject *makes it a point to do*, *is in the habit of doing*, or *used to habitually do* something.
This distinction is crucial at the B2 CEFR level, enabling learners to express nuanced meanings related to established patterns of behavior, personal disciplines, or nostalgic recollections of past routines. This construction allows you to move beyond merely stating facts to describing ingrained practices or chosen lifestyles, enriching your communication in Hindi. It reflects a deeper engagement with the action, marking it as a deliberate and consistent part of one's life or a significant aspect of a past era.
  • वह हर सुबह पार्क में टहला करता है। (vah har subah pārk mẽ ṭahlā kartā hai.) – He makes it a habit to stroll in the park every morning. (Implies a dedicated routine.)
  • बच्चे स्कूल के बाद खेला करते थे। (bacce skūl ke bād khelā karte the.) – Children used to habitually play after school. (Evokes nostalgia for a past routine.)
  • तुम हमेशा सच बोला करो। (tum hamēśā sac bolā karo.) – Always make a habit of speaking the truth. (A piece of advice or instruction for a consistent practice.)

Conjugation Table

Tense/Mood Subject Perfective Participle (Masculine Singular) करना Inflection (Masculine Singular) Example: पढ़ना (paṛhnā - to read) Example: जाना (jānā - to go) Transliteration (paṛhnā) Translation (paṛhnā)
:--------------- :-------------- :----------------------------------------- :------------------------------------- :----------------------------------- :------------------------------ :-------------------------------------- :------------------------------------
Present Habitual मैं (main - I) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करता हूँ (kartā hū̃) मैं पढ़ा करता हूँ मैं जाया करता हूँ main paṛhā kartā hū̃ I make a habit of reading.
हम (ham - we) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करते हैं (karte haĩ) हम पढ़ा करते हैं हम जाया करते हैं ham paṛhā karte haĩ We make a habit of reading.
तू (tū - you) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करता है (kartā hai) तू पढ़ा करता है तू जाया करता है tū paṛhā kartā hai You (fam. sg.) make a habit of reading.
तुम (tum - you) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करते हो (karte ho) तुम पढ़ा करते हो तुम जाया करते हो tum paṛhā karte ho You (inf. pl.) make a habit of reading.
आप (āp - you) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करते हैं (karte haĩ) आप पढ़ा करते हैं आप जाया करते हैं āp paṛhā karte haĩ You (hon. pl.) make a habit of reading.
वह (vah - he/she) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करता है / करती है (kartā hai / kartī hai) वह पढ़ा करता है / करती है वह जाया करता है / करती है vah paṛhā kartā hai / kartī hai He/She makes a habit of reading.
वे (ve - they) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करते हैं / करती हैं (karte haĩ / kartī haĩ) वे पढ़ा करते हैं / करती हैं वे जाया करते हैं / करती हैं ve paṛhā karte haĩ / kartī haĩ They make a habit of reading.
Past Habitual मैं (main - I) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करता था (kartā thā) मैं पढ़ा करता था मैं जाया करता था main paṛhā kartā thā I used to habitually read.
हम (ham - we) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करते थे (karte the) हम पढ़ा करते थे हम जाया करते थे ham paṛhā karte the We used to habitually read.
वह (vah - he/she) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करता था / करती थी (kartā thā / kartī thī) वह पढ़ा करता था / करती थी वह जाया करता था / करती थी vah paṛhā kartā thā / kartī thī He/She used to habitually read.
वे (ve - they) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करते थे / करती थीं (karte the / kartī thī̃) वे पढ़ा करते थे / करती थीं वे जाया करते थे / करती थीं ve paṛhā karte the / kartī thī̃ They used to habitually read.
Imperative/Advisory तू (tū - you) पढ़ा (paṛhā) कर (kar) तू पढ़ा कर तू जाया कर tū paṛhā kar Make a habit of reading (fam. sg.).
तुम (tum - you) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करो (karo) तुम पढ़ा करो तुम जाया करो tum paṛhā karo Make a habit of reading (inf. pl.).
आप (āp - you) पढ़ा (paṛhā) कीजिए (kījie) आप पढ़ा कीजिए आप जाया कीजिए āp paṛhā kījie Make a habit of reading (hon. pl.).
Future Habitual मैं (main - I) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करूंगा (karūngā) मैं पढ़ा करूंगा मैं जाया करूंगा main paṛhā karūngā I will make a habit of reading.
वह (vah - he/she) पढ़ा (paṛhā) करेगा / करेगी (karegā / karegī) वह पढ़ा करेगा / करेगी वह जाया करेगा / करेगी vah paṛhā karegā / karegī He/She will make a habit of reading.

How This Grammar Works

The किया करना construction operates on the principle of a compound verb structure where the main semantic content is carried by the perfective participle, and the aspectual meaning of habituality is provided by the auxiliary verb करना (karnā). This pattern is not merely verb + do; it's a specific grammaticalized construction.
  1. 1The Perfective Participle: The initial component is the perfective participle of the action verb (e.g., पढ़ना (paṛhnā) -> पढ़ा (paṛhā), खाना (khānā) -> खाया (khāyā)). This form indicates that the action is *completed* or *perfected*. However, in this specific construction, it does not imply a past event; rather, it sets up the state of having performed the action as the basis for the subsequent habituality. Crucially, the perfective participle in किया करना does not take the ergative marker ने (ne), even for transitive verbs that would typically require it in the simple past. This is because करना acts as the main finite verb, and the perfective participle functions adjectivally or adverbially, modifying the action of करना.
  • Consider मैंने किताब पढ़ी (main-ne kitāb paṛhī - I read a book). Here, पढ़ना is transitive, ने is used, and पढ़ी agrees with किताब.
  • Compare with मैं किताब पढ़ा करता हूँ (main kitāb paṛhā kartā hū̃ - I make a habit of reading books). No ने and पढ़ा is masculine singular, irrespective of किताब (kitāb - book).
  1. 1The Auxiliary Verb करना: The verb करना (to do) here functions as an aspectual auxiliary, transforming the completed action indicated by the perfective participle into a habitual practice. It is करना that carries all the tense, mood, and agreement inflections. It indicates that the action expressed by the participle is done habitually or practiced. The meaning of करना itself (to do) merges with the participle to create the sense of making something a regular activity.
  • मैं पढ़ा करता हूँ (main paṛhā kartā hū̃) literally means something like
    I do the *having-read* habitually.
    This highlights the inherent meaning of करना as the activity of establishing the habit.
This construction enables you to distinguish between an action that simply occurs regularly and one that is a conscious, ingrained, or defining pattern of behavior. It’s a mechanism for expressing agency and commitment to a routine, even if that commitment was in the past.

Formation Pattern

1
The formation of the किया करना construction follows a consistent two-step process, focusing on the main verb's perfective participle and the subsequent inflection of करना.
2
Derive the Perfective Participle of the Main Verb:
3
Take the infinitive form of the verb (ending in ना).
4
Remove ना to find the verbal root.
5
General Rule: Add आ (ā) to the root to form the masculine singular perfective participle. This is the most common form.
6
चलना (calnā - to walk) -> चल (cal) -> चला (calā)
7
लिखना (likhnā - to write) -> लिख (likh) -> लिखा (likhā)
8
देखना (dekhnā - to see/watch) -> देख (dekh) -> देखा (dekhā)
9
Irregular Verbs (Vowel-ending roots): For verbs whose roots end in a vowel, or certain irregular verbs, the perfective participle often ends in या (yā).
10
जाना (jānā - to go) -> जा (jā) -> जाया (jāyā) (NOT जाआ)
11
आना (ānā - to come) -> आ (ā) -> आया (āyā)
12
पीना (pīnā - to drink) -> पी (pī) -> पिया (piyā)
13
देना (denā - to give) -> दे (de) -> दिया (diyā)
14
Special Case: करना (karnā - to do): The perfective participle of करना is किया (kiyā). When करना is the main verb, the construction becomes किया करना (kiyā karnā), which literally means
to make a habit of doing.
15
मैं सुबह जल्दी काम किया करता हूँ। (main subah jaldi kām kiyā kartā hū̃.) - I make a habit of doing work early in the morning.
16
Add the Inflected Form of करना:
17
Place the perfective participle derived in step 1 before the appropriately conjugated form of करना. The conjugation of करना will determine the tense (present, past, future) and agree with the subject in gender, number, and honorifics.
18
Present Habitual: Perfective Participle + करता हूँ / करते हैं / करती हूँ / करती हैं (kartā hū̃ / karte haĩ / kartī hū̃ / kartī haĩ, etc.)
19
वह हर दिन योग किया करती है। (vah har din yog kiyā kartī hai.) - She makes a habit of doing yoga every day.
20
Past Habitual: Perfective Participle + करता था / करते थे / करती थी / करती थीं (kartā thā / karte the / kartī thī / kartī thī̃, etc.)
21
दादी कहानी सुनाया करती थीं। (dādī kahānī sunāyā kartī thī̃.) - Grandma used to habitually tell stories.
22
Imperative/Advisory: Perfective Participle + करो / कीजिए (karo / kījie)
23
रोज़ अपनी किताब पढ़ा करो। (roz apnī kitāb paṛhā karo.) - Make a habit of reading your book daily. (Informal command)
24
कृपया नियमित रूप से अभ्यास किया कीजिए। (kṛpyā niyamit rūp se abhyās kiyā kījie.) - Please make a habit of practicing regularly. (Formal request)
25
Future Habitual: Perfective Participle + करूंगा / करेंगे / करेगी (karūngā / karenge / karegī, etc.)
26
मैं अगले साल से और मेहनत से पढ़ाई किया करूंगा। (main agle sāl se aur mehnat se paṛhāī kiyā karūngā.) - From next year, I will make a habit of studying with more effort.
27
Remember, the perfective participle itself remains in its base masculine singular form (e.g., लिखा, खाया, जाया) and does not agree with the subject or object in gender/number. All agreement is handled by the auxiliary करना.

When To Use It

The किया करना construction is used to express a regular, intentional, or significant habitual action, often implying a routine, practice, or a chosen pattern of behavior. It goes beyond merely stating that an action occurs regularly; it imbues it with a sense of purpose, a defining characteristic, or a nostalgic past.
  • Established Routines and Practices: Use it for actions that are part of someone's lifestyle or daily discipline. This applies to both positive and negative habits.
  • मेरे दादाजी हर शाम घूमने जाया करते थे। (mere dādājī har śām ghūmne jāyā karte the.) - My grandfather used to habitually go for a walk every evening. (Highlights a long-standing routine.)
  • वह हमेशा अपनी गलतियों से सीखा करता है। (vah hamēśā apnī galatiyõ se sīkhā kartā hai.) - He always makes a habit of learning from his mistakes. (Describes a positive, intentional practice.)
  • Giving Advice or Instructions (Imperative Form): The imperative form (करो/कीजिए) is a common way to advise someone to adopt a particular habit or cease an undesirable one. It's a gentler, more persuasive tone than a direct command, suggesting a consistent practice.
  • रोज़ सुबह गरम पानी पिया करो। (roz subah garam pānī piyā karo.) - Make a habit of drinking warm water every morning. (Health advice.)
  • झूठ मत बोला करो। (jhūṭh mat bolā karo.) - Don't make a habit of lying. (Discouraging a negative habit.)
  • Nostalgia and Past Habits: It is frequently used in the past tense (किया करता था/थी/थे) to reminisce about past routines, especially those from childhood, that no longer exist. It evokes a stronger sense of
    used to habitually do
    rather than just used to do.
  • हम बचपन में घंटों गप्पे मारा करते थे। (ham bacpan mẽ ghanṭõ gappe mārā karte the.) - We used to habitually chat for hours in childhood. (A vivid recollection of past times.)
  • मेरी माँ मुझे कहानियाँ सुनाया करती थीं। (merī mā̃ mujhe kahāniyā̃ sunāyā kartī thī̃.) - My mother used to habitually tell me stories. (A cherished memory of a past routine.)
  • Emphasis on Effort or Personal Discipline: When you want to highlight that someone *makes an effort* to do something regularly, even if it's challenging.
  • मैं अपनी पढ़ाई में सुधार लाने के लिए रोज़ अभ्यास किया करता हूँ। (main apnī paṛhāī mẽ sudhār lāne ke lie roz abhyās kiyā kartā hū̃.) - I make a habit of practicing daily to improve my studies. (Emphasizes dedication.)
  • Literary and Formal Contexts: While common in everyday speech, its precise nature makes it suitable for more formal writing, speeches, or when you want to sound particularly articulate and sophisticated. It often appears in songs and poetry to describe enduring patterns or sentiments.
In essence, किया करना is your tool when you want to communicate not just *what* happens, but that it happens habitually as a conscious practice or a significant past routine.

Common Mistakes

Learners often encounter specific pitfalls when attempting to use the किया करना construction, primarily due to its unique interaction with perfective participles and the auxiliary करना. Understanding these common errors and their underlying grammatical reasons is key to mastering this B2-level structure.
  1. 1The ने (ne) Trap: This is perhaps the most frequent and persistent error. In the simple past tense, transitive verbs often take the ergative marker ने (ne) with the subject, and the verb agrees with the object. However, in किया करना, you must never use ने (ne). The perfective participle here functions as a verbal adjective or adverb, and करना is the main finite verb handling agreement.
  • Incorrect: मैंने किताब पढ़ा करता हूँ। (mai-ne kitāb paṛhā kartā hū̃.)
  • Correct: मैं किताब पढ़ा करता हूँ। (main kitāb paṛhā kartā hū̃.) - I make a habit of reading books.
  1. 1Incorrect Participle Formation: Using the infinitive or the verbal root instead of the perfective participle. The structure strictly requires the perfective participle (the आ, या, or ई ending form).
  • Incorrect: वह मंदिर जाना करता है। (vah mandir jānā kartā hai.) (Using infinitive जाना)
  • Incorrect: वह मंदिर जा करता है। (vah mandir jā kartā hai.) (Using root जा)
  • Correct: वह मंदिर जाया करता है। (vah mandir jāyā kartā hai.) - He makes a habit of going to the temple.
  1. 1Perfective Participle Agreement: Learners sometimes incorrectly make the perfective participle agree with the subject or object in gender and number, mirroring standard past tense constructions. Remember, the perfective participle in किया करना typically remains in its masculine singular form. Only करना agrees with the subject.
  • Incorrect (for a female subject): वह पानी पीती करती थी। (vah pānī pītī kartī thī.) (Participle पीती incorrectly feminine)
  • Correct: वह पानी पिया करती थी। (vah pānī piyā kartī thī.) - She used to habitually drink water. (पिया remains masculine singular)
  1. 1Confusing with Simple Habitual (ता है): Using किया करना for universal truths or general, unremarked regularities where the simple habitual aspect (ता है) would be more appropriate. किया करना implies a more active, intentional, or significant habit.
  • Incorrect: सूरज पूरब से उगा करता है। (sūraj pūrab se ugā kartā hai.) (The sun habitually rises from the east.) – This sounds overly emphatic for a natural phenomenon.
  • Correct: सूरज पूरब से उगता है। (sūraj pūrab se ugtā hai.) - The sun rises from the east. (Simple statement of fact.)
  • Correct (Context for किया करना): वह हर दिन सुबह 5 बजे उठा करता है। (vah har din subah 5 baje uṭhā kartā hai.) - He makes a habit of waking up at 5 AM every day. (Personal, intentional habit.)
  1. 1Overuse or Redundancy: While expressive, किया करना is not always necessary. If the habit is simple and contextually clear, the simple present habitual is sufficient. Overusing किया करना can sound slightly unnatural or overly dramatic.
  • If you simply mean I study everyday, मैं रोज़ पढ़ता हूँ (main roz paṛhtā hū̃) is perfectly adequate. Use मैं रोज़ पढ़ा करता हूँ (main roz paṛhā kartā hū̃) when you want to highlight it as a *dedicated practice*.
By being mindful of these specific points, particularly the non-use of ने and the fixed form of the perfective participle, learners can navigate the complexities of किया करना with greater accuracy.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

The Hindi language offers several ways to express habitual or repeated actions, and discerning the subtle differences between them is crucial for precise communication at the B2 level. The किया करना construction stands out due to its emphasis on intentionality and the nature of an established practice.
  • Simple Habitual (ता है / ती है / ते हैं): This is the most basic and common way to express regular actions or general truths. It uses the imperfective participle (ता, ती, ते) followed by a form of होना (honā - to be).
  • Function: States a general fact, an unremarked routine, or universal truth. It describes *what happens regularly*.
  • Example: मैं रोज़ खाना खाता हूँ। (main roz khānā khātā hū̃.) - I eat food every day. (A simple statement of fact about my daily routine.)
  • Contrast with किया करना: किया करना adds a layer of intentionality, effort, or significance to the habit. मैं रोज़ खाना खाया करता हूँ (main roz khānā khāyā kartā hū̃) implies
    I make a habit of eating food every day,
    perhaps stressing it as a conscious practice for health or discipline, or in a context of advising someone to adopt the habit.
  • Continuative Aspect (verb + रहना - rahnā): This construction uses the verbal root plus ता/ती/ते followed by रहना (to remain/continue). It indicates an action that continues to happen or *keeps on happening* without interruption over a period.
  • Function: Emphasizes the unbroken continuity or persistence of an action.
  • Example: वह घंटों पढ़ता रहता है। (vah ghanṭõ paṛhtā rahtā hai.) - He keeps on reading for hours. (Focus on continuous action.)
  • Contrast with किया करना: किया करना describes an action that happens repeatedly as a habit, not necessarily continuously. वह घंटों पढ़ा करता है (vah ghanṭõ paṛhā kartā hai) would mean
    He makes a habit of reading for hours,
    emphasizing this as a regular practice he undertakes, perhaps not in one continuous stretch but as a characteristic routine. The former (पढ़ता रहता है) is about the duration of a single act, the latter (पढ़ा करता है) is about the regularity of the act itself.
  • Past Habitual (ता था / ती थी / ते थे): This is the past form of the simple habitual aspect. It states actions that *used to happen regularly* in the past.
  • Function: Describes past routines or general facts about the past, often without the deep emotional resonance of nostalgia.
  • Example: हम बचपन में क्रिकेट खेलते थे। (ham bacpan mẽ kriket khelte the.) - We used to play cricket in childhood. (A straightforward statement of a past activity.)
  • Contrast with किया करना (Past): किया करता था (kiyā kartā thā) often carries a stronger connotation of nostalgia, fondness, or a significant, ingrained routine that no longer exists. हम बचपन में क्रिकेट खेला करते थे (ham bacpan mẽ kriket khelā karte the) evokes a deeper sense of
    we *habitually* played cricket,
    emphasizing it as a cherished or defining activity of that era.
  • verb + होना (honā - to be) + वाला है (vālā hai - about to): While not directly a habitual construction, learners sometimes confuse the participle usage. This structure indicates an action that is *about to happen*.
  • Example: वह जाने वाला है। (vah jāne vālā hai.) - He is about to go.
The critical distinction is the intentionality and sense of established practice that किया करना imparts. It's the difference between I jog (simple habitual) and
I make it a point to jog
(किया करना), or
I used to visit
(past habitual) and
I used to habitually visit, and I remember it fondly
(किया करता था). Mastering this distinction allows for a richer and more precise expression of habitual actions in Hindi.

Real Conversations

Understanding how किया करना functions in authentic, everyday Hindi speech, including informal and social media contexts, reveals its true versatility. It's not limited to formal grammar exercises but is an integral part of expressing personal routines, advice, and cherished memories.

- Giving and Receiving Advice: In spoken Hindi, especially when offering guidance, किया करो (karo) is a common and softer way to encourage a habit.

- *Friend to friend:* जंक फूड कम खाया करो, सेहत के लिए अच्छा नहीं है। (jaṅk phūḍ kam khāyā karo, sehat ke lie acchā nahī̃ hai.) – Make a habit of eating less junk food; it's not good for health.

- *Parent to child:* बड़ों की इज़्ज़त किया करो, बेटा। (baṛõ kī izzat kiyā karo, beṭā.) – Make a habit of respecting elders, son.

- Describing Personal Routines (Present): When discussing daily life, particularly conscious choices or disciplines.

- *On social media (post caption):* हर सुबह उठकर ये एक्सरसाइज़ किया करती हूँ, बहुत फ़ायदेमंद है! (har subah uṭhkar ye eksarsāīz kiyā kartī hū̃, bahut phāydemaṅd hai!) – Every morning after waking up, I make a habit of doing this exercise; it’s very beneficial!

- *Colleague:* मैं काम के बाद अक्सर किताबें पढ़ा करता हूँ। (main kām ke bād aksar kitābẽ paṛhā kartā hū̃.) – I often make a habit of reading books after work.

- Recalling Past Habits (Nostalgia): This is where किया करता था truly shines, lending an emotional depth to recollections of former routines.

- *Family gathering:* हमारा परिवार गर्मी की छुट्टियों में गांव जाया करता था। (hamārā parivār garmī kī chuṭṭiyõ mẽ gā̃v jāyā kartā thā.) – Our family used to habitually go to the village during summer holidays. (Evokes a strong sense of past tradition and memory.)

- *Older person reminiscing:* उस समय लोग चिट्ठियाँ लिखा करते थे, आजकल कोई नहीं लिखता। (us samay log ciṭṭhiyā̃ likhā karte the, ājkal koī nahī̃ likhtā.) – In those days, people used to habitually write letters; nobody writes anymore. (Highlights a past cultural practice.)

- Online Discussions and Forums: In discussions about routines, productivity, or lifestyle, किया करना can be used to describe personal practices.

- *Forum user:* मैं रोज़ ध्यान किया करता हूँ, इससे मन शांत रहता है। (main roz dhyān kiyā kartā hū̃, isse man śānt rahtā hai.) – I make a habit of meditating daily; it keeps the mind peaceful.

The choice to use किया करना subtly signals to the listener or reader that the action described is more than just an occasional occurrence; it's an ingrained part of someone's past or present identity, a deliberate practice, or a piece of consistent advice.

Progressive Practice

1

Mastering the किया करना construction requires consistent, structured practice that moves beyond rote memorization to contextual application. Here's a progressive approach:

2

Forming Participles (Foundation): Start by practicing forming the perfective participle for a wide range of verbs, paying close attention to regular (लिखना -> लिखा) and irregular (जाना -> जाया, पीना -> पिया) forms. Ensure you are comfortable with this foundational step before adding करना.

- *Exercise:* List 10 verbs and write their perfective participles. (कहना -> कहा, सोना -> सोया, लेना -> लिया).

3

Conjugation Drills (Mechanical Accuracy): Take the perfective participles and conjugate them with करना across all persons, genders, and common tenses (present, past habitual, imperative). Focus on करना agreeing with the subject while the participle remains fixed.

- *Exercise:* Conjugate खाया करना (khāyā karnā - to habitually eat) for मैं (I), वह (स्त्री) (she), आप (you, formal), वे (पुरुष) (they, masculine) in both present and past habitual.

4

Sentence Construction (Basic Application): Create simple sentences describing straightforward habits. Begin with clear time markers or adverbs of frequency.

- *Prompts:*

I make a habit of exercising daily.
/
He used to habitually visit the library.
/
Make a habit of being polite.

- *Example:* मैं हर दिन व्यायाम किया करता हूँ। (main har din vyāyām kiyā kartā hū̃.)

5

Contextual Practice (Meaningful Use): Practice generating sentences that emphasize the specific nuances of किया करना: intentionality, advice, or nostalgia. Think of scenarios where this construction is most appropriate.

- *Scenarios:* Giving health advice, reminiscing about childhood, describing a personal discipline, offering a polite suggestion.

- *Exercise:* Describe three habits your grandparents *used to* have. Describe two habits you *make a point to* maintain now.

6

Differentiating from Similar Patterns (Precision): Compare and contrast किया करना with the simple habitual (ता है), continuative (रहना), and simple past habitual (ता था). Write pairs of sentences using both constructions and explain the subtle difference in meaning.

- *Prompts:* I play cricket. vs.

I make a habit of playing cricket.
/
He keeps on watching TV.
vs.
He makes a habit of watching TV.

- *Example (contrast):* मैं हर रोज़ मंदिर जाता हूँ। (main har roz mandir jātā hū̃.) - I go to the temple every day. (Fact.) vs. मैं हर रोज़ मंदिर जाया करता हूँ। (main har roz mandir jāyā kartā hū̃.) - I make a habit of going to the temple every day. (Intentional practice.)

7

Error Correction (Accuracy Improvement): Identify and correct common mistakes, particularly those related to ने and participle agreement. Review sample sentences (your own or from textbooks) and consciously look for these errors.

By systematically working through these stages, you can move from merely recognizing किया करना to confidently and accurately employing it in your Hindi communication.

Quick FAQ

  • Q: Can किया करना be used for negative habits?
  • A: Absolutely. It's very common, especially in the imperative mood, to advise against negative habits. For instance, झूठ मत बोला करो। (jhūṭh mat bolā karo.) - Don't make a habit of lying. or देर से मत सोया करो। (der se mat soyā karo.) - Don't make a habit of sleeping late.
  • Q: Is किया करना considered formal or informal?
  • A: It's generally neutral in formality but lends a sense of sophistication and precision. Using it correctly shows a higher command of Hindi, making your speech sound more refined. It can be used in both formal and informal contexts, depending on the subject and the करना conjugation (e.g., करो is informal, कीजिए is formal).
  • Q: Does the main verb's participle agree with the subject in gender/number?
  • A: No. A crucial aspect of this construction is that the perfective participle (e.g., पढ़ा, जाया) typically remains in its masculine singular form regardless of the subject's gender or number. All gender and number agreement is carried by the auxiliary verb करना.
  • वह (लड़की) स्कूल जाया करती थी। (vah (laṛkī) skūl jāyā kartī thī.) - She (girl) used to habitually go to school. (जाया is masculine, करती थी agrees with वह.)
  • Q: Why does जाना become जाया? Are there other irregular forms?
  • A: जाना (jānā - to go) is indeed irregular in its perfective participle formation, becoming जाया (jāyā). This is a common irregularity for verbs whose roots end in a vowel. Other common irregular forms include आना (ānā - to come) -> आया (āyā), पीना (pīnā - to drink) -> पिया (piyā), देना (denā - to give) -> दिया (diyā), लेना (lenā - to take) -> लिया (liyā), सोना (sonā - to sleep) -> सोया (soyā), and होना (honā - to be/happen) -> हुआ (huā).
  • Q: Can I use किया करना for future habits or intentions?
  • A: Yes, you can. The future tense of करना allows for expressing an intention to adopt a habit or a predicted future routine. For example, मैं कल से रोज़ सुबह जल्दी उठा करूंगा। (main kal se roz subah jaldi uṭhā karūngā.) - From tomorrow, I will make a habit of waking up early every morning.
  • Q: What's the core difference in meaning between मैं पढ़ता हूँ and मैं पढ़ा करता हूँ?
  • A: मैं पढ़ता हूँ (main paṛhtā hū̃) simply states I read or I study, implying a general, unremarked regularity (e.g., as a student, it's what you do). मैं पढ़ा करता हूँ (main paṛhā kartā hū̃), however, emphasizes
    I make a habit of reading/studying.
    It suggests a more deliberate, established practice, a personal discipline, or a routine that defines a part of your lifestyle. The latter adds a layer of intentionality or commitment.

Conjugation of 'Karna' in Habitual Construction

Subject Verb Part Auxiliary (Karna) Example
मैं
पढ़ा
करता हूँ
मैं पढ़ा करता हूँ
तुम
पढ़ा
करते हो
तुम पढ़ा करते हो
वह
पढ़ा
करता है
वह पढ़ा करता है
हम
पढ़ा
करते हैं
हम पढ़ा करते हैं
वे
पढ़ा
करते हैं
वे पढ़ा करते हैं
आप
पढ़ा
करते हैं
आप पढ़ा करते हैं

Meanings

This construction indicates a habitual action or a tendency that occurs repeatedly over time.

1

Routine Habit

Actions performed regularly as part of a lifestyle.

“वह रोज़ व्यायाम किया करता है।”

“हम शाम को टहलने जाया करते हैं।”

2

Past Tendency

Something that used to be a habit but might not be anymore.

“मैं बचपन में बहुत रोया करता था।”

“वह घंटों बातें किया करता था।”

Reference Table

Reference table for 在印地语中表达习惯：'做' 字结构 (किया करना)
时态/语气 结构 例子 (动词: लिखना) 含义
现在习惯
分词 + `करता हूँ`
"लिखा करता हूँ"
我有写作的习惯
过去习惯
分词 + `करता था`
"लिखा करता था"
我以前常有写作的习惯
礼貌建议
分词 + `किया करो`
"लिखा किया करो"
请养成写作的习惯吧
否定习惯
`मत` + 分词 + `किया करो`
"मत लिखा करो"
别养成写作的习惯
女性 (现在)
分词 + `करती है`
"लिखा करती है"
她有写作的习惯
复数 (现在)
分词 + `करते हैं`
"लिखा करते हैं"
他们有写作的习惯

正式程度

正式
वह प्रतिदिन अध्ययन किया करता है।

वह प्रतिदिन अध्ययन किया करता है। (Academic/Daily)

中性
वह रोज़ पढ़ा करता है।

वह रोज़ पढ़ा करता है। (Academic/Daily)

非正式
वह रोज़ पढ़ता है।

वह रोज़ पढ़ता है। (Academic/Daily)

俚语
वह रोज़ पढ़ता रहता है।

वह रोज़ पढ़ता रहता है। (Academic/Daily)

何时使用 Karna-习惯表达法

习惯性 Karna

怀旧

  • खेला करते थे 以前常玩

建议

  • पढ़ा करो 养成阅读习惯

例行公事

  • जाया करता है 习惯去

简单习惯 vs. 有意识习惯

简单习惯 (ता हूँ)
मैं पढ़ता हूँ 我读书 (事实)
वह सोती है 她睡觉 (事实)
Karna 习惯 (किया करता हूँ)
मैं पढ़ा करता हूँ 我养成读书的习惯
वह सोया करती है 她坚持睡觉的习惯

如何构建习惯句

1

该动作是定期习惯或怀旧吗？

YES
使用过去分词 + Karna
NO
使用简单时态
2

动词是 'Jaana' (去) 吗？

YES
使用 'Jaya' (不规则)
NO ↓

习惯表达法常用分词

✅

规则形式

  • • लिखा (写)
  • • पढ़ा (读)
  • • बोला (说)
⚡

元音结尾

  • • खाया (吃)
  • • पीया (喝)
  • • सोया (睡)
⭐

不规则形式

  • • जाया (去)
  • • किया (做)
免费注册阅读完整解释

按水平分级的例句

1

मैं रोज़ दौड़ता हूँ।

I run daily.

2

वह दूध पीता है।

He drinks milk.

3

हम स्कूल जाते हैं।

We go to school.

4

वे खेलते हैं।

They play.

1

मैं रोज़ पढ़ा करता हूँ।

I am in the habit of studying daily.

2

वह जल्दी सोया करता है।

He is in the habit of sleeping early.

3

हम साथ में खेला करते थे।

We used to play together.

4

वे रोज़ टहला करते हैं।

They are in the habit of walking daily.

1

वह अक्सर देर से आया करता है।

He is often in the habit of coming late.

2

मैं बचपन में बहुत शरारत किया करता था।

I used to be in the habit of doing a lot of mischief in childhood.

3

हम हर रविवार को फिल्म देखा करते हैं।

We are in the habit of watching movies every Sunday.

4

क्या तुम रोज़ व्यायाम किया करते हो?

Are you in the habit of exercising daily?

1

वह अपनी समस्याओं के बारे में बात नहीं किया करता।

He is not in the habit of talking about his problems.

2

पुराने समय में लोग पैदल यात्रा किया करते थे।

In old times, people were in the habit of traveling on foot.

3

मैं अब भी सुबह कॉफी पिया करता हूँ।

I am still in the habit of drinking coffee in the morning.

4

वह हर बात पर हँसा करता है।

He is in the habit of laughing at everything.

1

वह अपनी एकांतता में घंटों चिंतन किया करता था।

He used to be in the habit of contemplating for hours in his solitude.

2

समाज में लोग अक्सर परंपराओं का पालन किया करते हैं।

In society, people are often in the habit of following traditions.

3

वह बिना सोचे-समझे निर्णय लिया करता है।

He is in the habit of making decisions without thinking.

4

क्या वह वास्तव में इतनी मेहनत किया करता था?

Was he really in the habit of working so hard?

1

उसकी यह आदत थी कि वह हर शाम सूर्यास्त देखा करता था।

It was his habit that he used to watch the sunset every evening.

2

वह अक्सर दार्शनिक विषयों पर चर्चा किया करता है।

He is often in the habit of discussing philosophical topics.

3

वे अपनी संस्कृति को सहेजने का प्रयास किया करते थे।

They used to be in the habit of trying to preserve their culture.

4

वह हर परिस्थिति में धैर्य बनाए रखा करता है।

He is in the habit of maintaining patience in every situation.

容易混淆

Making Habits in Hindi: The 'Do' Construction (किया करना) 对比 Simple Present vs Habitual

Both describe habits.

常见错误

✗

वह पढ़ता करता है

✓

वह पढ़ा करता है

Main verb must be in past participle form.
✗

वे पढ़ा करता है

✓

वे पढ़ा करते हैं

Auxiliary must agree with plural subject.
✗

वह पढ़ा करता था

✓

वह पढ़ा करता है

Ensure tense consistency.
✗

वह पढ़ा किया करता है

✓

वह पढ़ा करता है

Redundant 'kiya' is unnecessary.

句型

मैं रोज़ ___ किया करता हूँ।

Real World Usage

Job Interview common

मैं समय पर काम पूरा किया करता हूँ।

免费注册查看所有例句
⚠️

“ने” 助词禁区！

在这个习惯表达法中，即使是及物动词的过去时，也绝对不能用 ने。这是 B2 级别最容易掉进去的坑，比如千万别说 «मैंने...»，要说 «मैं स्कूल जाया करता था।»
🎯

委婉的建议

如果你想建议某人做某事又不想显得太强势，用 किया करो。它听起来像是在说“养成这个习惯吧”，比直接命令要亲切得多：«पढ़ा किया करो।»
💬

老宝莱坞的浪漫

在经典印地语歌曲和诗歌中，你常会听到 हुआ करता था。它用来描述逝去的爱或改变的时光，自带一种忧郁而优美的氛围：«यहाँ एक बाग हुआ करता था।»

Smart Tips

Use 'kiya karna' for emphasis.

वह पढ़ता है → वह पढ़ा करता है

发音

k-ya kar-na

Kiya karna

The 'k' in 'karna' is aspirated.

Statement

वह पढ़ा करता है। ↘

Falling intonation for facts.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'Kiya Karna' as 'Did-Do'. You did it before, and you do it now.

视觉联想

Imagine a person doing a repetitive action like brushing teeth, with a clock ticking in the background to signify the habit.

Rhyme

Kiya karna, habit is the star, showing who you really are.

Story

Rohan was a student. He studied every day. He used to study (padha karta tha). Now he works. He works every day (kaam kiya karta hai).

Word Web

पढ़ालिखासोयाखायापीयाटहला

挑战

Write 5 sentences about your daily routine using 'kiya karna'.

文化笔记

Habitual aspect is very common in storytelling.

Derived from Sanskrit roots for 'to do'.

对话开场白

“

आप रोज़ क्या किया करते हैं?

日记主题

Write about your childhood habits.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

填空以表达现在的习惯。

मैं रोज़ सुबह 5 बजे ___ करता हूँ। (动词: जागना)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जागा
为了构成习惯表达法，我们使用动词的过去分词。जागना 变成 जागा。
哪句话正确描述了过去的习惯且没有使用 'ne' 助词？ 多项选择

选择正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मैं रोज़ खाना बनाया करता था。
习惯表达法永远不用 'ne'，且需要过去分词 (बनाया) 后接 करना。
找出并修正不规则动词形式的错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

वह हर शनिवार बाज़ार जाना करता है。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: वह हर शनिवार बाज़ार जाया करता है。
动词 जाना 在这个模式中是不规则的，必须变成 जाया。

Score: /3

练习题

1 exercises
Fill in the blank.

वह रोज़ ___ करता है।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पढ़ा
Past participle required.

Score: /1

Practice Bank

10 exercises
重新排列词语以组成一个有效的习惯句。 Sentence Reorder

करता / हूँ / मैं / किताब / पढ़ा / रोज़

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मैं रोज़ किताब पढ़ा करता हूँ
使用习惯规则将这个现代场景翻译成印地语。 翻译

I make a habit of posting photos on Instagram.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मैं इंस्टाग्राम पर फोटो डाला करता हूँ।
将动词与其正确的习惯分词匹配。 Match Pairs

匹配动词及其习惯分词：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: पीना : पिया, धोना : धोया, करना : किया, होना : हुआ
你如何礼貌地建议长辈 (Aap) 养成某种习惯？ 多项选择

选择最尊重的形式：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: आप फल खाया कीजिए।
完成女性主语的习惯表达。 填空

मीरा रोज़ गाना ___ करती है।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: गाया
修正这个否定命令句。 Error Correction

झूठ मत बोल किया करो।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: झूठ मत बोला करो।
翻译：我们以前常住在德里。 翻译

We used to live in Delhi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: हम दिल्ली में रहा करते थे।
为“去”选择正确的不规则形式。 填空

वे हर साल पहाड़ों पर ___ करते थे।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जाया
哪句话表达了“我习惯工作”？ 多项选择

选择正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मैं काम किया करता हूँ।
组成一个关于习惯的疑问句。 Sentence Reorder

क्या / किया / तुम / कसरत / हो / करते / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: क्या तुम कसरत किया करते हो ?

Score: /10

常见问题 (1)

No, it changes based on the verb.

Scaffolded Practice

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Soler + infinitive

Hindi uses past participle + karna.

French moderate

Avoir l'habitude de

Hindi is a single verb construction.

German moderate

Pflegen zu

Hindi is more flexible.

Japanese low

Koto ga aru

Hindi is verb-based.

Arabic high

Kaana + imperfect

Hindi uses past participle.

Chinese low

Jingchang

Hindi uses conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
比较事物：更快、更好、更便宜 (se)
Next
印地语被动语态：使用“去” (जाना)

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