지금까지 in 30 Sekunden
- 지금까지 (jigeumkkaji) means 'until now' or 'up to the present.'
- It describes a duration from the past continuing to the current moment.
- Used to talk about progress, past experiences, or ongoing states.
- Commonly pairs with past tense or present progressive verbs.
- Korean Word
- 지금까지
- Part of Speech
- Adverb
- CEFR Level
- A2
- English Definition
- Until now, up to the present, so far.
The Korean adverb 지금까지 (jigeumkkaji) is a fundamental word that signifies a duration extending from a past point up to the current moment. It is frequently used to discuss past experiences, progress, or the state of things that have continued without interruption until the present. Think of it as the Korean equivalent of 'until now,' 'up to now,' 'so far,' or 'as of yet.' It plays a crucial role in narratives, explanations, and descriptions of ongoing situations.
저는 지금까지 한국어를 열심히 공부했어요. (Jeoneun jigeumkkaji hangugeo-reul yeolsimhi gongbuhaesseoyo.)
This adverb is incredibly versatile and can be used in a wide array of contexts, from personal anecdotes to formal reports. Its primary function is to establish a temporal boundary, marking the end point of a period as the present moment. When you hear or read 지금까지, it's a signal to consider what has happened or what has been the case from some point in the past right up to the current time. It often implies a sense of continuity or a certain state that has been maintained. For instance, if someone asks about your progress on a task, you might use 지금까지 to describe how much you've accomplished so far. Similarly, in discussions about history or personal development, it helps to frame the narrative within the context of the present. The adverb is particularly useful when you want to emphasize that a certain condition or action has persisted over a period leading up to the present moment. It can also be used to express a sense of surprise or reflection on the time that has passed.
- Usage Example 1
- 이것은 제가 지금까지 읽은 책 중에서 가장 재미있어요. (Igeoseun jeoga jigeumkkaji ilkeun chaek jung-eseo gajang jaemiisseoyo.) - This is the most interesting book I have read so far.
- Usage Example 2
- 지금까지 아무도 이 문제를 해결하지 못했어요. (Jigeumkkaji amudo i munje-reul haegyeolhaji motaesseoyo.) - No one has been able to solve this problem up to the present.
- Usage Example 3
- 그는 지금까지 많은 어려움을 겪었지만 포기하지 않았습니다. (Geuneun jigeumkkaji maneun eoryeoum-eul gyeokkeotjiman pogihaji anatseumnida.) - He has faced many difficulties until now, but he has not given up.
The adverb 지금까지 (jigeumkkaji) typically precedes the verb or adjective it modifies, indicating that the action or state described has been ongoing or true up to the current moment. It often appears at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis, or it can be placed within the sentence, usually before the main verb phrase. Its placement is generally flexible, but it most commonly functions to set the temporal context for the rest of the sentence. When used with past tense verbs, it emphasizes that the action was completed within the period leading up to the present. With present tense verbs, it can imply a continuous state or action that is still ongoing.
지금까지 이 프로젝트에 얼마나 많은 시간을 투자했는지 몰라요. (Jigeumkkaji i peurojekteu-e eolmana maneun sigan-eul tuja-haetneunji mollayo.)
Consider the following structures where 지금까지 is commonly found:
- Subject + 지금까지 + Verb/Adjective
- This is a very common structure. For example: 저는 지금까지 건강했어요. (Jeoneun jigeumkkaji geonganghaesseoyo.) - I have been healthy up to now.
- 지금까지 + Subject + Verb/Adjective
- Placing it at the beginning adds emphasis. For example: 지금까지 우리는 많은 것을 배웠습니다. (Jigeumkkaji urineun maneun geos-eul baewotseumnida.) - Up to the present, we have learned many things.
- Subject + Object + 지금까지 + Verb/Adjective
- The adverb can also appear after the object. For example: 저는 제 친구에게 지금까지 아무 말도 안 했어요. (Jeoneun je chingu-ege jigeumkkaji amu maldo an haesseoyo.) - I haven't said anything to my friend up to now.
It's important to note that 지금까지 often pairs with verbs in the past tense (e.g., -았/었-) to describe completed actions within that timeframe, or with verbs that imply a continuous state. When used with negative constructions, it can mean 'not yet' in certain contexts, although other adverbs are more common for 'not yet.' The nuance of 'so far' or 'until this point' is key to understanding its usage. The choice of sentence structure often depends on what the speaker wishes to emphasize – the continuity of an action, the state of being, or the accumulation of experiences.
우리는 지금까지 많은 어려움을 극복했습니다. (Urineun jigeumkkaji maneun eoryeoum-eul geukbokhaetseumnida.)
You'll encounter 지금까지 (jigeumkkaji) frequently in everyday Korean conversations, media, and literature. It's a staple adverb that's essential for discussing progress, past events that are relevant to the present, and personal histories. Its natural placement in sentences makes it an organic part of spoken and written Korean, so listening and reading will expose you to it constantly.
In daily conversations, people use 지금까지 to talk about their jobs, studies, hobbies, and relationships. For instance, when catching up with a friend, you might say: 'How have you been?' and they could reply, 'I've been busy with work, and so far, it's been challenging but rewarding.' Or when discussing a project, someone might report, 'We've completed 70% of the tasks up to now.' It's a very common way to provide an update or a status report.
지금까지 어떤 경험을 하셨어요? (Jigeumkkaji eotteon gyeongheom-eul hasyeosseoyo?)
In news reports and documentaries, 지금까지 is used to summarize past events leading up to a current situation. For example, a report on economic trends might state: 'So far, the market has shown steady growth,' or a historical program might discuss a conflict by saying, 'The casualties have been significant up to this point.' It helps to contextualize ongoing events by referencing their history.
In Korean dramas and movies, characters often use 지금까지 to reflect on their past choices, relationships, or struggles. A character might say, 'I thought I knew love, but until now, I never truly understood its depth.' Or perhaps, 'Despite all the hardships I've faced so far, I've never lost hope.' These uses add emotional weight and narrative depth.
- Examples in Media
- You might hear it in job interviews when candidates are asked about their qualifications and experiences: '지금까지 저는 마케팅 분야에서 5년 경력을 쌓았습니다.' (Jigeumkkaji jeoneun maketing bunya-eseo 5nyeon gyeongnyeog-eul ssatseumnida.) - Up to now, I have accumulated 5 years of experience in marketing.
- In a school setting, a teacher might ask students to summarize their learning: '여러분은 지금까지 무엇을 배웠나요?' (Yeoreobun-eun jigeumkkaji mueos-eul baewonnayo?) - What have you learned so far?
- When discussing personal growth or changes: '저는 지금까지 많은 것을 깨달았습니다.' (Jeoneun jigeumkkaji maneun geos-eul kkaedaratsseumnida.) - I have realized many things up to the present.
While 지금까지 (jigeumkkaji) is a straightforward adverb, learners might make a few common mistakes, often related to its nuance or by confusing it with similar-sounding or semantically close words. The key is to remember its core meaning of 'until now' or 'up to the present moment' and to use it appropriately in relation to the verb tense.
- Confusing with '지금' (jigeum - now)
- A common error is to use '지금' when '지금까지' is more appropriate, or vice versa. '지금' refers to the immediate present moment, while '지금까지' refers to a duration leading up to the present. For example, saying '지금 공부해요' (I am studying now) is different from '지금까지 공부했어요' (I have studied until now). The latter implies a completed action within a past-to-present timeframe, or a continuous action that has been going on.
- Incorrect Verb Tense Pairing
- While not strictly an error, learners might sometimes pair 지금까지 with present tense verbs in a way that sounds unnatural if the intended meaning is about a past period. For instance, '지금까지 공부한다' (I study until now) might be less common than '지금까지 공부했다' (I studied until now) or '지금까지 공부하고 있다' (I have been studying until now). The former implies a habit that continues up to the present, but the latter two are more typical for conveying the sense of duration and completion within a past-to-present span.
- Overuse or Misapplication of 'Until Now' Nuance
- Sometimes, learners might use 지금까지 when a simpler adverb like 'already' or 'yet' would suffice, or when the context doesn't truly imply a duration up to the present. For example, if you mean 'I have already eaten,' '이미 먹었어요' (imi meogeosseoyo) is more natural than '지금까지 먹었어요' (jigeumkkaji meogeosseoyo), unless you are emphasizing that you have eaten and are therefore done with that activity up to this point.
- Literal Translation Pitfalls
- Directly translating English phrases like 'until today' or 'up to this moment' without considering the Korean grammatical context can lead to awkward phrasing. While '지금까지' is the direct translation for 'until now,' its usage needs to align with the natural flow of Korean sentences and the intended meaning. For example, if you want to say 'I've never seen such a thing before,' it's more natural to say '이런 것을 본 적이 없어요' (ireon geos-eul bon jeog-i eopseoyo) rather than trying to force '지금까지' into it, unless you are specifically contrasting it with something that happened later.
Incorrect: 저는 지금 이 책을 읽었어요. (Jeoneun jigeum i chaeg-eul ilgeosseoyo.)
Correct: 저는 지금까지 이 책을 읽었어요. (Jeoneun jigeumkkaji i chaeg-eul ilgeosseoyo.) - I have read this book until now (implying progress or completion up to this point).
While 지금까지 (jigeumkkaji) is quite unique in its direct meaning of 'until now' or 'up to the present,' there are other adverbs and phrases that can convey a similar sense of time or progression, depending on the specific nuance you wish to express. Understanding these alternatives will help you choose the most precise word for your context.
- 지금 (jigeum)
- Meaning: Now, at this moment.
- Difference: '지금' refers to the immediate present, the exact point in time. '지금까지' refers to a duration that extends from the past up to this present moment. You use '지금' for actions happening right now, while '지금까지' is for what has happened or been the case over a period leading to now.
- Example: 지금 공부해요. (Jigeum gongbuhaeyo.) - I am studying now. vs. 지금까지 공부했어요. (Jigeumkkaji gongbuhaesseoyo.) - I have studied until now.
- 이제 (ije)
- Meaning: Now, from now on, nowadays.
- Difference: '이제' often implies a change or a new phase starting from the present. It can mean 'now' in the sense of 'finally' or 'from this point forward.' While it refers to the present, it emphasizes the beginning of something new rather than the continuation of something from the past.
- Example: 이제부터 열심히 할게요. (Ijebuteo yeolsimhi halgeyo.) - I will work hard from now on. vs. 지금까지 열심히 했어요. (Jigeumkkaji yeolsimhi haesseoyo.) - I have worked hard until now.
- 그동안 (geudongan)
- Meaning: During that time, in the meantime, meanwhile.
- Difference: '그동안' refers to a period of time in the past, often implicitly understood from the context, but it does not necessarily extend up to the present. '지금까지' specifically includes the present moment as the endpoint of the duration. '그동안' is more about what happened within a past interval.
- Example: 그동안 무슨 일이 있었어요? (Geudongan museun il-i isseosseoyo?) - What happened during that time? vs. 지금까지 무슨 일이 있었어요? (Jigeumkkaji museun il-i isseosseoyo?) - What has happened up to now?
- 아직 (ajik)
- Meaning: Still, yet.
- Difference: '아직' is used with negative or interrogative sentences to indicate that something has not happened or is not the case yet, or to ask if it has happened. It often implies an expectation that it will happen. '지금까지' is affirmative and describes something that has occurred or been true up to the present.
- Example: 저는 아직 안 먹었어요. (Jeoneun ajik an meogeosseoyo.) - I haven't eaten yet. vs. 저는 지금까지 다 먹었어요. (Jeoneun jigeumkkaji da meogeosseoyo.) - I have eaten everything up to now.
지금까지는 괜찮았어요. (Jigeumkkaji-neun gwaenchanhasseoyo.) - It has been okay up to now.
아직은 괜찮아요. (Ajik-eun gwaenchanhayo.) - It is okay yet (implying it might not be later, or asking if it's okay for now).
How Formal Is It?
Wusstest du?
The particle '까지' itself can be used in various ways, such as indicating a destination ('서울까지 갔다' - I went to Seoul) or a limit ('오후 5시까지' - until 5 PM). When combined with '지금', it specifically anchors this 'until' concept to the present time, creating a very precise temporal adverb.
Aussprachehilfe
- Pronouncing '지' as 'ji' (like in 'jingle') instead of the Korean palatal affricate.
- Not aspirating the 'ㄲ' in '까지', making it sound like 'gaji' instead of 'kkaji'.
- Incorrect vowel sounds, especially the short '으' sound in '지금'.
Schwierigkeitsgrad
At CEFR A2, '지금까지' is introduced. Learners will encounter it in simple narratives and dialogues. Understanding its core meaning of 'until now' is achievable through context and repetition. Complex sentence structures using it might still pose a challenge, but its basic comprehension is expected.
A2 learners can begin to use '지금까지' in their writing to describe past actions or states that extend to the present. They might make errors in verb tense agreement or placement, but the fundamental usage is within their grasp. Consistent practice is needed to master its nuances.
Speaking with '지금까지' at A2 requires confidence in forming sentences that reflect a duration up to the present. Learners might hesitate or use simpler phrasing, but the ability to convey this temporal concept is developing. Active speaking practice is key.
Recognizing '지금까지' in spoken Korean at A2 is important. Learners should be able to infer its meaning from the context of conversations, especially when discussing past experiences or progress. Exposure to varied listening materials will improve recognition.
Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest
Voraussetzungen
Als Nächstes lernen
Fortgeschritten
Wichtige Grammatik
Using the past tense (-았/었-) with temporal adverbs like '지금까지' to indicate completed actions within a past-to-present timeframe.
저는 지금까지 많은 책을 읽었습니다. (I have read many books until now.)
Using the present progressive tense (-고 있다) with '지금까지' to emphasize an ongoing action that continues up to the present moment.
저는 지금까지 한국어를 공부하고 있어요. (I have been studying Korean until now.)
Using '지금까지' as a modifier for nouns (e.g., 지금까지의 경험 - experiences so far).
지금까지의 경험이 매우 중요합니다. (The experiences so far are very important.)
Using '지금까지' in comparative sentences to establish a baseline for comparison.
이것은 제가 지금까지 본 것 중에 가장 아름답습니다. (This is the most beautiful thing I have seen until now.)
Using '지금까지' in negative sentences to indicate the absence of an action or state up to the present.
그는 지금까지 아무런 연락도 없었어요. (He has had no contact at all until now.)
Beispiele nach Niveau
저는 지금까지 한국어를 공부하고 있어요.
I have been studying Korean until now.
'지금까지' (until now) + present progressive tense '-고 있다' emphasizes an ongoing action up to the present.
이 식당은 지금까지 제일 맛있어요.
This restaurant is the most delicious so far.
'지금까지' used with the superlative form '-제일' to express the highest degree experienced up to the present.
우리는 지금까지 많이 걸었어요.
We have walked a lot until now.
'지금까지' paired with a past tense verb '-었-' to indicate an action completed within the period leading up to the present.
그는 지금까지 아무 말도 안 했어요.
He hasn't said anything until now.
'지금까지' with a negative past tense construction to indicate the absence of an action up to the present.
이 책은 지금까지 읽은 책 중에 최고예요.
This book is the best among the books I've read so far.
'지금까지' used in a comparative phrase 'among... so far' to highlight the best experience.
지금까지 몇 명의 친구를 만났어요?
How many friends have you met until now?
Interrogative sentence using '지금까지' to inquire about the cumulative number of something up to the present.
지금까지의 경험이 중요해요.
The experiences so far are important.
'지금까지' used attributively (as a modifier) before a noun '경험' (experience).
지금까지 공부한 내용을 복습하세요.
Review what you have studied until now.
'지금까지' modifying the verb '공부하다' (to study) to specify the scope of review.
저는 지금까지 수많은 프로젝트를 성공적으로 이끌어 왔습니다.
I have successfully led numerous projects until now.
Using '지금까지' with a continuous past action '-어 오다' to emphasize a sustained effort and achievement over time.
그들은 지금까지 서로를 잘 알지 못했어요.
They haven't known each other well until now.
'지금까지' combined with a negative past tense '알지 못했어요' to indicate a lack of knowledge up to the present, implying a potential change.
지금까지의 노력이 결실을 맺을 때입니다.
It is time for the efforts so far to bear fruit.
'지금까지' as a possessive modifier for '노력' (effort), emphasizing the culmination of past work.
지금까지와는 다른 새로운 접근 방식이 필요합니다.
A new approach, different from what we've had until now, is needed.
'지금까지와는 다른' (different from until now) is a common comparative structure.
이 문제는 지금까지 해결되지 않은 난제입니다.
This problem is a challenge that has not been solved until now.
'지금까지' used within a relative clause to describe an ongoing unsolved issue.
지금까지 무엇을 배웠는지 요약해 보세요.
Summarize what you have learned until now.
Direct imperative using '지금까지' to guide a review of past learning.
그녀는 지금까지 많은 사람들에게 영감을 주었습니다.
She has inspired many people until now.
'지금까지' with a continuous past action '-었-', highlighting the consistent impact over time.
지금까지의 결과는 매우 고무적입니다.
The results so far are very encouraging.
'지금까지' modifying '결과' (results) to specify the scope of the positive outcome.
저는 지금까지 수많은 언어를 습득했지만, 한국어는 가장 어렵습니다.
Although I have acquired numerous languages until now, Korean is the most difficult.
Using '지금까지' with '지만' (although) to present a contrast between past achievements and current challenges.
이 기술은 지금까지 알려진 어떤 것과도 비교할 수 없습니다.
This technology is incomparable to anything known until now.
'지금까지' used in a comparative structure '지금까지 알려진 어떤 것과도 비교할 수 없다' (incomparable to anything known until now).
그는 지금까지 쌓아온 명성을 한순간에 잃을 뻔했습니다.
He almost lost the reputation he had built up until now in an instant.
'지금까지 쌓아온' (built up until now) used as a modifier for '명성' (reputation).
지금까지의 정치적 상황은 매우 불안정했습니다.
The political situation so far has been very unstable.
'지금까지' modifying '정치적 상황' (political situation) to describe its state over a period.
이 발견은 과학계에 지금까지 없었던 새로운 지평을 열었습니다.
This discovery has opened new horizons hitherto unknown to the scientific community.
'지금까지 없었던' (that did not exist until now) used in a relative clause to emphasize novelty.
지금까지의 경험을 바탕으로 미래를 예측할 수 있습니다.
Based on the experiences so far, we can predict the future.
'지금까지의' used to qualify the basis for prediction.
그는 지금까지 많은 변화를 겪었지만, 그의 본질은 변하지 않았습니다.
Although he has gone through many changes until now, his essence has not changed.
'지금까지' used with '-었지만' (although) to highlight enduring qualities despite past changes.
지금까지 우리가 논의한 내용을 종합해 보면...
Summarizing what we have discussed until now...
'지금까지 우리가 논의한 내용' (the content we have discussed until now) as a basis for further discussion.
지금까지 축적된 데이터에 따르면, 이러한 추세는 당분간 지속될 것으로 예상됩니다.
According to the data accumulated until now, this trend is expected to continue for the time being.
'지금까지 축적된 데이터' (data accumulated until now) as a sophisticated subject for analysis.
그의 예술은 시대의 흐름에 얽매이지 않고 지금까지 독자적인 영역을 구축해왔습니다.
His art, not bound by the trends of the times, has built its own unique domain until now.
'지금까지 독자적인 영역을 구축해왔습니다' (has built its own unique domain until now) using '-어 오다' for sustained artistic development.
지금까지의 인류 역사를 통틀어 볼 때, 이러한 규모의 사건은 전례가 없습니다.
When looking at human history so far, an event of this magnitude is unprecedented.
'지금까지의 인류 역사' (human history so far) as a broad temporal scope for comparison.
문화적 다양성에 대한 이해는 지금까지 우리의 사고방식을 근본적으로 변화시켜 왔습니다.
The understanding of cultural diversity has fundamentally changed our way of thinking until now.
'지금까지 우리의 사고방식을 근본적으로 변화시켜 왔습니다' (has fundamentally changed our way of thinking until now) emphasizing a profound and ongoing impact.
지금까지 우리가 추구해왔던 이상적인 사회 모델은 현실과 괴리가 있었습니다.
The ideal social model we have pursued until now has had a gap with reality.
'지금까지 우리가 추구해왔던' (that we have pursued until now) qualifying the ideal model.
이 논문은 지금까지의 연구 결과들을 비판적으로 검토하고 새로운 방향을 제시합니다.
This paper critically reviews the research findings so far and proposes new directions.
'지금까지의 연구 결과들' (research findings so far) as the subject of critical review.
지금까지의 경험상, 이러한 접근 방식은 효과적이지 않았습니다.
Based on experience up to now, this approach has not been effective.
'지금까지의 경험상' (based on experience up to now) as a basis for a conclusion.
그녀는 지금까지 겪어온 고난을 발판 삼아 더욱 강해졌습니다.
She became stronger by using the hardships she has endured until now as a stepping stone.
'지금까지 겪어온 고난' (hardships she has endured until now) used metaphorically to represent personal growth.
지금까지 인류가 이룩한 문명의 총체는 경이로움 그 자체라 할 수 있습니다.
The totality of civilization that humanity has achieved up to now can be called wonder itself.
Sophisticated phrasing '이룩한 문명의 총체' (totality of civilization achieved) modified by '지금까지' for profound historical scope.
그의 작품은 시대를 초월하는 보편성을 지니며, 지금까지도 많은 이들에게 깊은 울림을 줍니다.
His works possess a universality that transcends time, giving deep resonance to many people even until now.
'지금까지도' (even until now) emphasizes the enduring relevance and impact of the artistic works.
지금까지 우리가 쌓아온 지식 체계는 끊임없이 확장되고 재해석되는 역동적인 과정에 있습니다.
The knowledge system we have built up until now is in a dynamic process of continuous expansion and reinterpretation.
'지금까지 우리가 쌓아온 지식 체계' (knowledge system we have built up until now) used to describe an ongoing, complex intellectual endeavor.
이러한 관점에서 볼 때, 지금까지의 모든 논의는 본질적인 문제의 표면만을 긁어왔을 뿐입니다.
From this perspective, all discussions so far have only scratched the surface of the essential problem.
'지금까지의 모든 논의' (all discussions so far) critically assessed as superficial, using a common idiom.
지금까지 경험하지 못한 새로운 형태의 도전이 우리 앞에 놓여 있습니다.
A new form of challenge, never experienced until now, lies before us.
'지금까지 경험하지 못한' (never experienced until now) used to emphasize the unprecedented nature of the challenge.
그는 지금까지의 삶을 통해 얻은 교훈을 바탕으로 미래를 설계하고 있습니다.
He is designing the future based on the lessons learned through his life up to the present.
'지금까지의 삶을 통해 얻은 교훈' (lessons learned through his life up to the present) as the foundation for future planning.
지금까지 우리가 알고 있던 세계관은 이 사건을 계기로 완전히 뒤바뀌게 될 것입니다.
The worldview we have known until now will be completely overturned with this event as a turning point.
'지금까지 우리가 알고 있던 세계관' (worldview we have known until now) signifying a paradigm shift.
지금까지의 모든 노력에도 불구하고, 우리는 여전히 목표 달성을 위한 갈림길에 서 있습니다.
Despite all our efforts until now, we still stand at a crossroads for achieving our goal.
'지금까지의 모든 노력에도 불구하고' (despite all our efforts until now) setting up a contrast with the current unresolved situation.
Häufige Kollokationen
Häufige Phrasen
— Until now; up to the present; so far.
지금까지 아무 일도 없었어요. (Nothing has happened until now.)
— Of until now; so far's.
지금까지의 경험이 중요합니다. (The experiences so far are important.)
— Up until now; for now.
지금까지는 괜찮았는데, 이제부터 어려울 것 같아요. (It was okay up until now, but I think it will be difficult from now on.)
— Even until now; still.
이 문제는 지금까지도 해결되지 않았습니다. (This problem has not been solved even until now.)
— Different from until now; unlike before.
지금까지와는 다른 새로운 시도가 필요합니다. (A new attempt, different from until now, is needed.)
— Based on experience up to now; from past experience.
지금까지의 경험상, 이런 상황에서는 침착해야 합니다. (Based on experience up to now, in situations like this, one must remain calm.)
— That which has been learned until now.
지금까지 배운 내용을 복습하세요. (Review the content you have learned until now.)
— The path we have come until now.
지금까지 왔던 길을 잊지 말자. (Let's not forget the path we have come until now.)
— The efforts up to now.
지금까지의 노력이 헛되지 않았습니다. (The efforts up to now were not in vain.)
— That which has been seen until now.
지금까지 본 풍경 중에 가장 아름다워요. (It's the most beautiful scenery I have seen until now.)
Wird oft verwechselt mit
'지금' means 'now' and refers to the immediate present moment. '지금까지' means 'until now' or 'up to the present,' referring to a duration that includes the present moment. You can't say '지금 공부했어요' (I studied now) if you mean you have been studying for a while up to this point.
'이제' means 'now' or 'from now on.' It often implies a change or a new beginning starting from the present. '지금까지' looks back from the present to the past, while '이제' looks forward from the present. '지금까지는 괜찮았어요.' (It was okay until now.) vs. '이제부터 괜찮을 거예요.' (It will be okay from now on.)
'아직' means 'still' or 'yet' and is used in negative or interrogative sentences. '지금까지' is typically used in affirmative sentences to describe something that has happened or been true up to the present. '아직 안 했어요.' (I haven't done it yet.) vs. '지금까지 다 했어요.' (I have done everything until now.)
Leicht verwechselbar
Both words start with '지금' (now) and relate to the present time.
'지금' refers to the exact moment of speaking. '지금까지' refers to a duration that extends from the past up to the present moment. You use '지금' for actions happening precisely now, and '지금까지' for actions or states that have been ongoing or completed within a period leading up to now.
저는 <strong>지금</strong> 밥을 먹고 있어요. (I am eating now.) vs. 저는 <strong>지금까지</strong> 밥을 많이 먹었어요. (I have eaten a lot until now.)
Both words can translate to 'now' and signal a shift in time.
'지금까지' refers to the past leading up to the present. '이제' implies a new beginning or a change occurring from the present moment onwards. '지금까지' is retrospective, while '이제' is prospective.
<strong>지금까지</strong>는 혼자 공부했어요. (I studied alone until now.) vs. <strong>이제</strong>는 친구와 같이 공부할 거예요. (From now on, I will study with a friend.)
Both relate to the concept of time and what has or has not happened relative to the present.
'아직' is used in negative sentences to mean 'not yet' or in questions to ask if something has happened. It implies an expectation that it might happen. '지금까지' is used in affirmative sentences to state what has occurred or been true up to the present moment.
저는 <strong>아직</strong> 안 잤어요. (I haven't slept yet.) vs. 저는 <strong>지금까지</strong> 푹 잤어요. (I have slept soundly until now.)
Both refer to a period of time.
'그동안' refers to a specific period in the past, often understood from context, but not necessarily extending to the present. '지금까지' specifically includes the present moment as its endpoint. '그동안' is about 'during that time,' whereas '지금까지' is about 'up to this present time.'
<strong>그동안</strong> 어떻게 지내셨어요? (How have you been during that time?) vs. <strong>지금까지</strong> 어떻게 지내셨어요? (How have you been up to the present?)
Both use the particle '까지' (until) and relate to a time before a reference point.
'지금까지' means 'until now.' '이전까지' means 'until before' or 'prior to.' '이전까지' refers to a time before a specific past point, whereas '지금까지' refers to a time up to the current present moment.
<strong>이전까지</strong>는 몰랐어요. (I didn't know until before.) vs. <strong>지금까지</strong>는 몰랐어요. (I didn't know until now.)
Satzmuster
Subject + 지금까지 + Verb (Past Tense)
저는 지금까지 한국어를 배웠어요.
지금까지 + Subject + Verb (Past Tense)
지금까지 우리는 많은 것을 보았어요.
Subject + 지금까지 + Verb (-고 있다)
저는 지금까지 이 책을 읽고 있어요.
지금까지의 + Noun
지금까지의 경험을 바탕으로 말할게요.
Subject + 지금까지 + Verb (-어 오다)
그는 지금까지 꾸준히 노력해 왔습니다.
지금까지 + Noun + Modifier
지금까지의 결과는 매우 긍정적입니다.
지금까지 + (Relative Clause) + Verb
지금까지 우리가 논의한 모든 내용을 고려해야 합니다.
Subject + 지금까지 + Verb (-지만)
지금까지는 쉬웠지만, 앞으로는 어려울 것입니다.
Wortfamilie
Verwandt
So verwendest du es
Very High
-
Using '지금' instead of '지금까지' for a duration.
→
지금까지
Learners sometimes use '지금' (now) when they mean a period leading up to the present. '지금' refers to the immediate present, while '지금까지' covers a span from the past to the present.
-
Pairing '지금까지' with future tense verbs.
→
Use '이제부터' or '앞으로' for future.
'지금까지' strictly refers to a period ending in the present. It cannot be used for future actions. You must use future-oriented adverbs for future timeframes.
-
Using '지금까지' in negative sentences when '아직' is more appropriate.
→
아직
While '지금까지' can be used with negative verbs, '아직' (yet/still) is more commonly used in negative constructions to indicate something hasn't happened as expected up to the present.
-
Confusing the scope of '지금까지' with '그동안'.
→
Use '그동안' for a past period not necessarily extending to the present.
'지금까지' includes the present moment as its endpoint. '그동안' refers to a past interval without necessarily reaching the present. They are not interchangeable when the present moment is the intended endpoint.
-
Incorrectly placing '지금까지' in a sentence.
→
Place it before the verb or at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis.
While flexible, '지금까지' typically precedes the verb it modifies or starts the sentence. Incorrect placement can make the sentence sound unnatural.
Tipps
Master the Sounds
Pay close attention to the initial sounds of '지' and the aspirated 'ㄲ' in '까지'. Practice saying 'jigeum' and 'kkaji' distinctly. The '으' vowel in '지금' is also important to get right; it's a short, unstressed sound.
Connect to the Present
Always remember that '지금까지' connects a past duration to the *current* moment. When forming sentences, ensure the verb tense or aspect reflects this continuity or completion up to the present.
Visual Timeline
Imagine a timeline. '지금까지' covers the entire line from the past up to the 'NOW' point. This visual can help you remember its meaning of a complete duration ending in the present.
Listen Actively
Expose yourself to Korean media (dramas, movies, news). When you hear '지금까지,' try to predict its meaning before looking it up. This active listening will greatly improve your comprehension.
Personalize Your Sentences
Create sentences about your own life. What have you learned? What have you achieved? What have you experienced '지금까지'? Personal examples make the word more memorable.
Distinguish from Similar Words
Carefully differentiate '지금까지' from '지금' (now), '이제' (from now on), and '아직' (yet). Understanding their specific temporal scopes is key to accurate usage.
Verb Tense Harmony
Notice how '지금까지' pairs naturally with past tense verbs (to indicate completed actions within the period) and present progressive verbs (to indicate ongoing actions). This harmony is crucial for correct grammar.
Use it in Speaking
Don't just learn it; use it! Try to incorporate '지금까지' into your spoken Korean practice. Even simple sentences will help build confidence and fluency.
Consider the Scope
While it means 'until now,' the implied starting point can vary. It could be yesterday, last year, or even from birth. Context usually clarifies this scope.
Regular Revision
Revisit '지금까지' regularly. Review example sentences, try writing new ones, and actively look for it in your Korean learning materials to reinforce your understanding.
Einprägen
Eselsbrücke
Imagine you're at the end of a long race, and you've been running 지금 (now) for a long time, but you're still going 까지 (until) the finish line, which is right now. So, '지금까지' is the race you've run up until this very moment.
Visuelle Assoziation
Picture a timeline stretching from the distant past to the present moment (marked with a large 'NOW' sign). The entire length of this timeline, from the beginning to the 'NOW' sign, represents '지금까지'.
Word Web
Herausforderung
Try to describe your day from waking up until this exact moment using '지금까지.' For example, '저는 아침에 일어났고, 밥을 먹었고, 그리고 지금까지 이 공부를 하고 있어요.' (I woke up this morning, ate breakfast, and have been doing this studying until now.)
Wortherkunft
The word '지금까지' is a compound adverb formed by combining '지금' (jigeum), meaning 'now,' and '까지' (kkaji), a particle meaning 'until' or 'up to.' The combination logically extends the meaning of 'now' to encompass the duration leading up to the present moment.
Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: Literally, 'now + until,' signifying the entire period from some past point up to the current moment.
KoreanKultureller Kontext
The use of '지금까지' is generally neutral and does not carry any inherent sensitivity. It's a factual adverb used to describe a temporal scope. However, the context in which it's used can influence its emotional weight. For example, discussing past hardships ('지금까지 겪은 어려움') can be sensitive depending on the topic.
In English-speaking cultures, similar phrases like 'up to now,' 'so far,' or 'to date' serve the same function. The emphasis on progress and accumulated experience is also present, though perhaps expressed with slightly different cultural nuances. For example, in business contexts, 'to date' is commonly used for reporting progress on projects.
Im Alltag üben
Kontexte aus dem Alltag
Discussing personal progress or achievements.
- 지금까지 무엇을 배웠어요?
- 지금까지의 경험이 중요해요.
- 지금까지 정말 많이 성장했어요.
Reporting on the status of a project or task.
- 지금까지 작업이 얼마나 진행되었나요?
- 지금까지 계획대로 잘 되고 있습니다.
- 지금까지의 결과는 만족스럽습니다.
Recounting past events or experiences.
- 지금까지 이런 일은 처음이에요.
- 지금까지 살면서 가장 행복했던 순간이었어요.
- 지금까지 겪었던 어려움들을 이겨냈어요.
Comparing past and present situations.
- 지금까지와는 많이 달라졌어요.
- 지금까지의 모습과는 상상도 못 했어요.
- 지금까지는 몰랐는데, 이제 알게 되었어요.
Expressing continuity or sustained effort.
- 저는 지금까지 꾸준히 노력해 왔습니다.
- 이 전통은 지금까지 이어져 오고 있습니다.
- 지금까지 그를 믿어왔어요.
Gesprächseinstiege
"What have you been up to until now?"
"How has your day been so far?"
"Tell me about your experiences until now."
"What's the most interesting thing you've learned so far?"
"What challenges have you faced up to this point?"
Tagebuch-Impulse
Reflect on your journey so far. What are the key milestones you've reached until now?
Describe a situation where your efforts up to this point have paid off. What did you learn from it?
Think about your personal growth. How have you changed from the person you were until now?
What are your hopes and plans for the future, considering everything that has happened until now?
Write about a time when you thought something was impossible, but you managed to achieve it up to the present.
Häufig gestellte Fragen
10 FragenThe literal meaning of '지금까지' is '지금' (jigeum - now) + '까지' (kkaji - until/up to). So, it literally translates to 'now until' or 'up to now,' signifying the duration from some past point up to the current moment.
No, '지금까지' is specifically used to refer to a period that ends in the present. It cannot be used with future tense verbs. For future timeframes, you would use words like '이제부터' (from now on) or '앞으로' (in the future).
While both mean 'until now' or 'up to the present,' '현재까지' (hyeonjaekkaji) is generally considered more formal than '지금까지.' '지금까지' is more common in everyday conversation, while '현재까지' might be preferred in formal writing, academic texts, or official reports.
'아직' (ajik) means 'still' or 'yet' and is used in negative or interrogative sentences to indicate that something has not happened or is not true up to the present. '지금까지' is typically used in affirmative sentences to describe what *has* happened or been true up to the present. For example: '아직 안 끝났어요.' (It's not finished yet.) vs. '지금까지 다 끝났어요.' (It has all finished until now.)
Yes, '지금까지' can refer to a very recent past leading up to the present. For instance, if you just finished a task, you could say '지금까지 이 일을 했어요' (I've been doing this work until now), even if 'now' is only a few minutes after you started or finished the main part of the task.
The best way is to create sentences about your own experiences. Think about what you've done today, this week, or this year, and use '지금까지' to frame those actions. For example, '지금까지 저는 한국 드라마를 10편 봤어요.' (I have watched 10 Korean dramas until now.)
Not necessarily. It indicates a duration up to the present. If paired with a past tense verb, it often implies completion within that timeframe (e.g., '지금까지 먹었어요' - I have eaten until now). If paired with the present progressive tense ('-고 있다'), it implies the action is still ongoing (e.g., '지금까지 공부하고 있어요' - I have been studying until now).
Yes, it can be used with negative verbs to state that something has *not* happened up to the present. For example: '지금까지 아무도 이 사실을 몰랐어요.' (Nobody knew this fact until now.)
In daily conversation, it's used very naturally to update someone on progress, share past experiences, or reflect on how things have changed. For example, when asked 'How have you been?', one might reply, '지금까지는 괜찮았어요.' (It's been okay until now.)
Yes, '지금까지의 경험' (experiences so far), '지금까지와는 다른' (different from until now), and '지금까지 노력해 왔다' (have been making efforts until now) are very common and useful phrases.
Teste dich selbst 10 Fragen
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Perfect score!
Summary
지금까지 (jigeumkkaji) is a crucial adverb for expressing continuity from the past to the present, signifying 'until now' or 'so far.' It's essential for recounting experiences, discussing progress, and describing states that have persisted up to the current moment.
- 지금까지 (jigeumkkaji) means 'until now' or 'up to the present.'
- It describes a duration from the past continuing to the current moment.
- Used to talk about progress, past experiences, or ongoing states.
- Commonly pairs with past tense or present progressive verbs.
Master the Sounds
Pay close attention to the initial sounds of '지' and the aspirated 'ㄲ' in '까지'. Practice saying 'jigeum' and 'kkaji' distinctly. The '으' vowel in '지금' is also important to get right; it's a short, unstressed sound.
Connect to the Present
Always remember that '지금까지' connects a past duration to the *current* moment. When forming sentences, ensure the verb tense or aspect reflects this continuity or completion up to the present.
Visual Timeline
Imagine a timeline. '지금까지' covers the entire line from the past up to the 'NOW' point. This visual can help you remember its meaning of a complete duration ending in the present.
Listen Actively
Expose yourself to Korean media (dramas, movies, news). When you hear '지금까지,' try to predict its meaning before looking it up. This active listening will greatly improve your comprehension.
Beispiel
지금까지 잘 지내셨어요?
Verwandte Inhalte
Dieses Wort in anderen Sprachen
Mehr general Wörter
몇몇
A2Einige; ein paar.
조금
A1Ich spreche ein bisschen Koreanisch. (한국어를 조금 해요.)
적게
A1Wenig, in geringer Menge. Wird verwendet, um eine Handlung zu beschreiben, die sparsam ausgeführt wird.
약간
A2Ein bisschen; etwas; leicht. Wird verwendet, um eine geringe Menge oder einen niedrigen Grad zu beschreiben.
많이
A1Viel / Sehr. 'Ich habe viel gelernt' (공부 많이 했어요). 'Es ist sehr kalt' (많이 추워요).
잠시
A2Für einen Moment; kurz. 'Bitte warten Sie einen Moment.' (잠시만 기다려 주세요.) 'Ich bin in Kürze zurück.' (잠시 후에 돌아오겠습니다.)
잠깐
A2For a short time; a moment.
아까
A2Vorhin, vor kurzer Zeit. Ich habe ihn vorhin im Büro gesehen.
대해
A2Bedeutet 'über' oder 'bezüglich'. Es wird verwendet, um das Thema eines Gesprächs oder eines Gedankens einzuleiten.
~에 대해서
A2Über; in Bezug auf.
