When someone has just one son and no other children, that son is called an 외아들. This word combines 외 (meaning 'single' or 'only') and 아들 (meaning 'son'). It's a simple way to describe a family with a single male child.
For example, if your friend has only one son, you can say, '그분은 외아들이 있어요' (That person has an only son). This term is used commonly to describe family structure in Korea.
When someone is an "only child" in English, it means they don't have any brothers or sisters. In Korean, there are specific words for an only son or an only daughter. 외아들 (oeadeul) refers to an only son. This word combines 외 (oe), meaning 'only' or 'single,' and 아들 (adeul), meaning 'son.'
So, if a family has just one son and no other children, you would describe him as 외아들. It's a common and practical term to know when talking about family members in Korean.
When Koreans talk about their family, the terms used often reflect the social structure and traditional values. Knowing these specific terms helps you understand nuances in conversation and relationships. 외아들 (oeadeul) is a compound word: 외 (oe) means 'single' or 'only', and 아들 (adeul) means 'son'. So, 외아들 literally means 'only son'.
This term is used to describe a son who has no siblings, or more specifically, no brothers. In traditional Korean society, having a son was very important for continuing the family line and performing ancestral rites. Therefore, an 'only son' often carried significant family responsibilities and expectations. While modern Korean families are smaller and gender equality is more emphasized, the term 외아들 still carries a sense of that unique position within the family.
It's important to differentiate 외아들 from 독자 (dokja), which also means 'only son'. While both refer to a son without siblings, 독자 is a more formal or literary term often used in official contexts or written language, whereas 외아들 is more commonly used in everyday conversation. For example, you might fill out a form that asks if you are a 독자, but in a casual chat with friends, you would say someone is an 외아들.
Understanding terms like 외아들 gives you a glimpse into Korean family dynamics and cultural values. It’s not just a vocabulary word; it’s a concept that helps you grasp the intricate ways family relationships are expressed in Korean. Learning such specific terms will enrich your understanding of the language and culture, allowing you to connect more deeply with native speakers.
When discussing family in Korea, you might hear the term 외아들 (oeadeul), which specifically refers to an only son. This isn't just about having one son; it implies that the individual has no siblings at all, or at least no brothers. The concept of an only son often carries cultural weight in Korean society, as historically, sons were seen as crucial for continuing the family line and performing ancestral rites. While modern Korean families are smaller and gender roles are evolving, understanding this term helps grasp nuances in family discussions. It's a precise way to describe a specific family dynamic.
§ What does 외아들 mean and when do people use it?
The Korean word 외아들 (oeadeul) literally translates to 'only son'. It's a straightforward term used to describe a male child who has no brothers or sisters. In English, we might say 'an only child' when referring to either a boy or a girl, but in Korean, 외아들 specifically refers to an only son. There's a separate term for an only daughter, which is 외동딸 (oedongttal).
You'll hear and use 외아들 in everyday conversations when discussing family structures. It's a common descriptive noun, just like saying 'brother' or 'sister'. It doesn't carry a particularly formal or informal tone; it's quite neutral. You might use it when someone asks about your family, or when you're talking about someone else's family.
- DEFINITION
- Only son.
Culturally, having an 외아들 or 외동딸 was historically significant in Korea, especially for sons, due to traditional family lineage and inheritance practices. While modern Korean society is much more egalitarian, the terms still exist and are commonly used to describe family composition. It's not about any special status anymore, but simply a way to state a fact about someone's birth order and siblings.
Here are a few scenarios where you'd typically use 외아들:
- When someone asks if you have siblings and you are an only son.
- When describing a friend or acquaintance who is an only son.
- In a narrative or story where the character is an only son.
그는 외아들이라서 부모님의 사랑을 독차지했어요. (He was an only son, so he received all his parents' love.)
저의 친구는 외아들이어서 형제자매가 없어요. (My friend is an only son, so he doesn't have siblings.)
The word 외아들 is composed of two parts: 외- (oe-) meaning 'single' or 'only', and 아들 (adeul) meaning 'son'. This construction is quite common in Korean for terms related to family. Understanding these components can help you guess the meaning of other related words.
When you're learning Korean, it's helpful to understand not just the direct translation but also the nuances of how and when to use a word. 외아들 is a great example of a word that is simple in its meaning but can open up discussions about Korean family dynamics. It's a foundational vocabulary word that you'll definitely encounter and use frequently as you progress in your Korean language journey.
저는 저희 집의 외아들이에요. (I am the only son of my family.)
§ Understanding 외아들
The Korean word 외아들 (oe-a-deul) directly translates to 'only son'. It's a noun used to describe a male child who has no siblings, meaning he is the sole son in a family. This term is quite common in Korean culture, where family structure and lineage can be significant.
- Definition
- Only son.
§ How to use it in a sentence
Using 외아들 in a sentence is straightforward. As a noun, it can be the subject or object of a sentence, or used with various particles to show its relationship to other words. Let's look at some common ways to use it.
§ Basic Sentence Structure
You can use 외아들 with common Korean particles like -은/는 (topic particle) or -이/가 (subject particle) to form basic sentences.
저의 친구는 외아들입니다. (My friend is an only son.)
그는 부모님의 외아들이었습니다. (He was his parents' only son.)
§ Using with Possessive Particle -의
To show possession, you can use the particle -의 (-ui). This is often used when referring to someone's only son.
할머니는 그녀의 외아들을 매우 사랑하셨습니다. (Grandmother loved her only son very much.)
그 회장님의 외아들이 사업을 물려받을 예정입니다. (The chairman's only son is expected to inherit the business.)
§ Common expressions with 외아들
While 외아들 is simple enough to use, it often appears in contexts that highlight the unique position of an only son within a family, such as being doted upon or having certain responsibilities.
외아들로 자라다 (to grow up as an only son):
그는 외아들로 자라서 항상 부모님의 사랑을 독차지했습니다. (He grew up as an only son, always monopolizing his parents' love.)
외아들을 두다 (to have an only son):
그 부부는 외아들을 두고 있습니다. (That couple has an only son.)
§ Important notes
Understanding these nuances will help you communicate more precisely in Korean. Remember that while the concept of an 'only child' is universal, the specific terms used can carry cultural weight.
§ What "외아들" means
- Korean Word
- 외아들 (oe-a-deul)
- Word Type
- Noun
- Level
- CEFR A2
- Definition
- Only son.
The Korean word 외아들 (oe-a-deul) directly translates to "only son." It's used to describe a family where there is only one male child. This term is quite common in conversation, especially when talking about family structures or individual backgrounds.
§ How to use "외아들" in sentences
Here are some practical examples to help you understand how 외아들 is used in everyday Korean conversations:
저는 집에 외아들입니다.
Translation hint: I am the (only son) at home.
그는 외아들이라서 부모님의 기대가 커요.
Translation hint: Because he is an (only son), his parents' expectations are high.
제 친구는 외아들인데, 여동생이 있었으면 좋겠다고 말했어요.
Translation hint: My friend is an (only son), but he said he wishes he had a younger sister.
§ Where you actually hear this word — work, school, news
You'll often encounter 외아들 in various everyday situations in Korea. It's not a formal or academic term, so it pops up naturally in conversations and media.
At school, for instance, if you're talking with classmates about their families, someone might mention being an 외아들. It often comes up when discussing family dynamics or parental expectations. For example, a friend might say:
우리 반에 외아들이 많아서 그런지 다들 좀 의젓한 것 같아요. (It seems like there are many (only sons) in our class, so everyone seems quite mature.)
In the news, while you might not see headlines directly using 외아들, it can appear in articles or interviews that discuss family matters, inheritance, or social trends related to birth rates. For example, a news report might quote someone talking about their family background:
故 김철수 씨는 삼남매 중 외아들이었습니다. (The late Mr. Kim Chul-soo was the (only son) among three siblings.)
Even at work, while it might be less common than in casual settings, you could hear 외아들 if colleagues are sharing personal stories during lunch or team-building activities. It often comes up in discussions about family responsibilities or future plans. Someone might say:
외아들이다 보니 부모님을 모셔야 한다는 책임감이 커요. (Since I'm an (only son), my sense of responsibility to take care of my parents is strong.)
It's also worth noting that in traditional Korean society, being an 외아들 sometimes carried certain cultural expectations, especially regarding carrying on the family name and traditions. While modern society is changing, you might still hear subtle references to these traditional roles.
So, whether you're chatting with a friend, reading a newspaper, or even watching a Korean drama, keep an ear out for 외아들. Understanding its context will help you grasp more nuances in Korean conversations.
§ Understanding 외아들: Only Son
The Korean word 외아들 (oe-a-deul) refers specifically to an 'only son'. It's a noun you'll often hear when people talk about family structures, especially in more traditional contexts or when emphasizing a child's unique position in a family. It implies that there are no other brothers.
- DEFINITION
- Only son.
저의 외아들은 올해 대학에 갑니다. (My only son is going to college this year.)
그녀는 외아들을 애지중지 키웠어요. (She raised her only son with great care.)
§ Similar Words and When to Use Them
When talking about family members, especially children, Korean has several terms. It's important to know the nuances to use the right word at the right time.
- 아들 (a-deul): Son
This is the general term for 'son'. If someone has multiple sons, or you're just referring to a son without specifying if he's an only child, you use 아들.
저에게는 아들 두 명이 있습니다. (I have two sons.)
- 외동아들 (oe-dong-a-deul): Only son
As mentioned, 외동아들 is very similar to 외아들. Both are commonly used to mean 'only son'. You can use them interchangeably.
그는 집안의 외동아들입니다. (He is the only son of the family.)
- 딸 (ttal): Daughter
This is the general term for 'daughter'.
저는 딸이 한 명 있어요. (I have one daughter.)
- 외동딸 (oe-dong-ttal): Only daughter
Similar to 외아들 and 외동아들, 외동딸 specifically means 'only daughter'.
그녀는 부모님의 귀한 외동딸입니다. (She is her parents' precious only daughter.)
- 자녀 (ja-nyeo): Children (general, plural or singular gender-neutral)
If you want to refer to 'children' in a gender-neutral way, or if you have both sons and daughters, you can use 자녀. It's a more formal term than just saying '아이들' (ai-deul), which is 'kids' or 'children'.
그 부부는 자녀가 없습니다. (That couple has no children.)
§ Key Takeaways
When you're talking about an 'only son' in Korean, 외아들 and 외동아들 are your go-to words. Remember to use these specific terms when the 'only child' aspect is important to the meaning you want to convey. Otherwise, use the general term 아들 for 'son'.
趣味小知识
This word clearly combines two simpler Korean words to create a new meaning.
难度评级
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前置知识
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需要掌握的语法
N + 입니다/입니까?: This is the basic way to say 'is/am/are' in Korean, used for statements and questions in a polite, formal setting. It's often used when introducing oneself or stating facts.
저는 외아들입니다. (I am an only son.)
N + 만: This particle means 'only' or 'just'. It is attached directly to a noun to emphasize that only that noun is being referred to.
그는 외아들만 있습니다. (He only has an only son.)
N + 이/가: These are subject particles. 이 is used when the preceding noun ends with a consonant, and 가 is used when it ends with a vowel. They mark the subject of the sentence.
외아들이 공부해요. (The only son studies.)
N + 의: This particle indicates possession, similar to 's in English. It is attached to the possessor.
그 가족의 외아들. (The only son of that family.)
N + (이)라고 하다: This phrase means 'to be called' or 'to say that it is'. 이라고 is used when the noun ends in a consonant, and 라고 is used when it ends in a vowel.
그는 외아들이라고 불려요. (He is called an only son.)
按水平分级的例句
저는 외아들이에요.
I am an only son.
그는 외아들이라서 사랑을 많이 받아요.
He is an only son, so he receives a lot of love.
우리 아버지는 외아들이었어요.
My father was an only son.
외아들은 때때로 외로움을 느낄 수 있어요.
An only son can sometimes feel lonely.
제 친구는 외아들이고, 여동생이 없어요.
My friend is an only son, and he doesn't have a younger sister.
외아들은 부모님의 기대를 많이 받아요.
An only son receives a lot of expectations from his parents.
그 가족은 외아들 한 명만 있어요.
That family has only one son (an only son).
저는 외아들이지만, 사촌들이 많아요.
I am an only son, but I have many cousins.
그녀는 외아들을 너무 사랑해서 뭐든지 해줬어요.
She loved her only son so much that she did everything for him.
외아들 (oeadeul): only son; -을 (-eul): object marker; 너무 (neomu): too much; 사랑해서 (saranghaeseo): because she loved; 뭐든지 (mwodeunji): anything; 해줬어요 (haejwosseoyo): she did for him
그 집 외아들은 공부를 아주 잘했어요.
The only son of that house studied very well.
그 (geu): that; 집 (jip): house; 외아들은 (oeadeureun): the only son (topic marker); 공부를 (gongbureul): study (object marker); 아주 (aju): very; 잘했어요 (jarhaesseoyo): did well
외아들이라 어렸을 때 혼자 노는 시간이 많았어요.
Since he was an only son, he had a lot of time playing alone when he was young.
외아들이라 (oeadeurira): because he was an only son; 어렸을 때 (eoryeosseul ttae): when he was young; 혼자 (honja): alone; 노는 (noneun): playing; 시간이 (sigani): time (subject marker); 많았어요 (manhasseoyo): there was a lot
부모님은 외아들이 성공하기를 바라셨어요.
The parents wished for their only son to succeed.
부모님은 (bumonimeun): parents (topic marker); 외아들이 (oeadeuri): only son (subject marker); 성공하기를 (seonggonghagireul): to succeed (object marker); 바라셨어요 (barasyeosseoyo): wished
우리 외아들은 이제 대학생이 되었어요.
Our only son is now a university student.
우리 (uri): our; 외아들은 (oeadeureun): only son (topic marker); 이제 (ije): now; 대학생이 (daehaksaengi): university student (subject marker); 되었어요 (doeeosseoyo): became
외아들이 군대에 가는 날 부모님은 많이 우셨어요.
The day their only son went to the army, his parents cried a lot.
외아들이 (oeadeuri): only son (subject marker); 군대에 (gundae-e): to the army; 가는 (ganeun): going; 날 (nal): day; 부모님은 (bumonimeun): parents (topic marker); 많이 (mani): a lot; 우셨어요 (usyeosseoyo): cried
외아들 교육에 많은 돈을 투자했어요.
They invested a lot of money in their only son's education.
외아들 (oeadeul): only son; 교육에 (gyoyug-e): in education; 많은 (maneun): a lot of; 돈을 (doneul): money (object marker); 투자했어요 (tujahaesseoyo): invested
그 집 외아들은 똑똑하고 착했어요.
The only son of that house was smart and kind.
그 (geu): that; 집 (jip): house; 외아들은 (oeadeureun): only son (topic marker); 똑똑하고 (ttokttokhago): smart and; 착했어요 (chakhaesseoyo): was kind
그녀는 외아들을 둔 어머니로서, 아들이 항상 행복하기를 바랐습니다.
As an only son's mother, she wished her son to always be happy.
외아들을 둔 어머니 (a mother who has an only son)
외아들로 자라서 형제자매의 소중함을 잘 몰랐어요.
Growing up as an only son, I didn't truly understand the value of siblings.
외아들로 자라서 (growing up as an only son)
부모님은 외아들인 저에게 많은 기대를 거셨습니다.
My parents placed a lot of expectations on me, their only son.
외아들인 저에게 (on me, who is their only son)
그는 외아들임에도 불구하고 독립심이 강하고 자립심이 뛰어납니다.
Even though he's an only son, he's very independent and self-reliant.
외아들임에도 불구하고 (despite being an only son)
우리 집안의 유일한 남자 후손인 외아들은 대대로 이어져 온 가업을 물려받을 예정입니다.
The only male descendant of our family, the only son, is expected to inherit the family business passed down through generations.
외아들은 ... 물려받을 예정입니다 (the only son is expected to inherit)
외아들이 군대에 가는 날, 어머니는 눈물을 멈출 수 없었습니다.
The day her only son went to the army, the mother couldn't stop crying.
외아들이 군대에 가는 날 (the day the only son goes to the army)
부잣집 외아들로 태어났지만, 그는 항상 겸손하고 검소하게 살았습니다.
Although he was born the only son of a wealthy family, he always lived humbly and frugally.
부잣집 외아들로 태어났지만 (although he was born as the only son of a rich family)
그 외아들이 결혼을 하고 손자를 낳으면서 가족의 기쁨이 더 커졌습니다.
As that only son got married and had a grandson, the family's joy grew even greater.
그 외아들이 결혼을 하고 (that only son got married and)
그녀는 자신의 외아들이 좋은 대학에 진학하기를 간절히 바랐습니다.
She earnestly wished her only son would get into a good university.
간절히 바랐습니다 (ganjeolhi baratseumnida): earnestly wished
외아들이 군대에 가는 날, 어머니는 눈물을 멈출 수 없었습니다.
On the day her only son went to the military, the mother couldn't stop her tears.
군대에 가는 날 (gundae-e ganeun nal): the day of going to the military
그는 외아들에게 모든 재산을 물려줄 계획이라고 말했습니다.
He said he plans to bequeath all his property to his only son.
물려줄 계획 (mullyeojul gyehoek): plan to bequeath
외아들이 결혼하는 것을 보는 것이 그의 마지막 소원이었습니다.
Seeing his only son get married was his last wish.
마지막 소원 (majimag sowon): last wish
집안의 대를 잇는 외아들이라는 부담감이 그에게는 컸습니다.
The burden of being the only son to carry on the family line was great for him.
대를 잇는 (dae-reul inneun): to carry on the family line
외아들을 해외 유학 보낸 후, 부부는 한동안 적적함을 느꼈습니다.
After sending their only son to study abroad, the couple felt lonely for a while.
해외 유학 (haeoe yuhak): studying abroad; 적적함 (jeokjeokham): loneliness, emptiness
외아들이 성공적으로 사업을 물려받아 가문의 명성을 높였습니다.
His only son successfully took over the business and enhanced the family's reputation.
사업을 물려받다 (sa-eop-eul mullyeobatda): to take over a business; 가문의 명성 (gamun-ui myeongseong): family's reputation
그녀는 외아들에게 늘 최고만을 주고 싶어 하는 전형적인 한국 어머니였습니다.
She was a typical Korean mother who always wanted to give only the best to her only son.
전형적인 (jeonhyeongjeogin): typical; 최고만을 (choegoman-eul): only the best
常见搭配
常用短语
그는 외아들이에요.
He is an only son.
저는 외아들이 아닙니다.
I am not an only son.
그녀는 외아들을 원했어요.
She wanted an only son.
우리 집에는 외아들이 있어요.
There is an only son in our family. (We have an only son.)
외아들은 부모님의 기쁨입니다.
An only son is the joy of his parents.
그 외아들은 정말 잘생겼어요.
That only son is really handsome.
외아들이라서 외로웠어요.
I was lonely because I was an only son.
그는 외아들처럼 자랐어요.
He grew up like an only son.
외아들을 위해 모든 것을 해주었어요.
I did everything for my only son.
그 외아들은 효자예요.
That only son is a filial son.
容易混淆的词
This means 'only daughter'. While '외아들' is for a son, '외동딸' is the equivalent for a daughter.
This simply means 'daughter'. Similar to '아들', it doesn't imply being an 'only' daughter.
This means 'brothers' or 'siblings'. It refers to having more than one child, which is the opposite of having an 'only son'.
语法模式
容易混淆
Many learners might think '아들' means 'only son' because it directly translates to 'son'. However, '아들' simply means 'son' and doesn't carry the nuance of being an 'only' son.
While '아들' refers to any son, '외아들' specifically denotes a single, solitary son in a family.
저는 아들이 한 명 있어요. (I have one son.)
'독자' can mean 'only son' or 'only daughter' in some contexts, leading to confusion about its specific gender application.
While '독자' can be used for an only child of either gender, '외아들' is strictly used for an only son.
그는 집안의 독자입니다. (He is the only child of the family.)
'외동' refers to an 'only child' which can be either a son or a daughter, causing learners to wonder if it's interchangeable with '외아들'.
'외동' is a general term for an only child, encompassing both genders. '외아들' is specifically for an only son.
저는 외동딸이에요. (I am an only daughter.)
This phrase literally means 'only son' and might seem like a direct equivalent, but it's a more descriptive phrase rather than a single noun.
'하나뿐인 아들' is a descriptive phrase, while '외아들' is a single noun with the same meaning, offering a more concise way to express the idea.
그는 나의 하나뿐인 아들이다. (He is my only son.)
This is very similar to '외아들' and can be used interchangeably, which might make learners question if there's a subtle difference or preferred usage.
Both '외아들' and '외동아들' mean 'only son' and are largely interchangeable in modern Korean. '외아들' is slightly more common in formal contexts or traditional speech, while '외동아들' is a direct compound of '외동' (only child) and '아들' (son).
그는 우리 집의 외동아들이에요. (He is the only son of our family.)
句型
저는 외아들이에요.
I am an only son.
그는 외아들이라서 형제가 없어요.
He is an only son, so he doesn't have siblings.
외아들은 부모님의 사랑을 많이 받아요.
An only son receives a lot of love from his parents.
그녀의 남동생은 외아들이에요.
Her younger brother is an only son.
외아들로 자라서 외롭기도 했어요.
Growing up as an only son, I sometimes felt lonely.
외아들이 되고 싶지 않아요.
I don't want to be an only son.
저는 외아들이 아니라 누나가 있어요.
I am not an only son; I have an older sister.
그는 외아들입니다.
He is an only son.
词族
名词
小贴士
외아들 pronunciation
Say 외아들 (oe-a-deul). The '외' sounds like 'weh' in 'wet', and '아들' is like 'ah-deul'.
외동 vs 외아들
Remember 외동 means only child (gender-neutral), while 외아들 specifically means only son.
Usage with 있다/없다
You can use it with verbs like 있다 (to have) or 없다 (to not have). For example, '그는 외아들이 있습니다' (He has an only son).
Family context
This term is common when talking about family structure or background.
Cultural nuance: historical context
Historically, having an only son was very significant in Korean culture due to Confucian traditions and lineage.
Opposite term
The opposite for an only daughter is 외동딸 (oe-dong-ttal).
Sentence example 1
우리 삼촌은 외아들이에요. (My uncle is an only son.)
Sentence example 2
그녀는 외아들을 키웠어요. (She raised an only son.)
Memory trick
Think of 외 (oe) as 'one' or 'single' when you see it in family terms like this.
Listen for it
Try to identify 외아들 in Korean dramas or conversations when characters discuss their family.
记住它
记忆技巧
Imagine an '외' (oe) letter looking like a single, solitary tree, and '아들' (adeul) meaning son. So, a single son, an only son.
视觉联想
Picture a proud parent standing next to their *only* son, maybe pointing to him and saying '외아들' (oeadeul) with emphasis on the 'only' aspect.
Word Web
挑战
Try to describe a fictional family where someone has an '외아들' (oeadeul). For example: '우리 이모는 외아들이 있어요.' (My aunt has an only son.)
词源
Native Korean
原始含义： 외 (oe) means 'only/single' and 아들 (adeul) means 'son'.
Koreanic文化背景
In traditional Korean society, having a son, especially an only son, was very important for continuing the family line and ancestral rites. While modern Korean families might be smaller and focus less on this, the term still carries a sense of that historical importance.
常见问题
10 个问题외아들 means 'only son' in Korean. It's used to describe a family where there is only one male child.
It's pronounced 'oe-a-deul'. The '외' sounds like the 'we' in 'weigh', and '아들' is like 'ah-deul'.
No, 외아들 specifically refers to an only son. For an only daughter, you would use 외동딸 (oe-dong-ttal). If you want a general term for an only child (regardless of gender), you can use 외동 (oe-dong).
Here's an example:
저의 삼촌은 외아들이에요. (My uncle is an only son.)
Yes, it's a very common and practical word to describe a family situation. You'll hear it frequently in conversations.
Historically, being an 외아들 carried significant weight in Korean society due to the importance of continuing the family line. While modern society is changing, some traditional expectations might still be subtly present.
아들 (a-deul) simply means 'son'. 외아들 (oe-a-deul) specifically means 'only son', indicating that there are no other male siblings.
Yes, if a person has sisters but no brothers, they are considered an 외아들 because they are the only male child in the family.
It's a neutral term, neither overly formal nor informal. You can use it in various contexts.
외아들 is considered an A2 level vocabulary word, meaning it's fundamental for basic conversations and understanding in Korean.
自我测试 126 个问题
저는 ___ 입니다. (I am an only son.)
The sentence indicates 'I am an only son.' The correct word to fill the blank is '외아들' (only son).
그는 그의 어머니의 ___ 입니다. (He is his mother's only son.)
The sentence states 'He is his mother's only son.' So, '외아들' (only son) is the correct fit.
우리 집에는 ___이 한 명 있어요. (There is one only son in our house.)
The sentence means 'There is one only son in our house.' '외아들' (only son) correctly completes the sentence.
저는 ___이어서 형제가 없어요. (I am an only son, so I don't have siblings.)
The sentence states 'I am an only son, so I don't have siblings.' '외아들' (only son) fits this context.
그 아이는 엄마의 소중한 ___이에요. (That child is his mother's precious only son.)
The sentence implies 'That child is his mother's precious only son.' Therefore, '외아들' is the correct answer.
아버지는 그의 ___을 매우 자랑스러워합니다. (The father is very proud of his only son.)
The sentence says 'The father is very proud of his only son.' '외아들' (only son) is the correct word here.
This means 'I don't have an only son.'
This means 'He is an only son.'
This means 'Our family has an only son.'
Read this aloud:
외아들
Focus: 외 (oe) sounds like the 'we' in 'weigh', 아 (a) sounds like 'ah', 들 (deul) sounds like 'deull' with a short 'u' sound.
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
그는 외아들입니다.
Focus: 그 (geu) sounds like 'goo' but with a shorter 'oo', 는 (neun) sounds like 'noon' but with a shorter 'oo'.
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
저는 외아들이 있습니다.
Focus: 저 (jeo) sounds like 'juh', 는 (neun) as before, 있 (it) sounds like 'eet'.
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Translate the phrase 'my only son' into Korean.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
저의 외아들
Write a short sentence in Korean saying 'He is my only son.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
그는 저의 외아들입니다.
Imagine you have an only son. Write a simple Korean sentence introducing him.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
제 외아들 이름은 [이름]입니다.
What does the speaker have?
Read this passage:
저는 외아들이 한 명 있습니다. 그는 아주 착합니다. 학교에 다닙니다.
What does the speaker have?
The first sentence '저는 외아들이 한 명 있습니다' means 'I have one only son.'
The first sentence '저는 외아들이 한 명 있습니다' means 'I have one only son.'
Who is '이 아이' (this child) to the parents?
Read this passage:
이 아이는 우리 부모님의 외아들입니다. 그는 대학교에 다닙니다.
Who is '이 아이' (this child) to the parents?
'우리 부모님의 외아들입니다' means 'He is our parents' only son.'
'우리 부모님의 외아들입니다' means 'He is our parents' only son.'
Why does the friend receive a lot of love from his parents?
Read this passage:
제 친구는 외아들입니다. 그래서 부모님의 사랑을 많이 받습니다.
Why does the friend receive a lot of love from his parents?
The sentence '그래서 부모님의 사랑을 많이 받습니다' means 'Therefore, he receives a lot of love from his parents,' and the preceding sentence '제 친구는 외아들입니다' explains why.
The sentence '그래서 부모님의 사랑을 많이 받습니다' means 'Therefore, he receives a lot of love from his parents,' and the preceding sentence '제 친구는 외아들입니다' explains why.
This sentence means 'My younger brother is an only son.' The correct order is '저의 (my) 동생은 (younger brother) 외아들입니다 (is an only son).'
This sentence means 'He is his parents' only son.' The correct order is '그는 (he) 부모님의 (parents') 외아들입니다 (is an only son).'
This sentence means 'Our son is an only son.' The correct order is '우리 (our) 아들은 (son) 외아들이에요 (is an only son).'
Which word means 'only son'?
'외아들' specifically means 'only son,' while '외동딸' means 'only daughter.' '아들' is 'son' and '딸' is 'daughter.'
My friend has only one son. How would you say 'only son' in Korean?
If your friend has only one son, the correct term is '외아들.'
Which sentence correctly uses '외아들'?
'외아들' refers to a male child. Therefore, the sentence '저는 외아들이 있습니다.' is the only correct usage.
If someone says '저는 외아들이 있습니다,' it means they have an only daughter.
'외아들' means 'only son,' not 'only daughter.' '외동딸' means 'only daughter.'
'외아들' can be used to refer to an only child, regardless of gender.
'외아들' specifically refers to an 'only son.' For an 'only daughter,' the term is '외동딸.'
It is common in Korean to use '외아들' when talking about a family with one male child and no other children.
'외아들' is the correct term to describe a family with only one son.
This sentence means 'He is an only son.' It uses a common sentence structure in Korean where the subject is followed by the object and then the verb.
This translates to 'My older brother is an only son.' '우리' can be used for 'my' in this context.
This means 'I am raising an only son.' The object marker '을' is attached to '외아들'.
저는 형제자매가 없고, 부모님의 사랑을 독차지하는 ___입니다.
The sentence describes someone who has no siblings and receives all of their parents' love, indicating an only son. '외아들' means only son. '외동딸' is only daughter, '막내' is youngest, and '첫째' is oldest.
그녀는 늦게 얻은 ___을 애지중지 키웠습니다.
The sentence implies a special, cherished son, often associated with being an only son, especially if obtained late in life. '외아들' (only son) fits this context better than general '아들' (son). '딸' is daughter, '조카' is nephew/niece.
저의 친구는 ___이라서 집안의 모든 기대를 한 몸에 받고 있습니다.
The sentence states that the friend receives all the family's expectations, which is a common characteristic of an only son. '외아들' (only son) is the most suitable choice. '딸' is daughter, '아들' is son, '외동딸' is only daughter.
가족계획으로 인해 요즘은 ___이나 외동딸인 경우가 많습니다.
The sentence mentions family planning leading to many cases of '___이나 외동딸' (___ or only daughter). This implies the parallel term for an only son, which is '외아들'. '자식' is child, '아들' is son, '형제' is siblings.
옛날에는 가문의 대를 잇기 위해 ___을 중요하게 생각했습니다.
In the past, continuing the family line was important, and an only son ('외아들') would be especially significant for this purpose. While '자손' (descendant) is related, '외아들' more directly addresses the specific role of a single male heir. '딸' is daughter, '자매' is sisters.
그는 나이가 많으신 부모님의 유일한 ___으로서 모든 책임을 다했습니다.
The sentence describes someone as the '유일한 ___' (only ___) who takes all responsibility for elderly parents. '외아들' (only son) best fits this description, implying that he is the sole male child to care for them. '아들' (son) is too general. '자식' is child, '딸' is daughter.
저는 외아들이라서 형제가 없어요. What does '외아들' mean in this sentence?
The sentence clearly states '형제가 없어요' (I don't have siblings) and '외아들' refers to a male child.
어머니는 외아들인 저를 아주 사랑하셨어요. What is the speaker's relationship to their mother?
The word '외아들' directly translates to 'only son,' indicating he has no brothers.
그는 외아들이라 부모님의 기대를 많이 받아요. What does '외아들' imply about his parents' expectations?
In many cultures, an only son often carries significant family expectations. The phrase '기대를 많이 받아요' (receives many expectations) supports this.
If someone is an '외아들', they have at least one brother.
'외아들' specifically means 'only son,' implying no brothers or sisters.
'외아들' can refer to both an only son and an only daughter.
'외아들' is gender-specific to males. For an only daughter, the term would be '외동딸'.
Being an '외아들' often means there is no older or younger sibling.
An 'only son' by definition has no siblings, meaning no older brothers/sisters or younger brothers/sisters.
The speaker is an only son and spent a lot of time alone as a child.
She dotes on her only son so much that he doesn't socialize well with others.
Our family consists of me, my only son, and a dog.
Read this aloud:
외아들은 부모님의 사랑을 독차지하는 경향이 있어요.
Focus: 외아들
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
그는 외아들이기 때문에 집안의 모든 기대를 받습니다.
Focus: 받습니다
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
외아들은 가끔 형제자매가 없는 것을 외로워하기도 해요.
Focus: 외로워하기도 해요
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Imagine you are talking to a new Korean friend. Describe your family. Do you have an 'only son' (외아들)? Write 2-3 sentences in Korean.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
저는 외아들이 아닙니다. 형제가 있어요. 우리 가족은 행복해요.
Your friend wants to know if having an 'only son' (외아들) is common in your country. Explain your thoughts in 2-3 Korean sentences.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
우리나라는 외아들이 흔하지 않습니다. 보통 형제자매가 많아요. 요즘은 한 명만 낳는 가정도 있습니다.
Write a short paragraph (2-3 sentences) in Korean describing a famous person you know who is an 'only son' (외아들). If you don't know any, invent one.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
저는 유명한 가수 김민준을 압니다. 그는 외아들입니다. 그는 정말 성공한 사람입니다.
What is the passage mainly about?
Read this passage:
한국에서는 과거에 아들을 선호하는 경향이 있었습니다. 그래서 '외아들'을 가진 가정이 많았습니다. 하지만 요즘은 남녀 구분 없이 자녀를 한 명만 낳는 경우도 많아지고 있습니다.
What is the passage mainly about?
The passage discusses the past preference for sons and the current trend of having only one child, regardless of gender.
The passage discusses the past preference for sons and the current trend of having only one child, regardless of gender.
What is a disadvantage of being an 'only son' (외아들) mentioned in the passage?
Read this passage:
제 친구 지훈이는 외아들입니다. 그래서 어릴 때부터 부모님의 사랑을 독차지했습니다. 하지만 가끔은 형제가 있으면 좋겠다고 말합니다. 함께 놀거나 의논할 사람이 없어서 외롭다고 느낄 때가 있다고 해요.
What is a disadvantage of being an 'only son' (외아들) mentioned in the passage?
Jihoon mentions feeling lonely because he has no siblings to play or talk with.
Jihoon mentions feeling lonely because he has no siblings to play or talk with.
What positive outcome resulted from the grandfather being an 'only son' (외아들)?
Read this passage:
저희 할아버지께서는 외아들이셨습니다. 그래서 어렸을 때 혼자 보내는 시간이 많았다고 합니다. 하지만 덕분에 책을 많이 읽으셨고, 공부를 열심히 하셨다고 해요. 결국 훌륭한 학자가 되셨습니다.
What positive outcome resulted from the grandfather being an 'only son' (외아들)?
The passage states that because he spent a lot of time alone, he read and studied diligently, becoming a great scholar.
The passage states that because he spent a lot of time alone, he read and studied diligently, becoming a great scholar.
This sentence means 'He received a lot of expectations because he is the only son of the family.' The order of words in Korean often follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) structure, with adverbs and modifiers preceding the words they modify.
This sentence translates to 'Because he grew up as an only son, he has no siblings.' The clause '외아들로 자랐기 때문에' (because he grew up as an only son) acts as the reason for the main clause.
This sentence means 'My grandfather was an only son, and his son was also an only son.' It shows a generational pattern of having only sons, using '-셨고' for honorific past tense and connecting two related clauses.
그녀는 두 딸이 있지만, 남편에게는 ___ 이 있습니다.
The sentence implies that while she has two daughters, her husband has a son, suggesting he is his 'only son' in the context of their combined family or his previous family. Therefore, '외아들' (only son) fits best.
어머니는 늦은 나이에 낳은 ___을 매우 아꼈습니다.
The sentence states that the mother cherished her son born at a late age. '외아들' (only son) emphasizes the special status of a single male child, fitting the sentiment of being cherished.
그는 집안의 ___로 태어나 많은 기대를 받았습니다.
The phrase '많은 기대를 받았습니다' (received many expectations) suggests a significant role within the family. Being an '외아들' (only son) often carries such expectations, especially in traditional Korean families.
부모님은 ___이 유학 가는 것을 적극적으로 지지해 주셨습니다.
The sentence indicates that the parents actively supported their son's studying abroad. '외아들' (only son) highlights the individual attention and support given to a single male child.
___이 장성하여 부모님은 이제 한시름 놓으셨습니다.
The phrase '한시름 놓으셨습니다' (they are relieved) implies that a significant responsibility or concern has been addressed. The growth of an '외아들' (only son) to adulthood often brings a sense of relief to parents, especially in terms of family lineage and future stability.
할머니는 자신의 ___ 자랑이 대단하셨습니다.
The sentence implies the grandmother was very proud of her son. '외아들' (only son) would be a natural subject of a grandmother's pride, often being the focal point of a family's legacy.
Write a short paragraph about the advantages and disadvantages of being an only son in Korean. (외아들)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
외아들로 자라는 것은 여러 장단점이 있습니다. 장점으로는 부모님의 사랑과 관심을 독차지할 수 있다는 점입니다. 하지만 단점으로는 형제자매가 없어 외로움을 느낄 수 있고, 혼자 모든 기대를 짊어져야 하는 책임감이 클 수 있습니다.
Describe a fictional character who is an only son and their personality traits. (외아들)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
이 캐릭터는 외아들로, 어려서부터 부모님의 모든 사랑을 받으며 자랐습니다. 그 결과, 그는 다소 독립적이고 자기 주장이 강한 성격을 가지게 되었습니다. 때로는 고집이 세다는 평가를 받기도 하지만, 속으로는 가족을 매우 아끼는 따뜻한 마음을 가지고 있습니다.
Imagine a conversation between an only son and his friend about their childhood. Write a short dialogue. (외아들)
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
친구: 너는 외아들이라서 어릴 때 심심하지 않았어? 외아들: 가끔 외롭기도 했지만, 부모님과 더 많은 시간을 보낼 수 있었어. 대신 혼자 상상하며 노는 시간이 많았지. 너는 형제 많아서 좋았겠다. 친구: 응, 싸우기도 많이 싸웠지만, 같이 놀 친구가 항상 있어서 좋았어.
김민준 씨는 어릴 때 어떤 어려움을 겪었습니까?
Read this passage:
김민준 씨는 어릴 적부터 외아들로 자랐습니다. 그는 부모님의 기대를 한몸에 받으며 좋은 학업 성적을 유지했습니다. 하지만 때로는 형제자매가 없는 외로움을 느끼기도 했습니다. 그는 나중에 결혼해서 꼭 여러 아이를 낳고 싶다고 말했습니다.
김민준 씨는 어릴 때 어떤 어려움을 겪었습니까?
지문에서 '형제자매가 없는 외로움을 느끼기도 했습니다'라고 언급되어 있습니다.
지문에서 '형제자매가 없는 외로움을 느끼기도 했습니다'라고 언급되어 있습니다.
현대 사회에서 외아들에 대한 사회적 인식은 어떻게 변화하고 있습니까?
Read this passage:
한국 사회에서 외아들은 과거에 가문의 대를 잇는 중요한 존재로 여겨졌습니다. 하지만 현대 사회로 오면서 출산율이 낮아지고 가족 구성이 다양해지면서, 외아들에 대한 사회적 인식도 많이 변화하고 있습니다. 이제는 단순히 성별이나 출생 순서보다는 개인의 능력이 더 중요하게 평가됩니다.
현대 사회에서 외아들에 대한 사회적 인식은 어떻게 변화하고 있습니까?
지문에서 '이제는 단순히 성별이나 출생 순서보다는 개인의 능력이 더 중요하게 평가됩니다'라고 언급되어 있습니다.
지문에서 '이제는 단순히 성별이나 출생 순서보다는 개인의 능력이 더 중요하게 평가됩니다'라고 언급되어 있습니다.
박선우 씨가 부모님께 배운 것은 무엇입니까?
Read this passage:
박선우 씨는 외아들입니다. 그는 어려서부터 부모님에게 많은 것을 보고 배웠습니다. 특히 아버지에게서 책임감과 리더십을 배웠고, 어머니에게서 따뜻한 마음과 배려심을 배웠습니다. 그는 이러한 가르침 덕분에 사회에서 성공적인 리더가 될 수 있었습니다. 그는 항상 부모님께 감사하는 마음을 가지고 있습니다.
박선우 씨가 부모님께 배운 것은 무엇입니까?
지문에서 '아버지에게서 책임감과 리더십을 배웠고, 어머니에게서 따뜻한 마음과 배려심을 배웠습니다'라고 언급되어 있습니다.
지문에서 '아버지에게서 책임감과 리더십을 배웠고, 어머니에게서 따뜻한 마음과 배려심을 배웠습니다'라고 언급되어 있습니다.
This sentence means 'Because he is an only son, he received more love.' The correct order starts with the reason, followed by the action and the degree of the action.
This sentence translates to 'He grew up as the only son of the house.' The structure places the subject, then the possessive 'of the house', followed by 'as the only son' and finally the verb.
This sentence means 'Parents worry a lot about their only son.' The subject (parents) comes first, followed by the object of worry (only son) and then the expression of worry.
아버지는 그의 ___ 너무 자랑스러워하셨다.
The father was very proud of his only son. '외아들을' (only son + object particle) fits the context.
그녀는 평생 ___ 뒷바라지에 헌신했다.
She dedicated her whole life to supporting her only son. '외아들의' (only son + possessive particle) is the most fitting.
집안의 대를 잇는 ___ 역할이 막중했다.
The role of the only son, who carries on the family line, was immense. '외아들의' (only son + possessive particle) refers to the specific situation of an only son inheriting the family line.
어머니는 ___ 홀로 키우며 많은 고생을 하셨다.
The mother went through much hardship raising her only son alone. '외아들을' (only son + object particle) is the correct choice here.
그는 부유한 집안의 ___ 태어나 부족함 없이 자랐다.
He was born as the only son of a wealthy family and grew up wanting for nothing. '외아들로' (as an only son) correctly expresses his status.
그녀는 평생 ___ 자랑스러워했다.
She was proud of her only son her whole life. '외아들을' (only son + object particle) is the most precise.
Choose the most natural way to say 'He is the only son in his family and receives a lot of love.'
외아들 specifically means 'only son'. '외동' refers to an only child (son or daughter), and '독자' is a more formal term for an only son, often used in written contexts or more formal speech. The nuance of '독자' can sometimes imply a more traditional family structure or importance placed on the continuation of the family line through the son. While grammatically correct, '독자' is less common in everyday conversation than '외아들' when simply referring to someone as an only son. '아들만 있어서' means 'only has sons' which is different from 'only son'.
Which of the following situations would most appropriately use the word '외아들'?
외아들 specifically means an only son, meaning the family has only one child, and that child is a son.
Which sentence correctly uses '외아들' to imply a protective upbringing?
Being an '외아들' (only son) often implies a '귀하게 자랐다' (grew up preciously/protectedly) upbringing in Korean culture, meaning they were cherished and well-cared for, sometimes to the point of being overprotected. '엄하게 자랐어요' means grew up strictly, '자유롭게 자랐어요' means grew up freely, and '혼자 자랐어요' means grew up alone, which don't capture the specific nuance of '외아들' in this context as well as '귀하게 자랐어요'.
If someone says '저 집 외아들이 의사가 되었어,' it means that family has only one child, and that child became a doctor.
외아들 specifically refers to an only son, meaning the family has a single child who is male. Therefore, if that '외아들' became a doctor, it means their only child became a doctor.
A family with one son and one daughter can describe their son as '외아들'.
외아들 refers to a family's ONLY son. If there's also a daughter, he is not the only child, nor the only son in the sense of being the sole offspring. He would simply be '아들' (son).
The term '외아들' generally carries a nuance of receiving special attention or being highly valued within the family.
Culturally, '외아들' (only son) often implies that the individual is highly cherished and receives significant attention and care from their parents, sometimes leading to a perception of being 'spoiled' or 'precious'. This is a common cultural understanding associated with the term in Korea.
The life of an only son can sometimes feel burdensome.
Her only son decided to study abroad.
The only son plays an important role in continuing the family line.
Read this aloud:
외아들로서의 책임감에 대해 이야기해 보세요.
Focus: 외아들로서의 책임감
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
외아들이 경험할 수 있는 장점과 단점을 설명해 보세요.
Focus: 장점과 단점
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
한국 사회에서 외아들의 위치에 대해 어떻게 생각하십니까?
Focus: 한국 사회에서 외아들의 위치
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
그는 집안의 귀한 ___ 이라, 모든 사람의 기대를 한몸에 받았다.
문맥상 '귀한 아들'이라는 의미로, '외아들'이 가장 적절합니다.
오랜 기다림 끝에 마침내 그들의 ___ 이 태어나 온 집안이 기쁨에 넘쳤다.
가족에게 귀한 아들이 태어났다는 맥락에서 '외아들'이 어울립니다.
부모님은 ___ 인 그에게 모든 것을 다 해주려고 노력하셨다.
부모가 모든 것을 해주는 상황은 외아들에게 주로 해당됩니다.
어머니는 ___ 인 아들이 혹여나 고생할까 봐 노심초사하셨다.
외아들에 대한 어머니의 극진한 마음을 표현하는 문맥입니다.
그는 평생을 ___ 로 자라 독립심이 다소 부족했다.
외아들이 주변의 보살핌을 많이 받아 독립심이 부족할 수 있다는 문맥입니다.
가문의 대를 이을 ___ 이라는 부담감이 그를 짓눌렀다.
가문의 대를 잇는다는 것은 외아들에게 큰 부담이 될 수 있습니다.
그는 집안의 귀한 ___ 이라, 모두가 그의 의견을 존중했다.
'외아들'은 귀하게 여기는 의미를 포함할 수 있으며 문맥상 가장 적절합니다.
부모님은 늦은 나이에 얻은 ___을(를) 애지중지 키웠다.
문맥상 아들에 대한 내용이므로 '외아들'이 적절합니다.
대가 끊길까 봐 걱정하는 조부모님께 ___은(는) 큰 기쁨이었다.
대가 끊기는 것을 걱정하는 상황에서는 아들이 귀한 존재이므로 '외아들'이 맞습니다.
외아들은 집안의 유일한 아들을 의미한다.
'외아들'의 정의는 '하나뿐인 아들'입니다.
외아들은 반드시 외동으로 자란 아들을 뜻한다.
'외아들'은 다른 형제나 자매 없이 혼자 자란 아들을 의미합니다.
외아들이라는 단어는 여전히 현대 한국 사회에서 자주 사용된다.
핵가족화로 인해 외아들이 흔해지면서 자주 사용되는 표현입니다.
The speaker is talking about someone who is an only son and the expectations from his parents.
The speaker is talking about the feelings of an only son as he grew up.
The speaker is talking about their only son becoming a grown man.
Read this aloud:
그는 외아들이라서 모든 것을 물려받을 예정입니다.
Focus: 외아들, 물려받을
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
외아들 교육은 더 많은 관심과 노력이 필요하다고 생각해요.
Focus: 외아들, 교육, 노력
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
그의 부모님은 외아들 사랑이 각별하셨습니다.
Focus: 외아들, 각별하셨습니다
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
This sentence means 'He was the only son of the house.' The natural order in Korean is subject-possessive-adjective-noun-verb.
This sentence means 'As an only son, the burden on his shoulders was heavy.' The structure follows 'role-subject' then 'possessive-location-noun-verb'.
This sentence means 'The parents' deep expectations were too much for the only son to bear.' The order is possessive-adjective-noun-subject-verb phrase.
/ 126 correct
Perfect score!
외아들 pronunciation
Say 외아들 (oe-a-deul). The '외' sounds like 'weh' in 'wet', and '아들' is like 'ah-deul'.
외동 vs 외아들
Remember 외동 means only child (gender-neutral), while 외아들 specifically means only son.
Usage with 있다/없다
You can use it with verbs like 있다 (to have) or 없다 (to not have). For example, '그는 외아들이 있습니다' (He has an only son).
Family context
This term is common when talking about family structure or background.
例句
그 부부에게는 외아들 한 명만 있다.
相关内容
这个词在其他语言中
更多family词汇
백일
A2100th day celebration (of a baby).
환갑
A260th birthday celebration.
칠순
A270th birthday celebration.
팔순
A280th birthday celebration.
알아주다
B1To recognize/understand (feelings); to acknowledge someone's thoughts or efforts.
입양아
A2Adopted child; a child legally taken into another family.
양녀
B1Adopted daughter.
입양
A2Adoption; legally taking another's child as one's own.
귀여워하다
A2To adore, to find cute, to cherish.
정답다
A2To be affectionate; to be friendly.
