に反して در ۳۰ ثانیه
- Opposes expectations, rules, or norms.
- Signifies actions or outcomes contrary to what was expected.
- Used when something happens against a plan or prediction.
- Highlights deliberate defiance or opposition.
The Japanese particle phrase 「に反して」(ni hanshite) is used to express a contrast or opposition to something. It signifies that an action, situation, or outcome is contrary to, against, or in defiance of a preceding statement, expectation, or rule. Think of it as meaning "contrary to," "in contrast with," "against," or "in opposition to." It's a common way to highlight unexpected results or actions that go against the norm or a specific plan.
You'll often encounter 「に反して」 in situations where expectations are not met or when someone deliberately chooses to act in a way that opposes a prevailing sentiment, order, or prediction. It can be used to describe events that unfold differently than anticipated, or individuals who act against a group's consensus or a set of established principles. The phrase adds a layer of nuance by emphasizing the divergence from what was expected or prescribed.
Consider the difference between simply stating a fact and using 「に反して」. If you say 「雨が降った」(Ame ga futta - It rained), it's a simple statement. However, if you say 「晴れると予想されていたのに反して、雨が降った」(Hareru to yosō sarete ita no ni hanshite, ame ga futta - Contrary to the prediction that it would be sunny, it rained), you are actively highlighting the unexpectedness and the contrast with the prediction. This makes the sentence more impactful and informative.
It's particularly useful in formal writing, news reports, and discussions where clarity about contrasting situations is important. For instance, in legal contexts, it might be used to describe actions taken 「法律に反して」(hōritsu ni hanshite - against the law). In business, it could describe a product's performance 「市場の予想に反して」(shijō no yosō ni hanshite - contrary to market expectations). In everyday conversations, it can be used to express surprise or disagreement with a common belief or a planned course of action.
The grammatical structure typically involves a noun or a clause followed by 「に反して」. The noun or clause before 「に反して」 sets up the expectation, rule, or norm, and what follows describes the contrasting reality. This contrast can be between a prediction and an outcome, a rule and an action, or a general trend and a specific instance. Understanding this structure is key to using 「に反して」 effectively.
The phrase adds a sense of emphasis to the contrast, making the statement more dramatic or analytical. It's not just about stating two different things; it's about pointing out that one thing happened *despite* or *in opposition to* another. This is crucial for conveying complex ideas and relationships between events or ideas in Japanese.
- Key Usage Scenarios
- - Describing unexpected outcomes that defy predictions or expectations.
- Highlighting actions that go against established rules, laws, or norms.
- Contrasting a general trend or belief with a specific, opposing event or behavior.
- Emphasizing deliberate defiance or opposition to a stated plan or intention.
Everyone expected him to agree, but he actedに反して.
The results were the oppositeに反して what we had hoped for.
- Grammatical Structure
- Noun/Clause + 「に反して」 + Contrasting Statement. The preceding element establishes the baseline or expectation that is being contradicted.
- Example Phrases
- - 予想に反して (yosō ni hanshite) - Contrary to expectations
- 計画に反して (keikaku ni hanshite) - Contrary to the plan
- 一般的な意見に反して (ippan-tekina iken ni hanshite) - Contrary to popular opinion
- 法に反して (hō ni hanshite) - Against the law
- 期待に反して (kitai ni hanshite) - Contrary to expectations/hopes
The versatility of 「に反して」 allows it to be integrated into a wide range of sentence structures, making it a valuable tool for expressing nuanced contrasts. The core principle is to establish a point of reference – an expectation, a rule, a prediction, or a common understanding – and then present an element that deviates from it.
One common pattern involves using a noun phrase before 「に反して」. This noun phrase represents the established norm or expectation. For example, 「予想」 (yosō - expectation) or 「計画」 (keikaku - plan) are frequently used.
我々の予想に反して、そのイベントは大成功だった。
Wareware no yosō ni hanshite, sono ibento wa dai seikō datta.
Translation: Contrary to our expectations, the event was a great success.
In this sentence, 「我々の予想」 (wareware no yosō - our expectations) sets the baseline, and the subsequent clause 「そのイベントは大成功だった」 (sono ibento wa dai seikō datta - the event was a great success) presents the contrasting outcome.
Another common structure involves using a clause before 「に反して」, often nominalized or in its plain form. This allows for more complex ideas to be contrasted.
多くの人が反対すると考えられていたことに反して、彼はその提案を受け入れた。
Ōku no hito ga hantai suru to kangaerarete ita koto ni hanshite, kare wa sono teian o ukeireta.
Translation: Contrary to the idea that many people would oppose it, he accepted the proposal.
Here, the clause 「多くの人が反対すると考えられていたこと」 (ōku no hito ga hantai suru to kangaerarete ita koto - the idea that many people would oppose it) establishes the expected resistance, which is then contradicted by 「彼はその提案を受け入れた」 (kare wa sono teian o ukeireta - he accepted the proposal).
When dealing with laws or rules, 「法に反して」 (hō ni hanshite - against the law) or 「規則に反して」 (kisoku ni hanshite - against the rules) are frequently used.
彼は会社の規則に反して、個人的な用事で遅刻した。
Kare wa kaisha no kisoku ni hanshite, kojin-tekina yōji de chikoku shita.
Translation: He was late for a personal reason, contrary to company rules.
The phrase can also be used to express a more general opposition to a prevailing trend or common practice.
世間の常識に反して、彼女はその生き方を選んだ。
Seken no jōshiki ni hanshite, kanojo wa sono ikikata o eranda.
Translation: Contrary to common sense, she chose that way of life.
In all these examples, 「に反して」 serves to explicitly mark the contrast, making the statement clearer and more impactful than simply stating the two elements separately.
You'll encounter 「に反して」 in a variety of real-world situations, often where there's a need to highlight a deviation from the norm, an unexpected outcome, or a deliberate act of opposition. Its presence signals a contrast that is significant enough to warrant explicit mention.
News Reports and Formal Announcements: News anchors and official statements frequently use 「に反して」 to report on events that unfolded differently than expected or against established protocols. For instance, a report might state that a company's profits rose 「市場の予測に反して」(shijō no yosoku ni hanshite - contrary to market forecasts) or that a politician took an action 「党の方針に反して」(tō no hōshin ni hanshite - contrary to the party's policy).
The weather forecast predicted clear skies, butに反して, it rained heavily.
Legal and Official Documents: In legal contexts, 「に反して」 is crucial for describing actions that violate laws or regulations. You might see phrases like 「法律に反して」(hōritsu ni hanshite - against the law) or 「契約に反して」(keiyaku ni hanshite - contrary to the contract). This precise language is essential for legal clarity.
Academic and Research Papers: When discussing research findings or theories, academics use 「に反して」 to point out results that contradict existing hypotheses or established knowledge. For example, a paper might state, 「先行研究の結論に反して、本研究では異なる結果が得られた。」(Senkō kenkyū no ketsuron ni hanshite, hon kenkyū de wa kotonaru kekka ga erareta - Contrary to the conclusions of previous research, this study yielded different results.)
He actedに反して everyone's expectations.
Business and Economics: In the business world, 「に反して」 is used to describe market reactions, company performance, or consumer behavior that defies predictions. A business report might mention that a new product sold well 「競合他社の予想に反して」(kyōgō tasha no yosō ni hanshite - contrary to competitors' expectations).
Debates and Discussions: During debates or discussions, speakers might use 「に反して」 to challenge a prevailing opinion or a proposed course of action. They might say, 「多数派の意見に反して、私はこう考えます。」(Tasūha no iken ni hanshite, watashi wa kō kangaemasu - Contrary to the majority opinion, I think this way.)
Literature and Storytelling: Authors use 「に反して」 to create dramatic tension or to highlight a character's unique or rebellious nature. A narrative might describe a character who, 「親の期待に反して」(oya no kitai ni hanshite - contrary to their parents' expectations), pursued an unconventional career.
While 「に反して」 is a useful phrase, learners can sometimes make mistakes in its application, leading to awkward or incorrect Japanese. Understanding these common pitfalls can significantly improve your accuracy.
Mistake 1: Overusing 「に反して」 for simple contrasts.
Sometimes, a simple conjunction like 「しかし」(shikashi - but) or 「でも」(demo - but) is sufficient. 「に反して」 implies a stronger, more direct opposition or a contradiction of an expectation or rule. Using it for minor differences can sound unnatural.
Incorrect: 私はコーヒーが好きですが、に反して彼は紅茶が好きです。(Watashi wa kōhī ga suki desu ga, ni hanshite kare wa kōcha ga suki desu.) - I like coffee, but he likes tea. (This is a simple preference difference, not a strong contrast.)
Correct: 私はコーヒーが好きですが、彼は紅茶が好きです。(Watashi wa kōhī ga suki desu ga, kare wa kōcha ga suki desu.)
Mistake 2: Incorrect grammatical attachment.
The phrase 「に反して」 attaches to a noun or a nominalized clause. Attaching it directly to a verb or adjective in its plain form without proper nominalization can be grammatically incorrect.
Incorrect: 彼は予想に反して来た。(Kare wa yosō ni hanshite kita.) - He came contrary to expectations. (This is actually correct, but learners might try to attach it to the verb itself, which is wrong.)
Let's consider a more illustrative incorrect example:
Incorrect: 計画通りに進むに反して、問題が発生した。(Keikaku dōri ni susumu ni hanshite, mondai ga hassei shita.) - Contrary to proceeding according to the plan, problems occurred. (The verb 「進む」 should be nominalized or part of a nominalized phrase.)
Correct: 計画通りに進むことに反して、問題が発生した。(Keikaku dōri ni susumu koto ni hanshite, mondai ga hassei shita.) - Contrary to proceeding according to the plan, problems occurred.
Or, more naturally:
Correct: 計画に反して、問題が発生した。(Keikaku ni hanshite, mondai ga hassei shita.) - Contrary to the plan, problems occurred.
Mistake 3: Confusing 「に反して」 with 「に対して」 (ni taishite).
「に対して」 means "towards," "regarding," or "in contrast to," but it often implies a more direct comparison or reaction rather than a strong opposition or defiance. While there can be overlap, 「に反して」 emphasizes the *contradiction* of an expectation or rule.
Incorrect (using 「に対して」 where 「に反して」 is needed): 彼の行動は法に対してだった。(Kare no kōdō wa hō ni taishite datta.) - His actions were towards the law. (This doesn't make sense.)
Correct: 彼の行動は法に反していた。(Kare no kōdō wa hō ni hanshite ita.) - His actions were against the law.
Mistake 4: Not providing a clear point of contrast.
「に反して」 inherently requires something to contrast against. If the preceding statement or context doesn't clearly establish an expectation, rule, or norm, the use of 「に反して」 can be confusing.
Confusing: 彼はに反して来た。(Kare wa ni hanshite kita.) - He came contrary to... (Contrary to what? This sentence is incomplete.)
Clearer: 誰も来ないと思っていたのに反して、彼は来た。(Dare mo konai to omotte ita no ni hanshite, kare wa kita.) - Contrary to the expectation that no one would come, he came.
While 「に反して」 is a powerful phrase for expressing opposition and contrast, several other words and phrases can convey similar meanings, each with its own nuance and typical usage. Understanding these alternatives will allow you to choose the most appropriate expression for your specific context.
1. 「しかし」(Shikashi) / 「でも」(Demo) / 「だが」(Daga)
These are common conjunctions meaning "but" or "however." They introduce a contrast, but generally a less forceful one than 「に反して」. They are used for simple oppositions or to present an alternative point.
- Comparison
- - **「に反して」**: Emphasizes defiance, opposition to a rule/expectation, or unexpected outcome.
- **「しかし」/「でも」/「だが」**: General contrast, presenting an alternative or a mild contradiction.
予想は晴れだった。しかし、雨が降った。
Yosō wa hare datta. Shikashi, ame ga futta.
Translation: The prediction was clear. However, it rained.
2. 「一方で」(Ippō de)
This phrase means "on the other hand" or "meanwhile." It's used to present two contrasting situations or viewpoints side-by-side, often for comparison or to show different aspects of a situation.
- Comparison
- - **「に反して」**: Highlights a direct contradiction or defiance.
- **「一方で」**: Presents two distinct, often parallel, contrasting elements.
彼は新しいビジネスを始めた。一方で、古い事業は縮小した。
Kare wa atarashii bijinesu o hajimeta. Ippō de, furui jigyō wa shukushō shita.
Translation: He started a new business. On the other hand, the old business was scaled down.
3. 「むしろ」(Mushiro)
This adverb means "rather" or "instead." It's used when one thing is preferred or more accurate than another, often correcting a previous assumption or statement.
- Comparison
- - **「に反して」**: Focuses on opposition to an external norm or expectation.
- **「むしろ」**: Suggests a preference for one option over another, or a correction of perception.
それは失敗ではなく、むしろ新しい挑戦だった。
Sore wa shippai de wa naku, mushiro atarashii chōsen datta.
Translation: It wasn't a failure, but rather a new challenge.
4. 「逆に」(Gyakuni)
This adverb means "conversely," "on the contrary," or "in reverse." It's used to state the opposite of what was previously mentioned or implied, often with a strong sense of opposition.
- Comparison
- - **「に反して」**: Often used with nouns or clauses representing expectations/rules.
- **「逆に」**: Can be used more broadly to state the opposite, often as a direct counterpoint.
彼は努力しなかった。逆に、彼は運が良かっただけだ。
Kare wa doryoku shinakatta. Gyakuni, kare wa un ga yokatta dake da.
Translation: He didn't make an effort. Conversely, he was just lucky.
5. 「〜にもかかわらず」(Ni mo kakawarazu)
This phrase means "despite" or "regardless of." It's used when something happens even though there's an obstacle or a reason for it not to happen, similar to 「に反して」 but often focusing more on overcoming difficulties.
- Comparison
- - **「に反して」**: Emphasizes opposition to a specific expectation or rule.
- **「〜にもかかわらず」**: Highlights an action occurring despite existing obstacles or conditions.
悪天候にもかかわらず、彼は会議に出席した。
Akutenkō ni mo kakawarazu, kare wa kaigi ni shusseki shita.
Translation: Despite the bad weather, he attended the meeting.
چقدر رسمی است؟
نکته جالب
The kanji 「反」 is composed of 'mouth' (口) and 'feet' (止), symbolizing someone turning their back or going in the opposite direction. This visual metaphor aligns well with the meaning of opposition and defiance.
راهنمای تلفظ
- Pronouncing 'ni' too long.
- Not nasalizing the 'n' in 'han'.
- Incorrect stress placement, perhaps emphasizing 'ni' or 'te'.
سطح دشواری
This phrase is common in written Japanese, especially in news, academic articles, and literature, where nuanced contrasts are frequent. Learners at the B1 level should be familiar with its basic meaning and usage.
While straightforward, mastering the correct preceding grammatical structures (nouns, nominalized clauses) and choosing the most appropriate alternative can be challenging for learners. Accuracy in these aspects is key for effective writing.
Speakers at the B1 level can use this phrase to express clear contrasts. However, spontaneous use might require practice to ensure the correct grammatical structure and natural flow.
This phrase is frequently encountered in spoken Japanese, particularly in news broadcasts, documentaries, and formal presentations. Understanding the context it sets up is important for comprehension.
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
Nominalization with こと (koto) and の (no)
The phrase 「に反して」 often attaches to nominalized clauses. For instance, 「〜することに反して」(ni hanshite) or 「〜していることに反して」(ni hanshite). Example: 計画通りに進むことに反して, 問題が発生した。(Keikaku dōri ni susumu koto ni hanshite, mondai ga hassei shita.)
Use of particles in contrastive structures
Particles like 「は」(wa), 「が」(ga), and 「しかし」(shikashi) are also used to show contrast. 「に反して」 is a specific type of contrast that emphasizes opposition to a norm or expectation, often more strongly than simple conjunctions.
Verb conjugation for plain form
When a verb precedes 「に反して」 (often through nominalization), it takes its plain form. For example, 「予想する」(yosō suru - to expect) becomes 「予想することに反して」 (yosō suru koto ni hanshite).
Attaching 「に」 to nouns
The particle 「に」 is fundamental here, marking the target of the opposition. It attaches to nouns that represent the expectation, rule, or norm being defied. Example: 予想に反して (yosō ni hanshite).
The function of the te-form (して)
The 「して」 in 「に反して」 is the te-form of the verb 「する」(suru). In this context, it serves to connect the preceding element (the norm/expectation) with the following clause (the contrasting action/outcome), functioning as a conjunctive particle phrase.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
予想に反して、会議は早く終わった。
Contrary to expectations, the meeting ended early.
「予想」(expectation) + 「に反して」 + contrasting outcome.
多くの人が反対するだろうという意見に反して、彼は賛成した。
Contrary to the opinion that many people would oppose it, he agreed.
Nominalized clause 「多くの人が反対するだろうという意見」 + 「に反して」.
計画に反して、彼は一人で旅行に行くことにした。
Contrary to the plan, he decided to go on a trip alone.
「計画」(plan) + 「に反して」.
一般的な常識に反して、その行動は正当化された。
Contrary to common sense, that action was justified.
「一般的な常識」(common sense) + 「に反して」.
彼の説明は、事実と反している。
His explanation is contrary to the facts.
「事実」(facts) + 「と反している」 (a related verb form indicating contradiction).
市場の予測に反して、株価は上昇した。
Contrary to market predictions, stock prices rose.
「市場の予測」(market predictions) + 「に反して」.
指示に反して、彼は勝手に部屋に入った。
Contrary to the instructions, he entered the room without permission.
「指示」(instructions) + 「に反して」.
親の期待に反して、彼は芸術家になった。
Contrary to his parents' expectations, he became an artist.
「親の期待」(parents' expectations) + 「に反して」.
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— Contrary to expectations; unexpectedly.
予想に反して、会議はとても和やかだった。 (Yosō ni hanshite, kaigi wa totemo nayayaka datta.) Contrary to expectations, the meeting was very amicable.
— Contrary to the plan; deviating from the plan.
計画に反して、彼は予定より早く帰宅した。 (Keikaku ni hanshite, kare wa yotei yori hayaku kitaku shita.) Contrary to the plan, he returned home earlier than scheduled.
— Contrary to expectations or hopes; disappointingly.
期待に反して、試験の結果は悪かった。 (Kitai ni hanshite, shiken no kekka wa warukatta.) Contrary to expectations, the exam results were poor.
— Against the law; illegally.
法に反して、彼はその行為を行った。 (Hō ni hanshite, kare wa sono kōi o okonatta.) Against the law, he committed that act.
— Contrary to general theory or common belief.
一般論に反して、この治療法は有効だった。 (Ippan-ron ni hanshite, kono chiryōhō wa yūkō datta.) Contrary to general theory, this treatment method was effective.
— Contrary to common sense or conventional wisdom.
常識に反して、彼はその危険な道を選んだ。 (Jōshiki ni hanshite, kare wa sono kiken na michi o eranda.) Contrary to common sense, he chose that dangerous path.
— Contrary to instructions or orders.
指示に反して、彼は勝手に進んだ。 (Shiji ni hanshite, kare wa katte ni susunda.) Contrary to instructions, he proceeded on his own.
— Contrary to the opinion of the majority.
多数派の意見に反して、彼は反対票を投じた。 (Tasūha no iken ni hanshite, kare wa hantaihyō o tōjita.) Contrary to the opinion of the majority, he cast a dissenting vote.
— Contrary to public opinion.
世論に反して、政府は法案を可決した。 (Yoron ni hanshite, seifu wa hōan o kaketsu shita.) Contrary to public opinion, the government passed the bill.
— Contrary to the laws of nature.
自然の法則に反して、その現象は説明がつかなかった。 (Shizen no hōsoku ni hanshite, sono genshō wa setsumei ga tsukanakatta.) Contrary to the laws of nature, the phenomenon could not be explained.
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
「に対して」 means 'towards', 'regarding', or 'in contrast to'. While it can indicate a difference, it's often about a direct comparison, reaction, or addressing something, rather than a strong opposition or defiance of a rule/expectation like 「に反して」.
These are topic and contrast markers. While they can introduce contrasting information, they don't carry the specific meaning of going *against* an expectation or rule that 「に反して」 does.
These are conjunctions meaning 'but' or 'however'. They introduce a general contrast, whereas 「に反して」 implies a more direct opposition or defiance.
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— Breaking common sense; unconventional; avant-garde. While not a direct idiom using 「に反して」, it describes the *result* of acting contrary to common sense.
彼のデザインは常識破りだが、それが魅力だ。 (Kare no dezain wa jōshiki yaburi da ga, sore ga miryoku da.) His designs are unconventional, and that's their appeal.
— Not submitting to authority; rebellious. This describes a person or action that goes against authority, similar to acting 「権威に反して」.
彼は権威に服さないことで知られている。 (Kare wa ken'i ni fukusanai koto de shirarete iru.) He is known for not submitting to authority.
— To overturn established concepts or notions. This is the act of going against pre-existing ideas.
その発見は、長年の既成概念を覆すものだった。 (Sono hakken wa, naganen no kiseigainen o kutsugaesu mono datta.) That discovery overturned long-standing established concepts.
— To do something secretly, avoiding public attention. This is acting contrary to what society expects or allows openly.
彼は世間の目を盗んで、秘密裏に計画を進めた。 (Kare wa seken no me o nusunde, himitsu-ri ni keikaku o susumeta.) He secretly proceeded with the plan, stealing away from public view.
— To deviate from the established pattern or standard procedure (often used in games like Go or Shogi, but applicable metaphorically).
その手は定石を外れているが、効果的だった。 (Sono te wa jōseki o hazurete iru ga, kōka-teki datta.) That move deviates from the standard pattern, but it was effective.
— Like water and oil; completely incompatible. This describes two things that are fundamentally opposed and cannot mix, similar to how two situations might be opposed when using 「に反して」.
彼らの意見は水と油ほど違う。 (Karera no iken wa mizu to abura hodo chigau.) Their opinions are as different as water and oil.
— One's true feelings vs. outward appearance/public stance. Acting with tatemae often means behaving contrary to one's honne.
彼はいつも本音と建前を使い分けている。 (Kare wa itsumo honne to tatemae o tsukaiwakete iru.) He always switches between his true feelings and his public facade.
— To go beyond the bounds of normal behavior; to be out of line. This describes actions that are contrary to normal conduct.
彼の態度は常軌を逸していた。 (Kare no taido wa jōki o isshite ita.) His attitude was out of line.
— To break the established pattern or standard procedure. Similar to 定石を外れる but with a more active sense of breaking.
その戦略は定石を破るものだった。 (Sono senryaku wa jōseki o yaburu mono datta.) That strategy was one that broke the established pattern.
— To be bound by established concepts; to be conventional. The opposite of acting contrary to established concepts.
彼は既成概念にとらわれず、新しいアイデアを生み出した。 (Kare wa kiseigainen ni torawarezu, atarashii aidea o umidashita.) He created new ideas without being bound by established concepts.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Both phrases can express some form of contrast or opposition.
「に反して」 specifically means 'contrary to' or 'against' an expectation, rule, or norm, implying defiance or an unexpected outcome. 「に対して」 is broader; it can mean 'towards', 'regarding', 'in contrast to', or 'while'. It often implies a direct comparison or reaction rather than a strong opposition to a principle.
予想<mark>に反して</mark>、試合は盛り上がった。(Yosō ni hanshite, shiai wa moriagatta.) - Contrary to expectations, the game was exciting. (Strong opposition to prediction) 先生<mark>に対して</mark>、生徒は質問した。(Sensei ni taishite, seito wa shitsumon shita.) - The student asked a question towards the teacher. (Addressing/regarding)
Both phrases describe situations where something happens despite a condition or expectation.
「に反して」 emphasizes opposition to a specific expectation, rule, or norm, highlighting defiance or an unexpected outcome. 「〜にもかかわらず」 means 'despite' or 'regardless of' and focuses on an action occurring even though there were obstacles or reasons for it not to happen. It's about overcoming difficulties rather than direct opposition to a norm.
計画<mark>に反して</mark>, 彼は遅刻した。(Keikaku ni hanshite, kare wa chikoku shita.) - Contrary to the plan, he was late. (Directly against the plan) 悪天候<mark>にもかかわらず</mark>, 彼は来た。(Akutenkō ni mo kakawarazu, kare wa kita.) - Despite the bad weather, he came. (Action happened in spite of an obstacle)
Both phrases can translate to 'contrary to' or 'opposite to'.
「〜とは反対に」 often implies a more direct reversal or opposite state, a clear flip from one thing to another. 「に反して」 can also mean this, but it also carries a stronger nuance of defiance, opposition to a rule, or going against an established expectation or norm. 「〜とは反対に」 can be more about a simple reversal of state or direction.
予想<mark>に反して</mark>, 株価は上がった。(Yosō ni hanshite, kabuka wa agatta.) - Contrary to expectations, stock prices rose. (Unexpected outcome, implies defiance of prediction) 彼は右に進んだが、妹は<mark>その反対に</mark>左に進んだ。(Kare wa migi ni susunda ga, imōto wa sono hantai ni hidari ni susunda.) - He went right, but his sister went left, the opposite. (Direct reversal of direction)
Both imply a disregard for something.
「〜を無視して」 means 'ignoring' or 'disregarding' something, suggesting a conscious choice to overlook it. 「に反して」 means 'contrary to' or 'against' something, implying active opposition or defiance of a rule, expectation, or norm. You can ignore a warning (無視して), but you act contrary to the law (法に反して).
警告<mark>を無視して</mark>, 彼は進んだ。(Keikoku o mushi shite, kare wa susunda.) - Ignoring the warning, he proceeded. 規則<mark>に反して</mark>, 彼は部屋に入った。(Kisoku ni hanshite, kare wa heya ni haitta.) - Contrary to the rules, he entered the room.
Both suggest acting without regard for something.
「〜をよそに」 means 'unconcerned by', 'ignoring', or 'in disregard of' something external (like people's worries or surroundings), suggesting a focus on one's own actions. 「に反して」 means 'contrary to' or 'against' a specific rule, expectation, or norm, implying active opposition. You might act 「をよそに」 your friends' advice, but you act 「に反して」 the law.
周囲の心配<mark>をよそに</mark>, 彼は一人で旅に出た。(Shūi no shinpai o yo so ni, kare wa hitori de tabi ni deta.) - Unconcerned by the worries of those around him, he set off on a journey alone. 計画<mark>に反して</mark>, 彼は突然旅に出た。(Keikaku ni hanshite, kare wa totsuzen tabi ni deta.) - Contrary to the plan, he suddenly set off on a journey.
الگوهای جملهسازی
Noun + に反して, Sentence.
予想<mark>に反して</mark>, 試験は簡単だった。(Yosō ni hanshite, shiken wa kantan datta.) - Contrary to expectations, the exam was easy.
Clause + ことに反して, Sentence.
皆が反対すると考えていた<mark>ことに反して</mark>, 彼は賛成した。(Minna ga hantai suru to kangaete ita koto ni hanshite, kare wa sansei shita.) - Contrary to the idea that everyone thought he would oppose it, he agreed.
Noun + に反して, Sentence.
計画<mark>に反して</mark>, 彼は一人で行動した。(Keikaku ni hanshite, kare wa hitori de kōdō shita.) - Contrary to the plan, he acted alone.
Noun + に反して, Sentence.
法<mark>に反して</mark>, その行為は行われた。(Hō ni hanshite, sono kōi wa okonawareta.) - Contrary to the law, that act was committed.
Noun + に反して, Sentence.
期待<mark>に反して</mark>, 結果は悪かった。(Kitai ni hanshite, kekka wa warukatta.) - Contrary to expectations, the results were bad.
Noun + に反して, Sentence.
常識<mark>に反して</mark>, 彼はその方法を選んだ。(Jōshiki ni hanshite, kare wa sono hōhō o eranda.) - Contrary to common sense, he chose that method.
Noun + に反して, Sentence.
指示<mark>に反して</mark>, 彼は勝手に進んだ。(Shiji ni hanshite, kare wa katte ni susunda.) - Contrary to instructions, he proceeded on his own.
Noun + に反して, Sentence.
世論<mark>に反して</mark>, 政府は決定を下した。(Yoron ni hanshite, seifu wa kettei o kudashita.) - Contrary to public opinion, the government made a decision.
خانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
مرتبط
نحوه استفاده
High
-
Using 「に反して」 for simple differences.
→
Using 「しかし」 or 「〜は」 for basic contrasts.
「に反して」 implies a strong opposition or defiance of an expectation/rule. For simple differences, like liking different colors, a general conjunction is more natural. For example, 'I like blue, but he likes red' is better with 「しかし」.
-
Attaching 「に反して」 directly to verbs or adjectives.
→
Nominalizing the verb/adjective clause with 「こと」 or using a preceding noun.
The phrase 「に反して」 typically follows a noun or a nominalized clause. For example, instead of '計画進むに反して', use '計画<mark>に反して</mark>' or '計画通りに進む<mark>ことに反して</mark>'.
-
Confusing 「に反して」 with 「〜に対して」.
→
Using 「に反して」 for opposition/defiance and 「〜に対して」 for 'towards', 'regarding', or direct comparison.
「に反して」 means 'contrary to' or 'against' a norm/expectation. 「〜に対して」 means 'towards' or 'in contrast to' and is often about addressing someone or comparing things directly, not necessarily defying a rule.
-
Not providing a clear expectation or norm to contrast against.
→
Ensuring the preceding part of the sentence clearly sets up what is being defied.
「に反して」 needs a reference point. A sentence like '彼はに反して来た' is incomplete. It should be '誰も来ないと思っていたのに<mark>反して</mark>, 彼は来た' (Contrary to the expectation that no one would come, he came).
-
Using 「に反して」 when 「〜にもかかわらず」 is more appropriate.
→
Using 「〜にもかかわらず」 for actions that occur despite obstacles, and 「に反して」 for actions against expectations/rules.
「に反して」 focuses on opposing a norm or expectation. 「〜にもかかわらず」 focuses on overcoming a difficulty or obstacle. 'Despite the rain, he came' is 「雨<mark>にもかかわらず</mark>, 彼は来た」. 'Contrary to the forecast, it rained' is 「予報<mark>に反して</mark>, 雨が降った」.
نکات
Master the Preceding Element
The effectiveness of 「に反して」 hinges on clearly establishing what it is contrasting against. Ensure the noun or clause before it clearly represents an expectation, rule, plan, or norm. This makes the subsequent contrasting statement more impactful.
Emphasize the Unexpected
「に反して」 is excellent for highlighting surprises or deviations. Use it when the outcome is significantly different from what was anticipated or prescribed. This adds a layer of drama or analytical depth to your sentences.
Distinguish from Similar Phrases
Be mindful of the nuances between 「に反して」, 「〜にもかかわらず」, and 「〜とは反対に」. 「に反して」 implies active opposition or defiance of a norm, while 「〜にもかかわらず」 is about overcoming obstacles, and 「〜とは反対に」 is often a direct reversal.
Create Your Own Contrasts
Actively try to construct sentences using 「に反して」 in your daily practice. Think of common situations where expectations are defied or rules are broken, and express them using this phrase.
Listen for the Setup
When listening to Japanese, try to identify the part of the sentence that sets up the expectation or norm *before* 「に反して」 appears. This will help you anticipate the contrasting information that follows.
Consider Formality
While 「に反して」 is versatile, it can sound slightly formal in very casual conversation. In relaxed settings, simpler contrastive conjunctions might be more natural, but 「に反して」 is excellent for clear, impactful statements in most contexts.
Nominalization is Key
Remember that verbs and adjectives preceding 「に反して」 usually need to be nominalized (often with 「こと」) to form a grammatically correct phrase. This ensures the phrase attaches correctly to the noun-like element.
Connect to 'Hansuru'
Think of the core verb 「反する」(hansuru - to oppose). 「に反して」 is a grammatical construction derived from this verb, reinforcing the idea of going against something.
Be Specific with Your Contrast
Instead of vague statements, use 「に反して」 to contrast specific expectations with actual outcomes. For example, instead of 'It was different,' say 'Contrary to the prediction, it rained.'
Nasalize 'Han'
Pay attention to the nasal 'n' sound in the 'han' syllable of 「反して」. Proper pronunciation helps native speakers understand your intended meaning more clearly.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Imagine a person standing on a line (the 'rule' or 'expectation') and deliberately stepping *off* the line to the side, going 'against' it. The 'ni' points to the line, and 'hanshite' shows the action of going against it. Think of a 'hand' (han) reaching out to 'shut' (shite) down the expected path.
تداعی تصویری
Picture a 'STOP' sign (representing a rule or expectation) with someone walking directly through it, or a graph showing a line going sharply downwards (prediction) while the actual result goes sharply upwards (contrary outcome).
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Try to create five sentences using 「に反して」 to describe situations where you or someone you know acted differently from what was expected or planned. Focus on making the contrast clear.
ریشه کلمه
The phrase originates from the verb 「反する」(hansuru), which means 'to oppose' or 'to go against'. The kanji 「反」 itself signifies 'reverse', 'opposite', or 'contrary'. The particle 「に」 indicates the direction or target of this opposition, and the te-form 「して」 connects it to the following clause, functioning similarly to a conjunctive particle phrase.
معنای اصلی: Literally, 'opposing to'. It evolved to mean 'contrary to' or 'in defiance of'.
Japanese (Sino-Japanese vocabulary)بافت فرهنگی
When using 「に反して」, ensure the context is clear and the contrast is intentional. Avoid using it for minor differences where simpler conjunctions would suffice. It implies a significant deviation, so use it thoughtfully to avoid sounding overly critical or confrontational unless that is the intended effect.
In English-speaking cultures, we might use phrases like 'contrary to', 'against all odds', 'defying expectations', or 'in defiance of'. The concept of going against the grain or breaking the mold is present, but the grammatical structure and frequency of explicit marking might differ.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
Reporting on unexpected events or outcomes.
- 予想に反して
- 期待に反して
- 市場の予測に反して
Describing actions that break rules or laws.
- 法に反して
- 規則に反して
- 指示に反して
Highlighting defiance of societal norms or beliefs.
- 常識に反して
- 一般論に反して
- 世論に反して
Contrasting personal choices with established plans or expectations.
- 計画に反して
- 親の期待に反して
- 自分の考えに反して
Discussing academic or scientific findings that contradict previous theories.
- 先行研究に反して
- 定説に反して
- 理論に反して
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"Have you ever done something completely contrary to what everyone expected?"
"What's a time when a prediction turned out to be totally wrong?"
"Can you think of a situation where someone bravely went against the norm?"
"When has a plan gone completely the opposite way it was supposed to?"
"What's something that is considered common sense but you disagree with?"
موضوعات نگارش
Describe a time when you had to act contrary to someone's expectations. How did you feel, and what was the outcome?
Reflect on a personal goal that you pursued even though it went against conventional advice. What motivated you, and what did you learn?
Think about a societal norm or belief that you find yourself questioning. Why does it feel contrary to your own values?
Write about a fictional character who consistently defies expectations. What makes them interesting, and what are the consequences of their actions?
Describe a situation where a prediction was made, but the opposite happened. How did this impact the people involved?
سوالات متداول
10 سوال「に反して」 means "contrary to," "against," or "in opposition to." It's used when an action or outcome goes against an expectation, prediction, rule, or common belief.
Typically, nouns that represent expectations, plans, rules, or common opinions come before 「に反して」. Examples include 予想 (expectation), 計画 (plan), 法 (law), 期待 (hope/expectation), and 常識 (common sense). Clauses can also be used if they are nominalized with 「こと」.
Not necessarily. While it often highlights unexpected or disappointing outcomes, it can also describe positive outcomes that defy negative predictions or low expectations. For example, 「予想に反して、会議は成功した。」(Contrary to expectations, the meeting was a success.)
「に反して」 implies a stronger opposition or defiance against a specific expectation or rule, often highlighting an unexpected outcome. 「しかし」 (however/but) is a general conjunction that introduces a contrast but doesn't carry the same nuance of opposition or defiance.
Generally, no. While the underlying verb is 「反する」(hansuru), the particle phrase 「に反して」 attaches to nouns or nominalized clauses. You would usually say 「計画通りに進むことに反して」 (contrary to proceeding according to the plan) rather than directly attaching it to the verb 「進む」.
Use 「〜にもかかわらず」 (despite) when something happens even though there's an obstacle or a reason for it *not* to happen (e.g., bad weather). Use 「に反して」 when something happens *against* a specific expectation, rule, or norm (e.g., contrary to the plan).
It can be used in both formal and neutral contexts. It's common in news, academic writing, and formal discussions. While understandable in informal speech, it might sound slightly formal compared to simpler contrasting conjunctions.
「法に反して」 means "against the law" or "illegally." It's used to describe actions that violate legal statutes.
While 「に反して」 can convey this, 「〜とは反対に」 (to wa hantai ni) is often more direct for indicating a simple opposite. For example, 「予想に反して, 株価は上がった。」vs. 「予想とは反対に, 株価は下がった。」(Contrary to expectation, prices rose. vs. Opposite to expectation, prices fell.)
Yes, it can be used to contrast a personal opinion or action with a general belief or prevailing opinion. For example, 「多数派の意見に反して, 私はこう考えます。」(Contrary to the majority opinion, I think this way.)
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Summary
Use 「に反して」 to express that something is contrary to or against an expectation, rule, prediction, or common belief, highlighting a surprising or defiant outcome.
- Opposes expectations, rules, or norms.
- Signifies actions or outcomes contrary to what was expected.
- Used when something happens against a plan or prediction.
- Highlights deliberate defiance or opposition.
Master the Preceding Element
The effectiveness of 「に反して」 hinges on clearly establishing what it is contrasting against. Ensure the noun or clause before it clearly represents an expectation, rule, plan, or norm. This makes the subsequent contrasting statement more impactful.
Emphasize the Unexpected
「に反して」 is excellent for highlighting surprises or deviations. Use it when the outcome is significantly different from what was anticipated or prescribed. This adds a layer of drama or analytical depth to your sentences.
Distinguish from Similar Phrases
Be mindful of the nuances between 「に反して」, 「〜にもかかわらず」, and 「〜とは反対に」. 「に反して」 implies active opposition or defiance of a norm, while 「〜にもかかわらず」 is about overcoming obstacles, and 「〜とは反対に」 is often a direct reversal.
Create Your Own Contrasts
Actively try to construct sentences using 「に反して」 in your daily practice. Think of common situations where expectations are defied or rules are broken, and express them using this phrase.
محتوای مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر academic
絶対的
B2مطلق؛ چیزی که به هیچ وجه محدود یا مشروط نیست. قدرت مطلق.
絶対的に
B1به طور مطلق یا بدون قید و شرط. 'این کاملاً درست است.'
抽象的だ
B1Abstract; existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.
抽象
B2موجود در تفکر یا به عنوان یک ایده، اما بدون وجود فیزیکی یا ملموس. به تعمیم یا استخراج جوهر چیزی، دور از جزئیات خاص، اشاره دارد. (هنر انتزاعی یک مثال رایج است.)
抽象的に
B1به طور انتزاعی یا نظری. برای ایده ها یا مفاهیم استفاده می شود، نه اشیاء فیزیکی.
学術的な
B1مربوط به مطالعات جدی دانشگاهی، تحقیق یا علم؛ آکادمیک.
学術的だ
B1آکادمیک؛ مربوط به آموزش و دانشپژوهی. این یک بحث کاملاً آکادمیک است.
学術的
B2Academic; relating to education and scholarship.
学術
B1محیط دانشگاهی، دانشوری؛ مربوط به تلاش های علمی.
学力
B1توانایی تحصیلی به سطح دانش در دروس مدرسه اشاره دارد.
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