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B1 adjective 12 دقیقه مطالعه

infundado

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها infundado در ۳۰ ثانیه

توضیح infundado in your Level:

At the A1 level, you are just beginning your journey with Portuguese. 'Infundado' is a complex word for a beginner, but you can understand it by relating it to the idea of 'no' (não) and 'reason' (razão). Think of it as a fancy way to say something is 'not true' or 'has no reason'. While you might not use it in your first few weeks, you might see it in simple news headlines. The most important thing at this level is to recognize the 'in-' prefix, which often means 'not' in Portuguese, just like in English (e.g., invisible, impossible). If you see 'infundado', just remember: 'No base, no truth'. You should also focus on the simple gender agreement: if the thing you are talking about is feminine (ends in 'a'), use 'infundada'. If it's masculine (ends in 'o'), use 'infundado'. Practice saying 'Isso é infundado' (That is unfounded) to express disagreement in a polite, formal way. This will make you sound much more advanced than your actual level!

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At the A2 level, you are expanding your vocabulary to include more descriptive adjectives. You can start using 'infundado' to describe simple feelings or rumors. For example, if a classmate is worried about a test that you know is easy, you can say, 'Seu medo é infundado' (Your fear is unfounded). At this stage, you should be comfortable with the plural forms: 'infundados' and 'infundadas'. You will notice that 'infundado' is often used with the verb 'ser' (to be) to describe a quality. You might also start seeing it in short articles or social media posts where people are debunking myths. A good exercise for an A2 student is to pair 'infundado' with common nouns like 'medo' (fear), 'boato' (rumor), and 'notícia' (news). This helps you build 'word blocks' that you can use quickly in conversation. Remember, it's a 'heavy' word, so use it when you want to be serious or definitive about something being baseless.

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At the B1 level, you are moving into intermediate territory where you can discuss opinions and abstract concepts. 'Infundado' is a perfect word for this level. You should be able to use it to dismiss arguments or explain why a certain suspicion was wrong. You will start to see the word in more formal contexts, such as in the news or in business emails. At B1, you should also understand the nuance between 'infundado' and 'falso'. While 'falso' just means not true, 'infundado' implies that there was never any evidence to begin with. It's a more analytical word. You can also start using adverbs to modify it, such as 'totalmente infundado' (totally unfounded) or 'completamente infundada' (completely unfounded). This adds emphasis to your speech. Try to use it in a writing assignment where you have to argue against a common misconception. It will significantly improve the formal tone of your writing.

At the B2 level, you are expected to have a solid grasp of formal Portuguese. 'Infundado' should be a natural part of your vocabulary for debates, academic writing, and professional environments. You should understand its use in legal and journalistic contexts, where it acts as a technical term for a claim that lacks merit. You can also distinguish it from synonyms like 'improcedente' or 'descabido'. At this level, you should be able to use the word in complex sentences, such as: 'Apesar das evidências contrárias, ele insistiu em manter uma acusação que todos sabiam ser infundada' (Despite contrary evidence, he insisted on maintaining an accusation that everyone knew was unfounded). You should also be aware of the cultural context: calling someone's claims 'infundadas' is a strong but professional way to challenge their credibility. Practice using it in role-play scenarios involving negotiations or conflict resolution.

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At the C1 level, you are approaching near-native fluency and should understand the stylistic weight of 'infundado'. You can use it to create subtle shades of meaning. For example, you might use 'infundado' to describe a character's internal psychological state in a literary analysis, or to critique a complex philosophical premise. You should be comfortable with its more obscure synonyms like 'insubsistente' and know exactly when to choose one over the other based on the desired register. At this level, you also understand the etymological depth of the word and how it connects to other words in the 'fundar' family (like 'fundamento', 'fundamentalismo', 'profundidade'). You can use 'infundado' in high-level academic discussions or in professional legal writing with absolute precision. Your use of the word should reflect an understanding of its power to delegitimize an argument objectively.

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At the C2 level, you have mastered the word 'infundado' and use it with the same nuance and frequency as a highly educated native speaker. You can identify the word in the most complex classical literature and understand any metaphorical or archaic uses. You are capable of explaining the legal, social, and psychological implications of something being 'infundado' in great detail. You can use the word in a variety of registers, from the highly formal language of a Supreme Court ruling to the intellectualized conversation of a cultural salon. You understand how the word interacts with Portuguese prosody and rhythm in eloquent speech. At this level, 'infundado' is not just a vocabulary word; it is a tool for precise thought and sophisticated expression, allowing you to navigate the most intricate intellectual landscapes of the Lusophone world with ease and authority.

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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

infundado در ۳۰ ثانیه

Infundado means 'unfounded' or 'baseless' in Portuguese, describing abstract things like rumors, fears, or accusations that lack evidence.
It is a formal adjective that must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies (infundado, infundada, infundados, infundadas).
You will often hear it in news reports, legal contexts, and professional settings to dismiss false or unproven claims.
It comes from the root 'fundamento' (foundation), literally meaning something that has no base to stand on.

The Portuguese word infundado is a powerful adjective that translates primarily to 'unfounded,' 'baseless,' or 'groundless' in English. It is a compound word formed from the prefix 'in-' (denoting negation or lack of) and the past participle 'fundado' (founded or based). To understand infundado, one must first visualize the concept of a foundation—the solid, underlying base of a building. When a thought, a fear, or an accusation is infundado, it literally lacks that structural support; it is floating in the air of speculation without any concrete evidence or logical premise to hold it up. In the landscape of Portuguese communication, this word sits comfortably in formal and semi-formal registers. You will frequently encounter it in legal documents, journalistic reports, and academic critiques. However, it is also a staple of mature daily conversation, used when someone wants to dismiss a worry as irrational or a rumor as completely false. For instance, if a friend is worried that a small mistake will lead to their immediate firing, you might reassure them by saying that their fear is infundado, suggesting that there is no evidence to support such a drastic outcome. It carries a tone of intellectual authority and objectivity, making it more sophisticated than simply saying something is 'false' (falso) or 'wrong' (errado). It specifically attacks the origin and justification of the statement rather than just the statement itself.

Etimologia e Estrutura: Deriva do latim 'infundatus', onde 'in-' significa negação e 'fundus' significa base ou fundo. Refere-se a algo que não toca o chão da realidade.
Uso no Jornalismo: Frequentemente utilizado para descrever rumores de mercado, crises políticas imaginárias ou pânicos sociais sem evidências empíricas.
Conotação Psicológica: Descreve estados mentais como ansiedade ou paranoia, onde o sujeito sofre por algo que não tem probabilidade real de acontecer.

A suspeita de que ele teria roubado o dinheiro revelou-se totalmente infundada após a auditoria.

Não podemos tomar decisões baseadas em receios infundados e boatos de internet.

O juiz rejeitou o processo por considerá-lo juridicamente infundado.

Suas críticas são infundadas, pois você nem leu o relatório completo.

O otimismo da empresa não é infundado; os números do último trimestre são excelentes.

Beyond its literal meaning, using infundado demonstrates a high level of linguistic competence. It signals that the speaker is capable of distinguishing between mere falsehood and a systemic lack of evidence. When you call an argument infundado, you are essentially saying, 'I have looked for the roots of your logic, and I find nothing but air.' This makes it a very effective word in debates and intellectual discussions. It is also worth noting that it is almost always used for abstract things—ideas, emotions, statements, or legal claims—and never for physical objects. You wouldn't call a shaky table 'infundada'; you would call it 'instável'. This distinction is crucial for learners to master.

Using infundado correctly requires attention to its role as an adjective. In Portuguese, adjectives typically follow the noun they modify, and infundado is no exception. For example, 'unfounded rumors' becomes 'boatos infundados.' Notice how the adjective changes from its singular masculine form (infundado) to the plural masculine form (infundados) to match the noun 'boatos.' This agreement is the most common area where learners make mistakes. If you are describing a feminine noun, like 'suspeita' (suspicion), you must use 'infundada' or 'infundadas.' The versatility of the word allows it to be used with the verb 'ser' (to be) for permanent or inherent qualities, or 'parecer' (to seem) for observations. For instance, 'A sua preocupação é infundada' (Your concern is unfounded) implies a definitive judgment. If you say 'A sua preocupação parece infundada,' you are being slightly more cautious, suggesting that while it seems baseless, you might be open to more information.

Positioning: Place it after the noun for standard description. 'Uma teoria infundada'. Placing it before the noun is rare and adds a poetic or highly formal emphasis.
Agreement Rules: Singular Masculine: infundado. Singular Feminine: infundada. Plural Masculine: infundados. Plural Feminine: infundadas.
Common Verbs: Commonly paired with 'ser', 'tornar-se', 'revelar-se', and 'considerar'. Example: 'O juiz considerou o pedido infundado'.

Espero que esses seus medos sejam infundados, pois precisamos de coragem agora.

A empresa emitiu um comunicado dizendo que as alegações de fraude são infundadas.

Muitas vezes, a ansiedade social é alimentada por pensamentos infundados sobre o que os outros pensam.

O historiador provou que a lenda era infundada através de documentos antigos.

Não dê ouvidos a essa fofoca infundada; ela só quer causar problemas.

Another interesting aspect of infundado is how it functions in formal writing. In a dissertation or a legal brief, the word acts as a professional rebuttal. Instead of calling an opponent a liar, which would be aggressive and unprofessional, one states that their 'premissas são infundadas.' This shifts the focus from the person's character to the logical structure of their argument. It is a word that builds bridges toward objective truth by pointing out where the truth is missing. For English speakers, think of it as the 'surgical' way to say something is wrong. It doesn't just say 'no'; it explains that the 'why' is missing. Mastering this word will significantly elevate your Portuguese from basic communication to nuanced discussion.

If you turn on a Portuguese news channel like SIC Notícias or GloboNews, you will likely hear infundado several times a week. It is the go-to word for journalists reporting on political scandals where one party denies the other's claims. When a politician is accused of corruption, their first line of defense in a press release is almost always: 'Estas acusações são totalmente infundadas.' In the business world, during shareholder meetings or earnings calls, executives use it to calm investors regarding market rumors. If there's a rumor that a company is going bankrupt, the CEO will state that such 'boatos são infundados' to maintain stock stability. This word is the shield of the accused and the tool of the skeptic.

No Tribunal: Advogados usam 'infundado' para pedir o arquivamento de processos que não apresentam provas mínimas ou fundamentos jurídicos válidos.
Na Ciência: Cientistas utilizam o termo para descrever pseudociência ou teorias da conspiração que não seguem o método científico.
No Consultório: Psicólogos podem usar o termo para ajudar pacientes a identificar 'medos infundados' que geram ansiedade desnecessária.

O governo classificou como infundadas as críticas da oposição sobre a nova lei.

O pânico causado pela notícia do meteoro era infundado, pois ele passaria longe da Terra.

Muitas lendas urbanas são baseadas em fatos infundados que se espalham rapidamente.

A recusa do visto foi considerada infundada pelo advogado do requerente.

Não se preocupe com a prova; seus receios de falhar são infundados dado o seu esforço.

You will also encounter this word in literature, particularly in psychological thrillers or philosophical essays. Authors use it to describe the internal state of characters who are plagued by doubts that have no basis in their reality. In a broader cultural sense, infundado reflects a Portuguese-speaking value on logic and 'fundamento' (foundation). In many Lusophone cultures, having a 'fundamento' for what you say is a mark of a serious person. Therefore, being called infundado is not just a correction; it's a slight against one's credibility. It implies a lack of preparation or a tendency toward fantasy. Pay attention to how the word is delivered—often with a slight shake of the head or a dismissive gesture, emphasizing the 'emptiness' of the subject being discussed.

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make when using infundado is confusing it with words that sound similar but have vastly different meanings. For example, some learners confuse it with 'profundo' (deep) because of the shared 'fund' root. While 'profundo' relates to depth, 'infundado' relates to the absence of a base. Another mistake is using it to describe physical instability. You might be tempted to say a bridge is 'infundada' if it looks weak, but the correct term would be 'instável' or 'sem alicerces'. Infundado is strictly for abstract concepts like ideas, arguments, and emotions. Furthermore, many students forget the essential gender and number agreement. Since 'infundado' ends in '-o', it is highly regular, but in the heat of conversation, it's easy to say 'as notícias são infundado' instead of the correct 'as notícias são infundadas'.

Confusion with 'Inundado': Be careful not to confuse 'infundado' with 'inundado' (flooded). They sound similar but describe very different situations!
Overusing 'Falso': While 'falso' is correct, it's often too simple. Using 'infundado' shows you understand why it's false—because it lacks a basis.
Agreement Errors: Always check the noun. 'Boato' (masculine) -> infundado. 'Queixa' (feminine) -> infundada. 'Medos' (plural) -> infundados.

Errado: A casa está infundada. (A house cannot be unfounded; use 'instável')

Errado: Seus argumentos são infundada. (Agreement error; should be 'infundados')

Errado: O rio está infundado. (Confusion with 'inundado' - flooded)

Correto: A sua desconfiança é totalmente infundada.

Correto: Eles apresentaram uma denúncia infundada contra o vizinho.

Another subtle mistake is using infundado when you mean 'useless' or 'pointless' (inútil). While an unfounded argument might be useless, the words are not synonyms. Infundado specifically attacks the truth-value and the evidentiary support of the claim. If you tell someone their effort was 'infundado', it sounds like you're saying their effort had no logical reason to exist, which might be more insulting than just saying it was 'em vão' (in vain). Use infundado when you are talking about the validity of information or feelings, and you will avoid these common pitfalls. Finally, avoid using it in very casual slang-heavy environments; it might make you sound a bit too much like a lawyer or a news anchor!

To truly master infundado, you should know its synonyms and how they differ in nuance. The most common synonym is 'baseless' (sem base) or 'groundless' (sem fundamento). In Portuguese, 'sem fundamento' is the most direct equivalent and is used interchangeably in most contexts. Another strong alternative is improcedente. This is particularly common in legal contexts. If a judge says a claim is 'improcedente', they are saying it lacks merit or legal basis. Another word is descabido, which carries a slightly more judgmental tone, often meaning 'out of place' or 'uncalled for' as well as baseless. If someone makes a 'comentário descabido', it means it was both unfounded and inappropriate for the situation. For a more formal, almost poetic alternative, you might see insubsistente, meaning something that cannot sustain itself or remain standing due to lack of proof.

Infundado vs. Improcedente: 'Infundado' refers to the lack of a base; 'Improcedente' refers to the lack of legal or logical merit to proceed. 'Improcedente' is much more formal.
Infundado vs. Gratuito: 'Gratuito' (gratuitous) is used when an insult or an action is done without any provocation or reason. 'Ataque gratuito' is common.
Infundado vs. Vão: 'Vão' (vain/empty) implies that something is hollow or will lead to nothing. 'Promessas vãs' are empty promises, similar to unfounded ones but focusing on the outcome.

A ação judicial foi julgada improcedente por falta de provas.

Foi um comentário totalmente descabido para aquele momento solene.

Suas preocupações são vãs, pois tudo já foi resolvido.

A teoria é insubsistente diante das novas descobertas arqueológicas.

Ele sofreu um ataque gratuito na internet por causa da sua opinião.

On the opposite side, knowing the antonyms is just as important. A 'fundamentado' (well-founded) or 'justificado' (justified) argument is the goal of any serious discussion. If something is 'provado' (proven) or 'legítimo' (legitimate), it stands in direct contrast to being infundado. By understanding this spectrum—from the completely baseless (infundado) to the indisputably proven (comprovado)—you gain a more complete grasp of how to evaluate information in Portuguese. This linguistic range is essential for participating in debates, writing essays, or even just navigating the complex world of modern news and social media where 'boatos infundados' are unfortunately all too common.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

The root 'fund-' is the same one used in 'foundation', 'fund', and even 'profound'. It all goes back to the idea of the 'bottom' or 'ground'.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /ĩ.fũ.ˈda.du/

US /ĩ.fũ.ˈda.du/

The stress is on the penultimate syllable: in-fun-DA-do.

هم‌قافیه با

Cuidado Passado Estado Obrigado Lado Dado Fado Gelado

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing the 'n' fully like in 'in' (English). It should be a nasal vowel.
Forgetting to change the ending for feminine nouns (infundada).
Stressing the first syllable instead of the third.
Pronouncing the final 'o' as a strong 'oh' instead of a soft 'u'.
Confusing the 'd' sound with a 'j' sound (common in some Brazilian dialects before 'i', but not here).

سطح دشواری

خواندن 3/5

Common in newspapers and books, easy to recognize if you know 'foundation'.

نوشتن 4/5

Requires correct gender/number agreement and appropriate formal context.

صحبت کردن 4/5

Nasal vowels can be tricky for English speakers to pronounce perfectly.

گوش دادن 3/5

Clear pronunciation usually, but can be confused with 'inundado'.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

Fundo Base Medo Notícia Verdade

بعداً یاد بگیرید

Fundamentar Improcedente Descabido Legítimo Comprovar

پیشرفته

Ontológico Epistemológico Insubsistente Libelo Aduzir

گرامر لازم

Adjective Agreement

O medo (m) é infundado (m). As notícias (f, pl) são infundadas (f, pl).

Prefix 'In-' for Negation

Feliz -> Infeliz; Fundado -> Infundado.

Position of Adjectives

Usually follows the noun: 'um boato infundado'.

Nasal Vowels (in/un)

The 'n' is not pronounced as a consonant but nasalizes the preceding vowel.

Use of 'Ser' for inherent qualities

A teoria é infundada (It is fundamentally baseless).

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

O meu medo é infundado.

My fear is unfounded.

Medo is masculine, so we use infundado.

A notícia é infundada.

The news is unfounded.

Notícia is feminine, so we use infundada.

Isso é infundado.

That is unfounded.

Isso is a neutral pronoun, but adjectives usually take the masculine form.

Os boatos são infundados.

The rumors are unfounded.

Boatos is plural masculine, so we use infundados.

Ela tem uma preocupação infundada.

She has an unfounded concern.

Preocupação is feminine singular.

Eles dizem coisas infundadas.

They say unfounded things.

Coisas is plural feminine.

O receio não é infundado.

The apprehension is not unfounded.

Adding 'não' reverses the meaning.

Você acha que é infundado?

Do you think it's unfounded?

A simple question using the word.

Suas suspeitas sobre o vizinho são infundadas.

Your suspicions about the neighbor are unfounded.

Suspeitas (f. pl.) matches infundadas.

O boato de que a loja vai fechar é infundado.

The rumor that the store will close is unfounded.

Boato (m. s.) matches infundado.

Não chore por motivos infundados.

Don't cry for unfounded reasons.

Motivos (m. pl.) matches infundados.

A crítica dele pareceu um pouco infundada.

His criticism seemed a bit unfounded.

Pareceu (seemed) adds a layer of observation.

Muitos medos de infância são infundados.

Many childhood fears are unfounded.

Medos (m. pl.) matches infundados.

A empresa negou a acusação infundada.

The company denied the unfounded accusation.

Acusação (f. s.) matches infundada.

Espero que o meu pressentimento seja infundado.

I hope my bad feeling is unfounded.

Pressentimento (m. s.) matches infundado.

As reclamações dos clientes eram infundadas.

The customers' complaints were unfounded.

Reclamações (f. pl.) matches infundadas.

O juiz considerou o pedido do advogado totalmente infundado.

The judge considered the lawyer's request totally unfounded.

Considerou... infundado is a common legal structure.

A teoria da conspiração revelou-se infundada após a investigação.

The conspiracy theory proved to be unfounded after the investigation.

Revelou-se (proved to be) is a more advanced verb choice.

Sua falta de confiança em mim é infundada e injusta.

Your lack of trust in me is unfounded and unfair.

Falta (f. s.) matches infundada.

O mercado reagiu a rumores infundados de uma crise financeira.

The market reacted to unfounded rumors of a financial crisis.

Rumores (m. pl.) matches infundados.

É perigoso basear políticas públicas em dados infundados.

It is dangerous to base public policies on unfounded data.

Dados (m. pl.) matches infundados.

A desconfiança entre os sócios era infundada, pois ambos eram honestos.

The distrust between the partners was unfounded, as both were honest.

Desconfiança (f. s.) matches infundada.

O pânico geral foi causado por uma notícia infundada no rádio.

The general panic was caused by an unfounded news report on the radio.

Notícia (f. s.) matches infundada.

A alegação de plágio mostrou-se infundada após a análise do texto.

The allegation of plagiarism proved to be unfounded after the text analysis.

Alegação (f. s.) matches infundada.

A defesa argumentou que a denúncia era juridicamente infundada.

The defense argued that the complaint was legally unfounded.

Juridicamente (legally) is a common adverbial modifier.

O otimismo da diretoria não é infundado, visto o crescimento das vendas.

The board's optimism is not unfounded, given the growth in sales.

Visto (given/considering) introduces the justification.

Muitas vezes, a ansiedade é alimentada por pensamentos infundados sobre o futuro.

Often, anxiety is fueled by unfounded thoughts about the future.

Pensamentos (m. pl.) matches infundados.

O historiador classificou o mito como infundado e sem rigor científico.

The historian classified the myth as unfounded and lacking scientific rigor.

Classificou... como (classified as) is a formal structure.

A recusa do banco em conceder o empréstimo pareceu infundada ao cliente.

The bank's refusal to grant the loan seemed unfounded to the customer.

Recusa (f. s.) matches infundada.

Não podemos permitir que acusações infundadas manchem a reputação da escola.

We cannot allow unfounded accusations to tarnish the school's reputation.

Manchem (tarnish) is a high-level verb.

O receio de que a tecnologia substitua os humanos é, em parte, infundado.

The fear that technology will replace humans is, in part, unfounded.

Em parte (in part) adds nuance.

Suas críticas ao projeto são infundadas, pois você não conhece os detalhes.

Your criticisms of the project are unfounded, as you don't know the details.

Críticas (f. pl.) matches infundadas.

A tese do autor foi duramente criticada por ser considerada empiricamente infundada.

The author's thesis was harshly criticized for being considered empirically unfounded.

Empiricamente (empirically) specifies the type of basis lacking.

O pânico moral que varreu a cidade baseava-se em premissas totalmente infundadas.

The moral panic that swept the city was based on totally unfounded premises.

Premissas (f. pl.) matches infundadas.

O diplomata afirmou que as preocupações estrangeiras eram infundadas e soberanas.

The diplomat stated that foreign concerns were unfounded and sovereign.

Preocupações (f. pl.) matches infundadas.

A narrativa oficial revelou-se insubsistente, repleta de dados infundados e contradições.

The official narrative proved insubstantial, full of unfounded data and contradictions.

Insubsistente is a sophisticated synonym used here.

O juiz indeferiu o pedido, rotulando-o como uma tentativa infundada de atrasar o processo.

The judge dismissed the request, labeling it an unfounded attempt to delay the trial.

Rotulando-o (labeling it) is a gerund construction.

A desconfiança popular nas instituições é, por vezes, alimentada por boatos infundados.

Popular distrust in institutions is sometimes fueled by unfounded rumors.

Desconfiança (f. s.) matches infundada (implied context).

É imperativo distinguir entre críticas legítimas e ataques meramente infundados.

It is imperative to distinguish between legitimate criticisms and merely unfounded attacks.

Ataques (m. pl.) matches infundados.

O ceticismo do cientista não era infundado, dada a falta de reprodutibilidade do estudo.

The scientist's skepticism was not unfounded, given the study's lack of reproducibility.

Ceticismo (m. s.) matches infundado.

A argumentação do filósofo, embora elegante, padece de um vício infundado em sua base ontológica.

The philosopher's argumentation, though elegant, suffers from an unfounded flaw in its ontological base.

Vício (m. s.) matches infundado; ontological is high-level vocab.

O libelo acusatório foi desconstruído ponto a ponto como sendo factualmente infundado.

The accusatory bill was deconstructed point by point as being factually unfounded.

Libelo acusatório is a very formal legal term.

Resta saber se tal apreensão é um resquício de traumas passados ou um temor infundado.

It remains to be seen whether such apprehension is a remnant of past traumas or an unfounded fear.

Resta saber (it remains to be seen) is a classical opening.

A historiografia moderna tende a ver certas crônicas medievais como relatos infundados de glória.

Modern historiography tends to view certain medieval chronicles as unfounded accounts of glory.

Relatos (m. pl.) matches infundados.

A pretensão de universalidade daquela teoria estética mostrou-se, sob análise, infundada.

The claim of universality of that aesthetic theory proved, under analysis, unfounded.

Pretensão (f. s.) matches infundada.

Não se pode olvidar que muitas decisões políticas derivam de pressupostos infundados.

One cannot forget that many political decisions derive from unfounded assumptions.

Não se pode olvidar (one cannot forget) is highly formal.

O veredito foi anulado pois baseou-se em um testemunho que se provou infundado.

The verdict was overturned because it was based on testimony that proved to be unfounded.

Testemunho (m. s.) matches infundado.

A elegância da prosa não logrou ocultar a natureza infundada das suas assertivas.

The elegance of the prose did not succeed in hiding the unfounded nature of its assertions.

Logrou (succeeded) is a sophisticated verb choice.

ترکیب‌های رایج

Medo infundado

Boato infundado

Acusação infundada

Suspeita infundada

Receio infundado

Crítica infundada

Alegação infundada

Totalmente infundado

Completamente infundada

Revelar-se infundado

عبارات رایج

É um medo infundado.

— Used to tell someone their fear is not based on reality.

Não se preocupe, é um medo infundado.

Isso é totalmente infundado.

— A strong way to dismiss a statement as having no truth.

O que você está sugerindo é totalmente infundado.

Acusações infundadas.

— Often used in news to describe claims made without proof.

O político negou as acusações infundadas.

Boatos infundados.

— Rumors that have no basis in fact.

A internet está cheia de boatos infundados.

Uma suspeita infundada.

— A feeling of doubt or mistrust that turns out to be wrong.

Peço desculpas pela minha suspeita infundada.

Argumento infundado.

— An argument that lacks logical support.

Seu argumento é infundado e não convence ninguém.

Preocupação infundada.

— Worrying about something that isn't likely to happen.

Pare de ter essa preocupação infundada.

Criticar de forma infundada.

— To criticize someone or something without having a good reason.

Não é justo criticar de forma infundada.

Sentimento infundado.

— An emotion or intuition that has no real-world cause.

Às vezes sinto um ciúme infundado.

Considerar infundado.

— To judge something as being baseless.

O diretor considerou o boato infundado.

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

infundado vs Inundado

Means 'flooded'. Sounds similar but used for water.

infundado vs Profundo

Means 'deep'. Shares the same root but opposite concept of 'base'.

infundado vs Afundado

Means 'sunken'. Related to 'fundo' but describes a physical state.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"Construir castelos no ar"

— To create elaborate plans or ideas that are 'infundadas' because they have no basis in reality.

Ele está apenas construindo castelos no ar com esse projeto.

Informal

"Falar por falar"

— To say things without foundation or serious intent, just to talk.

Não ligue para ele, ele está apenas falando por falar.

Informal

"Sem pé nem cabeça"

— Something that has no logic or foundation; completely nonsensical.

Essa história que ele contou está sem pé nem cabeça.

Informal

"Dar murro em ponta de faca"

— To persist in something that is 'infundado' or useless.

Tentar convencê-lo é como dar murro em ponta de faca.

Informal

"Conversa fiada"

— Baseless talk or lies; 'infundado' gossip.

Isso tudo é conversa fiada da oposição.

Informal

"Tirar do nada"

— To come up with an 'infundada' claim without any source.

De onde você tirou essa ideia? Você a tirou do nada!

Informal

"Vender fumaça"

— To promote something that is 'infundado' or has no substance.

Aquele palestrante está apenas vendendo fumaça.

Informal

"Pôr em pratos limpos"

— To clarify if a suspicion was 'infundada' or true.

Precisamos pôr essa situação em pratos limpos.

Informal

"Cair por terra"

— When an 'infundado' argument is finally proven wrong and collapses.

A sua teoria caiu por terra depois do experimento.

Neutral

"Andar nas nuvens"

— To be out of touch with reality, often leading to 'infundados' thoughts.

Desde que se apaixonou, ela anda nas nuvens.

Informal

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

infundado vs Inundado

Phonetic similarity.

Inundado is about water/flooding. Infundado is about lack of basis.

O campo está inundado (wet). O boato é infundado (false).

infundado vs Falso

Semantic similarity.

Falso is general. Infundado specifically means 'lacking a base/reason'.

O dinheiro é falso. A acusação é infundada.

infundado vs Incerto

Both imply a lack of certainty.

Incerto means 'not sure'. Infundado means 'proven to have no basis'.

O futuro é incerto. O medo é infundado.

infundado vs Instável

Both imply a lack of solid structure.

Instável is for physical objects or moods. Infundado is for abstract claims.

A mesa está instável. A teoria é infundada.

infundado vs Vão

Both mean 'empty' in a way.

Vão focuses on the result (useless). Infundado focuses on the origin (no base).

Esforço vão. Medo infundado.

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

O [noun] é infundado.

O medo é infundado.

A [noun] parece infundada.

A suspeita parece infundada.

São [noun] totalmente infundados.

São boatos totalmente infundados.

O juiz considerou o [noun] infundado.

O juiz considerou o pedido infundado.

Apesar de [adjective], a tese é infundada.

Apesar de elegante, a tese é infundada.

Padece de uma natureza factualmente infundada.

O libelo padece de uma natureza factualmente infundada.

Revelou-se ser uma [noun] infundada.

Revelou-se ser uma preocupação infundada.

Não baseie sua decisão em [noun] infundados.

Não baseie sua decisão em dados infundados.

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

Fundamento (foundation/basis)

Fundação (foundation/institution)

Fundo (bottom/background)

فعل‌ها

Fundar (to found/establish)

Fundamentar (to base/substantiate)

Afundar (to sink)

صفت‌ها

Fundado (founded/based)

Fundamental (fundamental)

Profundo (deep)

مرتبط

Infundamentado

Insubsistente

Baseado

Alicerce

Estrutura

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نحوه استفاده

frequency

High in news, medium-high in general formal conversation.

اشتباهات رایج

As notícias são infundado. → As notícias são infundadas.
Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun 'notícias' (feminine plural).
A mesa está infundada. → A mesa está instável.
'Infundado' is only for abstract concepts, not physical objects.
O boato é inundado. → O boato é infundado.
'Inundado' means flooded. Don't confuse the two similar-sounding words.
Ele é um homem infundado. → Ele é um homem sem princípios.
You don't describe a person as 'infundado'; describe their actions or words instead.
Eu vou infundar essa ideia. → Eu vou provar que essa ideia é infundada.
'Infundado' is an adjective, not a verb. You cannot 'infundar' something.

نکات

Gender Check

Always check if the noun is masculine or feminine. 'A queixa' is feminine, so 'infundada'. 'O boato' is masculine, so 'infundado'.

Professionalism

Use 'infundado' in business emails to dismiss rumors politely. It sounds much better than saying 'That's a lie'.

Nasalization

Practice the nasal 'in' and 'un'. If you don't nasalize them, it might sound like 'ifudado', which is not a word.

Synonym Variety

Use 'improcedente' in legal contexts and 'descabido' for inappropriate comments to show higher level fluency.

Abstract Only

Never use it for physical objects. A shaky chair is 'instável', not 'infundada'.

News Anchor Speech

Watch the news. Anchors love this word. It's a great way to hear it used in perfect context.

Adverb Pairing

Pair it with 'totalmente' for maximum effect in your writing. 'Argumentos totalmente infundados'.

Foundation Root

Remember 'Foundation'. In-fundado = No-foundation. It's an easy mental link.

Polite Disagreement

Use 'Parece-me infundado' (It seems unfounded to me) to disagree without being aggressive.

Suffix Clues

Look for the '-ado' ending. It tells you it's an adjective describing a state or quality.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of 'IN-FOUND-ED'. It hasn't been 'found' in reality because it has no 'foundation'.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a house floating in the air with no ground beneath it. That house is 'infundada'.

شبکه واژگان

Infundado Sem base Boato Medo Acusação Falso Sem fundamento Lógica

چالش

Try to find three things today that people worry about which you think are 'infundadas'. Say them out loud in Portuguese.

ریشه کلمه

From the Latin 'infundatus', which is the negation of 'fundatus' (founded).

معنای اصلی: Literally 'not founded' or 'without a base'.

Romance (Latin-derived).

بافت فرهنگی

Calling someone's feelings 'infundadas' can be dismissive. Use with empathy in personal relationships.

Similar to 'baseless' or 'unfounded', but 'infundado' is slightly more common in everyday Portuguese than 'unfounded' is in everyday English.

Used frequently in Brazilian 'Direito Civil' (Civil Law) textbooks. Commonly found in the works of Portuguese writers like Eça de Queirós to describe social pretenses. A staple word in debates on news channels like RTP and Globo.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Legal Proceedings

Pedido infundado
Recurso infundado
Alegações infundadas
Julgar infundado

News and Media

Boatos infundados
Notícias infundadas
Rumores infundados
Informação infundada

Psychology and Emotions

Medos infundados
Receios infundados
Preocupação infundada
Ansiedade infundada

Professional Feedback

Crítica infundada
Argumento infundado
Queixa infundada
Suspeita infundada

Scientific Debates

Teoria infundada
Hipótese infundada
Dados infundados
Premissa infundada

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"Você acha que o medo de voar é infundado ou justificado?"

"Como você reage quando ouve um boato infundado sobre você?"

"Você já teve uma preocupação que depois se revelou infundada?"

"Na sua opinião, qual é o boato mais infundado da história?"

"Como podemos combater as notícias infundadas na internet?"

موضوعات نگارش

Escreva sobre um momento em que você teve um medo infundado e como você o superou.

Descreva uma situação em que você foi acusado de algo de forma infundada.

Pense em uma teoria da conspiração famosa e explique por que ela é infundada.

Reflita sobre como as redes sociais espalham informações infundadas.

Se você fosse um juiz, como explicaria a alguém que o processo dele é infundado?

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No, you don't call a person 'infundado'. You call their arguments, fears, or claims 'infundados'. If a person is baseless in their character, you might call them 'leviano' or 'sem princípios'.

They are essentially the same. 'Infundado' is a single adjective (unfounded), while 'sem fundamento' is a prepositional phrase (without foundation). 'Infundado' is slightly more formal.

Think of the 'in' in the English word 'sing', but don't let your tongue touch the roof of your mouth for the 'n'. It's a nasalized 'ee' sound.

Yes, it is widely used in all Portuguese-speaking countries, especially in media and formal writing.

Usually, it's negative (unfounded fears/accusations). However, you can say 'O otimismo não é infundado' (The optimism is NOT unfounded) to mean it's justified.

No. The verb is 'fundamentar' (to provide a foundation). There is no direct verb for 'making something unfounded'.

No. For a building without a foundation, use 'sem alicerces'. 'Infundado' is for abstract things.

Yes, it's typically introduced at the intermediate level because it involves abstract thinking and formal register.

Yes: infundados and infundadas. It must agree with the noun it describes.

'Medo infundado' and 'boato infundado' are the most frequent pairings you will hear.

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