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B1 noun #4,200 پرکاربردترین 9 دقیقه مطالعه

문명

رتبه 4,200

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 문명 در ۳۰ ثانیه

توضیح 문명 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't need to use '문명' (civilization) in complex ways. Think of it as a word for 'the world of people and cities' vs 'nature and forests.' Imagine you are in a forest with no phone and no lights. When you go back to the city, you are going back to '문명.' It is a noun used for big things like history or technology. You might hear it in very simple history lessons or when talking about big cities. For an A1 learner, just remember that '문명' is a very big, important word for 'how people live together with technology.' You won't use it to talk about your breakfast or your favorite song, but you might use it to say 'I like modern life' (현대 문명이 좋아요). It is a high-level word, so using it correctly will make you sound very smart! Just try to remember the sound: 'Moon-myeong.' It sounds like the moon (문) and being bright (명). This helps because civilization is like a bright light in history.

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For A2 learners, '문명' becomes more useful when talking about history or comparing different ways of living. You can start using it with simple adjectives. For example, '고대 문명' (ancient civilization) or '현대 문명' (modern civilization). You might encounter this word when reading about world history or watching travel videos about old ruins like the Pyramids. You can also use it to talk about technology in a general way. If you are camping and you have no electricity, you can say '문명이 없어요' (There is no civilization) as a joke. At this level, you should start to notice the difference between '문명' and '문화' (culture). Culture is about food and music, while civilization is about big things like buildings and science. Try to use it in a sentence like '인터넷은 현대 문명의 선물이에요' (The internet is a gift of modern civilization). This level is about building the foundation to talk about bigger topics beyond your daily routine.

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At the B1 level, you should be able to use '문명' to discuss social issues and historical themes. This is the level where you start reading news articles or watching short documentaries in Korean. You will see '문명' used in contexts like '문명의 발달' (the development of civilization) or '문명의 이기' (the conveniences of civilization). You should understand that '문명' implies a complex society with laws, writing, and advanced technology. You can use it to express your opinions on how technology affects our lives. For example, '현대 문명은 편리하지만 환경을 파괴합니다' (Modern civilization is convenient, but it destroys the environment). You should also be comfortable using it in compound nouns. At B1, you are moving from just identifying the word to using it to construct arguments or explain historical events. It is a key word for anyone interested in Korean history, as you will learn about the 'Gaya civilization' or the 'Silla civilization' in more detail.

B2 learners should use '문명' with more nuance and precision. You should be able to distinguish between '물질 문명' (material civilization) and '정신 문화' (spiritual culture) in a debate. This level requires you to understand how civilization is discussed in academic and professional contexts. You might read about the 'Clash of Civilizations' (문명의 충돌) or the 'Rise and Fall of Civilizations' (문명의 흥망성쇠). You should be able to use the word to analyze complex global problems, such as how 'digital civilization' is changing human psychology. Your vocabulary should include related terms like '문명국' (civilized nation) or '문명인' (civilized person), and you should understand the social implications of these terms. At B2, you are expected to use '문명' in written essays to provide a broad context for your arguments. For instance, you might write about how 'human civilization must adapt to the climate crisis.' The word is no longer just a label; it's a tool for high-level conceptual thinking.

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At the C1 level, your use of '문명' should reflect a deep understanding of its philosophical and historical weight. You should be able to engage in sophisticated discussions about the definition of civilization and its critique. For example, you might discuss whether a society can be considered 'civilized' if it lacks social justice, regardless of its technological prowess. You will encounter '문명' in classical literature, advanced sociology texts, and high-level political discourse. You should be familiar with the Hanja roots (文 and 明) and how they influence the word's meaning of 'enlightenment through culture.' You can use the word to synthesize complex ideas, such as 'the paradox of modern civilization' where increased connectivity leads to greater isolation. Your usage should be fluid, incorporating the word into complex sentence structures and using it to frame large-scale historical or future-oriented narratives. You are expected to understand subtle puns or metaphorical uses of the word in sophisticated Korean media.

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For C2 learners, '문명' is a concept you can deconstruct and re-evaluate. You should be able to discuss various theories of civilization, from Toynbee to Huntington, in fluent Korean. You can use the word in creative writing or academic research to explore the boundaries of humanity. At this level, you might use '문명' to discuss the potential for 'post-human civilization' or to critique the Eurocentric definitions of civilization that have historically dominated global discourse. You understand the most obscure collocations and can use the word in formal oratory to evoke a sense of grand history or existential urgency. You can analyze how the term '문명' has been used in Korean history to justify modernization or to resist foreign influence. For a C2 speaker, '문명' is not just a vocabulary word; it is a fundamental category of thought that you can manipulate with precision, elegance, and critical awareness. You can navigate the most dense academic papers on 'civilization studies' and contribute your own nuanced perspectives on the future of global civilization.

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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

문명 در ۳۰ ثانیه

문명 means 'civilization' and refers to advanced human social organization, including technology, writing, and complex laws.
It is derived from Hanja (文明), meaning 'bright culture' or being enlightened through the development of writing.
Commonly used in history, science, and discussions about modern technology, often paired with 'development' or 'conveniences.'
It is distinct from '문화' (culture); civilization is material and universal, while culture is spiritual and group-specific.

The Korean word 문명 (Mun-myeong) is a profound noun that encapsulates the breadth of human achievement, social organization, and cultural advancement. At its core, it refers to 'civilization.' In the Korean linguistic context, it is derived from the Hanja characters 文 (문 - writing/culture) and 明 (명 - bright/clear). Etymologically, it suggests a state of being 'enlightened by culture' or 'brightened by the development of writing and social order.' This word is not merely a historical term; it is a live concept used to describe the transition from primitive states to complex societies characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (like writing), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.

Historical Context: When Koreans discuss the 'Four Great Civilizations of the World' (세계 4대 문명), they refer to the foundational societies of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and the Yellow River. In this sense, 문명 identifies the structural and material milestones of human history.
Modern Nuance: In contemporary conversation, 문명 often appears when discussing the benefits or drawbacks of technology. Terms like 'digital civilization' (디지털 문명) or 'the conveniences of civilization' (문명의 이기) highlight how the word has evolved to mean the current state of high-tech living.
Philosophical Contrast: Koreans often distinguish 문명 (civilization) from 문화 (culture). While culture refers to the internal, spiritual, and artistic identity of a specific group, civilization often points to the external, material, and technological progress that can be shared across different cultures.

인류는 수천 년에 걸쳐 거대한 문명을 건설해 왔습니다.
— Humanity has built a massive civilization over thousands of years.

You will encounter this word frequently in academic settings, documentaries, and news reports regarding climate change or technological shifts. For instance, when discussing how global warming threatens our current way of life, experts might speak of the 'crisis of modern civilization' (현대 문명의 위기). It carries a weight of collective human effort. It isn't just about one person's progress; it's about the systems we have built together—laws, infrastructure, science, and philosophy. When you use this word, you are looking at the 'big picture' of human existence rather than individual daily activities.

우리는 문명의 이기를 마음껏 누리며 살고 있다.
— We live while fully enjoying the conveniences of civilization.

The word also appears in science fiction contexts. When searching for alien life, scientists look for 'extraterrestrial civilizations' (외계 문명). Here, 문명 denotes the existence of intelligent life capable of modifying their environment and creating complex systems. It serves as a benchmark for intelligence and social complexity. Whether you are reading a history book about the Aztecs or a futuristic novel about Mars colonization, 문명 is the bridge that connects the past's achievements with the future's possibilities.

Using 문명 correctly requires understanding its role as a broad noun that often acts as the subject or the object of verbs related to development, destruction, or experience. Because it represents a massive concept, it is rarely used in the plural in Korean (unlike English 'civilizations'), as the context usually clarifies whether you are talking about civilization as a whole or a specific instance of it.

Verb Pairings: Development: Common verbs include 발달하다 (to develop), 발흥하다 (to rise/flourish), and 번성하다 (to prosper). Example: '고대 문명이 황하 유역에서 발달했다' (Ancient civilization developed in the Yellow River basin).
Verb Pairings: Decline: Verbs like 멸망하다 (to fall/perish), 쇠퇴하다 (to decline), and 사라지다 (to disappear) are used when talking about the end of civilizations. Example: '마야 문명은 왜 갑자기 사라졌을까?' (Why did the Maya civilization suddenly disappear?).
The Particle '의' (Possessive): 문명 is frequently followed by '의' to describe its attributes: 문명의 충돌 (clash of civilizations), 문명의 수준 (level of civilization), 문명의 역사 (history of civilization).

현대 문명은 과학 기술의 비약적인 발전을 토대로 한다.
— Modern civilization is based on the rapid development of science and technology.

In formal writing, such as essays or academic papers, 문명 is often used to critique the state of society. You might see phrases like '물질 문명' (material civilization) contrasted with '정신 문화' (spiritual culture). This juxtaposition suggests that while our technology (civilization) has advanced, our inner values (culture) might not have kept pace. This is a common theme in Korean social commentary.

우리는 외계 문명과의 접촉을 꿈꾼다.
— We dream of contact with extraterrestrial civilizations.

When discussing personal experiences, you might use 문명 metaphorically. If you go camping in a very remote area without electricity, you might say, '문명과 단절된 삶을 체험했다' (I experienced a life disconnected from civilization). This usage emphasizes the comfort and infrastructure we take for granted. It highlights the word's versatility—from the grand scale of human history to the simple act of turning on a light switch.

You will encounter 문명 in several distinct environments in Korea. Understanding these contexts will help you grasp the 'weight' of the word. It is not a word for casual small talk about the weather, but it is ubiquitous in media and education.

Educational Settings: From elementary school social studies to university history lectures, 문명 is a fundamental term. Students learn about '인류 문명의 발생' (the origin of human civilization) and how geography influences the way civilizations grow. Textbooks are filled with this word.
Documentaries and News: Narrators in historical or scientific documentaries use 문명 constantly. News reports on archaeology (e.g., '새로운 고대 문명의 흔적 발견' - Discovery of traces of a new ancient civilization) or environmental crises frequently employ the term to describe the scale of the topic.
Gaming and Pop Culture: The famous strategy game series 'Civilization' is titled '문명' in Korea. Gamers discuss '문명 6' or '문명을 플레이하다.' This has made the word very familiar to younger generations, though in a more strategic and systemic context.

이번 다큐멘터리는 잉카 문명의 비밀을 파헤칩니다.
— This documentary delves into the secrets of the Inca civilization.

In literary and philosophical circles, the word is used to discuss the 'Clash of Civilizations' (문명의 충돌), a concept popularized by Samuel Huntington. Korean intellectuals often debate how Western and Eastern civilizations interact. You will hear this in debate programs or read it in the 'Opinion' section of major newspapers like the Chosun Ilbo or JoongAng Ilbo.

기후 위기는 인류 문명 전체에 대한 도전입니다.
— The climate crisis is a challenge to the entirety of human civilization.

Lastly, in the context of travel, tour guides at ancient sites like Gyeongju (in Korea) or the Pyramids (abroad) will use 문명 to explain the historical significance of the ruins. They might say, '이곳은 찬란한 문명이 꽃피었던 장소입니다' (This is a place where a brilliant civilization once blossomed). The word evokes a sense of awe and historical continuity, connecting the listener to the long thread of human history.

While 문명 is a straightforward translation of 'civilization,' learners often face confusion regarding its boundaries with other similar Korean words. Misusing these can lead to sentences that sound unnatural or academically imprecise.

문명 vs. 문화 (Culture): This is the most frequent mistake. Culture (문화) is about the way of life, arts, and beliefs of a specific group (e.g., 'Korean culture'). Civilization (문명) is the broader, often more material and structural stage of development. You can have a 'nomadic culture,' but usually not a 'nomadic civilization' in the structural sense of cities and written laws.
문명 vs. 사회 (Society): Society (사회) refers to the group of people living together and their interactions. Civilization (문명) refers to the complex level of development that society has reached. You live in a 'modern society,' but you are part of 'modern civilization.'
Overusing for 'Technology': While 문명 includes technology, it's a mistake to use it as a direct synonym for 'tech' (기술). Don't say 'My phone's civilization is good.' Instead, use 문명 to describe the *era* or *state* created by technology.

한국 문명을 좋아해요. (X)
한국 문화를 좋아해요. (O)
— I like Korean culture (Unless you are an archaeologist studying ancient Korean states).

Another mistake involves the word '문명인' (civilized person). In English, calling someone 'uncivilized' can be a very heavy insult. In Korean, '비문명적' (un-civilized) or '야만적' (barbaric) is equally strong. Use these carefully, as they carry historical baggage and can sound elitist or derogatory if applied to modern groups of people.

그들은 문명의 혜택을 받지 못하고 살고 있다.
— They are living without receiving the benefits of civilization (Referring to infrastructure/tech, not their identity).

Finally, watch out for '문명' vs. '발전' (development). While they are related, '발전' is a process, whereas '문명' is the state or the entity. You can say '문명이 발전했다' (Civilization developed), but you wouldn't say 'The country's civilization is fast' when you mean 'The country's development is fast.'

To truly master 문명, you should be able to distinguish it from its synonyms and related terms. Each has a specific 'flavor' and context where it fits best.

문화 (Mun-hwa) - Culture: Focuses on the lifestyle, art, and spirit of a group. Unlike 문명, which is often universal and material, 문화 is specific and internal.
Example: 식문화 (Food culture), 대중문화 (Pop culture).
개화 (Gae-hwa) - Enlightenment/Opening: Refers to the process of becoming 'civilized' or modern, especially used in the context of the late 19th-century 'Enlightenment Period' (개화기) in Korea.
Example: 개화 사상 (Enlightenment thought).
사회 (Sa-hoe) - Society: Refers to the organized group of people. While a civilization is a type of society, 'society' is used for daily interactions and political structures.
Example: 현대 사회 (Modern society).

문명 vs 문화:
문명은 기술과 제도를, 문화는 예술과 정신을 강조합니다.
— Civilization emphasizes technology and systems; culture emphasizes art and spirit.

If you want to sound more academic, you might use 문물 (Mun-mul). This refers to the 'products of civilization' or 'institutions and objects' from another culture or era. For example, when Korea first encountered Western products, they were called '서양 문물' (Western products/civilization). This is more concrete than the abstract '문명.'

그는 야만의 시대가 가고 문명의 시대가 왔다고 믿었다.
— He believed the era of barbarism had passed and the era of civilization had arrived.

In summary, choose '문명' for broad historical or technological contexts, '문화' for identity and arts, and '사회' for people and politics. Using '문물' adds a touch of historical or concrete detail, while '야만' provides the necessary contrast for discussing progress.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

In ancient East Asian philosophy, '문명' was often used to describe a ruler who governed with wisdom and culture rather than brute force.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /mun.mjʌŋ/

US /mun.mjʌŋ/

In Korean, syllables generally have equal weight, but a slight emphasis can be placed on the first syllable '문'.

هم‌قافیه با

운명 (un-myeong - destiny) 생명 (saeng-myeong - life) 성명 (seong-myeong - name/statement) 증명 (jeung-myeong - proof) 설명 (seol-myeong - explanation) 분명 (bun-myeong - clear) 혁명 (hyeok-myeong - revolution) 조명 (jo-myeong - lighting)

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing 'myeong' as 'me-yong' (two syllables). It should be one fluid sound.
Making the 'u' in 'mun' too long like 'moooooon'.
Dropping the final 'ng' sound.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 3/5

Common in news and books, but requires knowledge of Hanja for deep understanding.

نوشتن 4/5

Used in formal essays; requires correct collocation with verbs like '발달' or '누리다'.

صحبت کردن 3/5

Not used in every conversation, but useful for discussing tech or travel.

گوش دادن 3/5

Frequently heard in documentaries and educational content.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

사람 (person) 역사 (history) 나라 (country) 도시 (city) 문화 (culture)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

발전 (development) 기술 (technology) 인류 (humanity) 유적 (ruins) 전통 (tradition)

پیشرفته

흥망성쇠 (rise and fall) 패러다임 (paradigm) 이성주의 (rationalism) 포스트모더니즘 (post-modernism)

گرامر لازم

-의 (Possessive particle)

문명의 역사 (History of civilization)

-적 (Suffix for making adjectives)

문명적 가치 (Civilized/Cultural values)

-화 (Suffix for 'change/ization')

문명화 (Civilization/Modernization)

-로서 (Particle for 'as a/status')

문명인으로서 (As a civilized person)

-을수록 (The more... the more...)

문명이 발달할수록 (The more civilization develops...)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

문명이 아주 오래되었어요.

The civilization is very old.

문명 (subject) + -이 (subject particle) + 오래되었어요 (is old).

현대 문명은 편리해요.

Modern civilization is convenient.

현대 (modern) + 문명 (civilization) + -은 (topic particle).

우리는 문명 속에 살아요.

We live in civilization.

문명 (civilization) + 속 (inside) + -에 (location particle).

문명은 어떻게 시작되었나요?

How did civilization start?

Question form using -었나요.

이곳은 문명의 발상지예요.

This is the birthplace of civilization.

발상지 (birthplace) + -예요 (is).

문명이 발달했어요.

Civilization developed.

발달하다 (to develop) in past tense.

문명의 혜택을 받아요.

I receive the benefits of civilization.

혜택 (benefit) + -을 (object particle).

문명은 중요해요.

Civilization is important.

중요하다 (to be important) in polite present tense.

고대 문명을 공부하고 싶어요.

I want to study ancient civilizations.

-고 싶다 (want to) used with 'study'.

인류는 문명을 만들었습니다.

Humanity created civilization.

인류 (humanity) + -는 (topic particle).

문명은 강 근처에서 시작되었습니다.

Civilization started near rivers.

강 (river) + 근처 (near) + -에서 (at/from).

과학은 문명을 바꿉니다.

Science changes civilization.

바꾸다 (to change) in present tense.

문명이 사라진 이유가 무엇인가요?

What is the reason civilization disappeared?

사라진 (disappeared) modifying 'reason'.

우리는 새로운 문명을 만날 거예요.

We will meet a new civilization.

-을 거예요 (future tense).

문명은 계속 발전합니다.

Civilization continues to develop.

계속 (continuously) + 발전하다 (to develop).

문명의 역사는 아주 깁니다.

The history of civilization is very long.

역사 (history) + -는 (topic particle).

문명의 이기를 누리는 것은 당연하지 않습니다.

Enjoying the conveniences of civilization is not a given.

문명의 이기 (conveniences of civilization) + 누리다 (to enjoy).

환경 오염은 현대 문명의 큰 문제입니다.

Environmental pollution is a big problem of modern civilization.

문제 (problem) + -입니다 (is).

그들은 문명과 떨어진 곳에서 살고 있습니다.

They are living in a place far from civilization.

떨어진 (separated/distant) modifying 'place'.

글자는 문명 발달의 핵심 요소입니다.

Writing is a core element of the development of civilization.

핵심 요소 (core element).

우리는 문명의 충돌을 피해야 합니다.

We must avoid the clash of civilizations.

-아야 하다 (must) used with 'avoid'.

문명이 발달할수록 자연은 파괴되기 쉽습니다.

The more civilization develops, the easier it is for nature to be destroyed.

-을수록 (the more... the more...).

디지털 문명은 우리의 삶을 완전히 바꾸어 놓았습니다.

Digital civilization has completely changed our lives.

-어 놓다 (to do something completely/for future use).

고고학자들은 잃어버린 문명을 찾고 있습니다.

Archaeologists are looking for the lost civilization.

-고 있다 (progressive tense).

물질 문명의 풍요 속에서도 정신적 빈곤을 느끼는 사람들이 많다.

Even amidst the abundance of material civilization, many people feel spiritual poverty.

물질 문명 (material civilization) vs 정신적 빈곤 (spiritual poverty).

문명의 흥망성쇠는 역사의 필연적인 과정인 것 같다.

The rise and fall of civilizations seems to be an inevitable process of history.

흥망성쇠 (rise and fall) + 필연적 (inevitable).

우리는 외계 문명의 존재 가능성을 배제할 수 없다.

We cannot exclude the possibility of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations.

배제할 수 없다 (cannot exclude).

기술의 진보는 인류 문명의 패러다임을 전환시켰다.

The progress of technology has shifted the paradigm of human civilization.

패러다임 (paradigm) + 전환시키다 (to shift/transform).

문명인이라면 타인의 권리를 존중할 줄 알아야 한다.

If one is a civilized person, they should know how to respect others' rights.

-라면 (if it is) + -을 줄 알다 (know how to).

도시화는 문명 발전의 상징적인 현상 중 하나이다.

Urbanization is one of the symbolic phenomena of the development of civilization.

상징적 (symbolic) + 현상 (phenomenon).

기후 변화는 현대 문명의 지속 가능성을 위협하고 있다.

Climate change is threatening the sustainability of modern civilization.

지속 가능성 (sustainability) + 위협하다 (to threaten).

문명이라는 이름 아래 자행된 파괴 행위들을 잊어서는 안 된다.

We must not forget the acts of destruction committed under the name of civilization.

-이라는 이름 아래 (under the name of).

토인비는 문명을 '도전에 대한 응전'의 산물로 정의했다.

Toynbee defined civilization as a product of 'challenge and response.'

A as B-로 정의하다 (to define A as B).

현대 문명은 기술적 진보와 윤리적 정체 사이의 괴리에 직면해 있다.

Modern civilization is facing a gap between technological progress and ethical stagnation.

괴리 (gap/alienation) + 직면하다 (to face).

서구 중심적인 문명관에서 벗어나 다원적인 시각을 가져야 한다.

We must move away from a Western-centric view of civilization and adopt a pluralistic perspective.

벗어나다 (to escape/move away from).

문명의 이면에는 항상 소외된 계층의 희생이 따르기 마련이다.

On the flip side of civilization, the sacrifice of marginalized classes is bound to follow.

-기 마련이다 (it is bound to happen).

인공지능의 등장은 인류 문명의 새로운 지평을 열고 있다.

The emergence of AI is opening a new horizon for human civilization.

지평을 열다 (to open a horizon).

문명국가로서의 품격은 그 사회의 가장 약한 자를 대하는 방식에서 드러난다.

The dignity of a civilized nation is revealed in the way it treats its weakest members.

-로서의 (as a) + 드러나다 (to be revealed).

역사학자들은 문명의 붕괴가 외부의 침입보다는 내부의 부패에서 기인한다고 주장한다.

Historians argue that the collapse of a civilization stems from internal corruption rather than external invasion.

-에서 기인하다 (to stem from/originate from).

문명은 자연과의 공존을 모색할 때 비로소 영속할 수 있다.

Civilization can only last when it seeks coexistence with nature.

비로소 (finally/only then) + 영속하다 (to last forever).

문명의 총체적 위기는 파편화된 지식으로는 해결할 수 없는 거대 담론이다.

The total crisis of civilization is a grand discourse that cannot be solved with fragmented knowledge.

총체적 (total/holistic) + 파편화된 (fragmented).

탈근대 문명은 이성 중심주의에 대한 근본적인 회의에서 출발한다.

Post-modern civilization starts from a fundamental skepticism toward rational-centrism.

회의 (skepticism/doubt) + 출발하다 (to start).

문명이라는 텍스트를 해체하면 그 속에 숨겨진 권력의 역학 관계가 드러난다.

Deconstructing the text of civilization reveals the hidden power dynamics within it.

해체하다 (to deconstruct) + 역학 관계 (dynamics).

우리는 지금 문명의 대전환기라는 유례없는 역사적 변곡점에 서 있다.

We are now standing at an unprecedented historical inflection point called the Great Transition of Civilization.

대전환기 (great transition period) + 변곡점 (inflection point).

문명의 보편성을 주장하는 논리는 종종 제국주의적 팽창을 정당화하는 수단으로 악용되었다.

Logics asserting the universality of civilization were often misused as a means to justify imperialist expansion.

보편성 (universality) + 악용되다 (to be misused).

생태 문명으로의 이행은 인류의 생존을 위한 선택이 아닌 필수 과제이다.

The transition to an ecological civilization is a mandatory task for human survival, not a choice.

이행 (transition) + 필수 과제 (mandatory task).

문명은 기억의 축적이자 망각의 과정이며, 그 사이에서 끊임없이 재구성된다.

Civilization is both an accumulation of memory and a process of forgetting, constantly reconstructed in between.

A-이자 B (both A and B) + 재구성되다 (to be reconstructed).

기술 관료주의적 문명이 초래한 인간 소외 현상은 우리 시대의 가장 아픈 단면이다.

The phenomenon of human alienation caused by technocratic civilization is the most painful aspect of our era.

기술 관료주의 (technocracy) + 초래하다 (to cause/bring about).

مترادف‌ها

문화 사회 개화

متضادها

야만 미개

ترکیب‌های رایج

고대 문명

현대 문명

문명의 이기

문명의 발상지

문명의 충돌

문명국

문명인

물질 문명

외계 문명

문명의 멸망

عبارات رایج

문명의 혜택

— The benefits of living in an advanced society with technology.

오지에서도 문명의 혜택을 누릴 수 있다.

문명의 발달

— The development or progress of civilization.

문명의 발달은 양날의 검과 같다.

문명과 단절되다

— To be disconnected from the modern world/civilization.

그는 문명과 단절된 섬에서 살고 있다.

문명을 꽃피우다

— To make a civilization flourish or reach its peak.

찬란한 고대 문명을 꽃피웠다.

문명의 수준

— The level or standard of a civilization.

이것이 우리 문명의 수준인가?

문명의 수레바퀴

— The wheel of civilization (metaphor for progress).

문명의 수레바퀴는 멈추지 않는다.

문명의 발자취

— The footsteps or traces of civilization.

역사 속 문명의 발자취를 따라가다.

문명사회

— A civilized society.

문명사회에서는 폭력을 금지한다.

문명 비판

— Critique of civilization.

그의 소설은 현대 문명 비판을 담고 있다.

문명의 전환

— A transition or shift in civilization.

우리는 문명의 전환기에 서 있다.

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

문명 vs 문화 (Culture)

Culture is the internal lifestyle; Civilization is the external structural advancement.

문명 vs 사회 (Society)

Society is the group of people; Civilization is the state of their development.

문명 vs 기술 (Technology)

Technology is a tool; Civilization is the whole system built with those tools.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"문명의 이기"

— Conveniences of civilization. It usually refers to handy tools or machines.

스마트폰은 현대 문명의 이기 중 하나다.

Common

"문명의 충돌"

— A clash between different civilizations (often used in political science).

21세기는 문명의 충돌 시대인가?

Academic

"문명국"

— A civilized nation (often implies a standard of human rights).

그런 행동은 문명국에서 일어날 수 없는 일이다.

Formal

"문명의 혜택"

— The positive aspects of advanced living.

전기가 들어오니 문명의 혜택을 실감한다.

Neutral

"문명을 등지다"

— To turn one's back on civilization (to live as a hermit).

그는 문명을 등지고 산으로 들어갔다.

Literary

"문명의 요람"

— The cradle of civilization.

메소포타미아는 문명의 요람이다.

Academic

"문명인답지 못하다"

— To behave in an uncivilized manner.

공공장소에서 소란을 피우는 것은 문명인답지 못한 행동이다.

Neutral

"문명의 사각지대"

— A blind spot of civilization (places without access to infrastructure).

이곳은 여전히 문명의 사각지대다.

News/Media

"문명의 정수"

— The essence or the best part of civilization.

이 건축물은 당시 문명의 정수를 보여준다.

Academic

"문명의 황혼"

— The twilight of civilization (the end of an era).

그들은 문명의 황혼기에 살고 있었다.

Literary

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

문명 vs 문화

Both deal with human groups.

Culture focuses on the 'soul' and 'uniqueness' of a group. Civilization focuses on 'progress' and 'universal structures' like cities and laws.

K-pop is culture (문화), but the global internet system that spreads it is part of modern civilization (문명).

문명 vs 발전

Both imply progress.

Development (발전) is the process of getting better. Civilization (문명) is the result or the large-scale entity itself.

The development of medicine (의학의 발전) has improved human civilization (인류 문명).

문명 vs 개화

Both relate to becoming modern.

Enlightenment (개화) is a specific historical process of 'opening up' to new ideas. Civilization is the general state.

The Enlightenment period (개화기) led Korea into the modern civilization (현대 문명).

문명 vs 세상

Both can mean 'the way we live now.'

World (세상) is broader and less formal. Civilization is specific to human organization and history.

The world (세상) is changing fast because of the digital civilization (디지털 문명).

문명 vs 야만

They are opposites.

Barbarism (야만) is the lack of civilization. They are often used together to describe a transition.

Moving from barbarism (야만) to civilization (문명).

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

[Specific Name] 문명은 [Place]에서 시작되었습니다.

이집트 문명은 나일강에서 시작되었습니다.

우리는 [Object]라는 문명의 이기를 누리고 있다.

우리는 스마트폰이라는 문명의 이기를 누리고 있다.

문명이 발달할수록 [Problem]이/가 심해진다.

문명이 발달할수록 환경 오염이 심해진다.

문명인이라면 [Action]해야 한다.

문명인이라면 규칙을 지켜야 한다.

[A] 문명과 [B] 문명이 충돌하다.

동양 문명과 서양 문명이 충돌하다.

문명의 이면에는 [Negative Aspect]이/가 숨어 있다.

문명의 이면에는 인간의 탐욕이 숨어 있다.

[Topic]은/는 인류 문명의 새로운 지평을 열었다.

인터넷은 인류 문명의 새로운 지평을 열었다.

문명의 대전환기를 맞아 [Necessary Action]이/가 요구된다.

문명의 대전환기를 맞아 새로운 가치관 정립이 요구된다.

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

문명인 (civilized person)

문명국 (civilized country)

물질문명 (material civilization)

비문명 (uncivilized/non-civilized)

فعل‌ها

문명화하다 (to civilize)

문명화되다 (to be civilized)

صفت‌ها

문명적 (civilized/cultural)

문명화된 (civilized)

مرتبط

문화 (culture)

역사 (history)

인류 (humanity)

발전 (development)

야만 (barbarism)

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نحوه استفاده

frequency

High in educational and media contexts; medium in daily life.

اشتباهات رایج

Using '문명' for 'K-pop' or 'food'. → 한국 문화 (Korean culture).
Food and music are 'culture,' not 'civilization' in the structural sense.
Saying '문명들이'. → 여러 문명 or 그냥 문명.
Korean rarely pluralizes abstract nouns with '-들'.
Confusing '문명' with '사회'. → Context-dependent.
If talking about progress, use '문명'. If talking about people interacting, use '사회'.
Using '문명' to mean 'a polite person'. → 문명인.
You need the '-인' (person) suffix to refer to an individual.
Thinking '문명' is only for the past. → 현대 문명 (Modern civilization).
It applies to the present and future as well, especially regarding technology.

نکات

Macro vs Micro

Use '문명' for big, macro-level human history. Use '문화' for micro-level group identity and habits.

Humor with '문명'

Use '문명과 단절되다' when your phone battery dies or you have no Wi-Fi to add a bit of dramatic humor.

Formal Essays

When writing about climate change or technology, start with the impact on '인류 문명' (human civilization) to sound professional.

Documentary Keywords

When you hear '문명' in a documentary, get ready for dates, locations, and historical facts.

Possessive '의'

Remember that '문명의' is the most common way to link it to other nouns like '역사' (history) or '발전' (development).

Hanja Roots

Remember 文 (culture) and 明 (bright). Civilization is the 'brightening' of society through culture.

Global Issues

Most global problems (war, pollution, AI) are discussed in Korean media as challenges to '현대 문명'.

Civilized Behavior

'문명인' implies someone who follows rules and is polite. Use it to praise or critique social behavior.

Game Association

If you play strategy games, think of the game 'Civilization' to remember the word '문명'.

Historical Weight

Understand that '문명' carries the weight of thousands of years of human effort when you say it.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of the 'Moon' (문) shining 'Brightly' (명) over a city. Civilization is like a bright light in the dark history of the world.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a timeline starting with a cave and ending with a futuristic city. The word '문명' covers everything from the first city onwards.

شبکه واژگان

History Technology Cities Writing Laws Science Progress Humanity

چالش

Try to use '문명의 이기' (convenience of civilization) when you use your microwave or smartphone today.

ریشه کلمه

From Middle Chinese 文明 (mjuən mjaeng). The first character 文 (문) originally meant 'markings' or 'patterns,' evolving to mean 'writing' and 'culture.' The second character 明 (명) means 'bright' or 'clear.'

معنای اصلی: Being enlightened or made clear through culture/writing.

Sino-Korean (Hanja)

بافت فرهنگی

Be careful when using '비문명적' (uncivilized) to describe other cultures, as it carries a strong judgmental tone.

In English, 'civilization' can sometimes sound colonial or elitist. In Korean, it is generally used more as a neutral historical or technological term.

The game 'Sid Meier's Civilization' (문명). Samuel Huntington's 'Clash of Civilizations' (문명의 충돌). The 'Four Great Civilizations' taught in schools.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

History Class

4대 문명
문명의 발생
고대 문명 탐구
문명의 멸망 원인

Technology Discussions

디지털 문명
문명의 이기
기술 문명의 발전
미래 문명

Camping/Nature

문명과 단절되다
문명을 떠나다
비문명적인 생활
자연으로 돌아가다

Social Critique

현대 문명의 위기
물질 문명 비판
문명사적 관점
문명의 충돌

Science Fiction

외계 문명
미래 문명의 모습
초고대 문명
문명의 진화

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"고대 문명 중에서 가장 흥미로운 곳은 어디인가요? (Which ancient civilization is the most interesting to you?)"

"현대 문명에서 가장 중요한 발명품은 무엇이라고 생각하세요? (What do you think is the most important invention of modern civilization?)"

"우리가 외계 문명을 만난다면 어떤 일이 일어날까요? (What would happen if we met an extraterrestrial civilization?)"

"가끔은 문명과 완전히 단절된 곳에서 살고 싶을 때가 있나요? (Do you ever feel like living in a place completely disconnected from civilization?)"

"문명의 발달이 인간을 더 행복하게 만들었다고 보시나요? (Do you see the development of civilization as having made humans happier?)"

موضوعات نگارش

만약 현대 문명이 하루아침에 사라진다면, 당신은 어떻게 살아남겠습니까? (If modern civilization disappeared overnight, how would you survive?)

당신이 생각하는 '진정한 문명인'의 조건은 무엇입니까? (What are the conditions for being a 'true civilized person' in your opinion?)

물질 문명과 정신 문화 사이의 균형을 어떻게 맞출 수 있을까요? (How can we balance material civilization and spiritual culture?)

인류 문명이 미래에도 계속 지속될 수 있을까요? 그 이유는 무엇입니까? (Can human civilization continue to last in the future? What is the reason?)

당신이 가장 누리고 싶은 '문명의 이기'는 무엇이며, 그 이유는 무엇입니까? (What is the 'convenience of civilization' you want to enjoy the most, and why?)

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

Not directly. You use '문명인' (civilized person) instead. '문명' refers to the whole society or state.

Not necessarily. While it implies progress, many Korean writers critique '물질 문명' (material civilization) for causing environmental or spiritual problems.

'고대 문명' focuses on the big structures, cities, and systems. '고대 문화' focuses on the specific art, religion, and lifestyle of those ancient people.

It is '문명의 충돌' (Mun-myeong-ui chung-dol).

Yes, '외계 문명' (extraterrestrial civilization) is the standard term.

Yes, it is very common when talking about the convenience of modern gadgets or infrastructure.

The four great ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and Yellow River.

Usually only as a joke (e.g., 'I finally reached civilization' after being in a dead zone). Otherwise, it's a bit formal.

In Korean, we rarely use '문명들.' The context usually indicates if we mean civilization in general or multiple specific civilizations.

It means 'civilization' as a process (civilizing something or becoming civilized).

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