堂兄 در ۳۰ ثانیه
- Older male cousin from your father's side.
- Shares the same surname.
- Important distinction in Chinese family structure.
The term 堂兄 (táng xiōng) is a specific kinship term in Chinese that refers to your older male cousin on your father's side of the family. This means they are the son of your father's brother, and crucially, they will share the same surname as you. This distinction is rooted in traditional Chinese family structures where lineage and surname played a very significant role.
- Paternal vs. Maternal
- In Chinese, the distinction between paternal and maternal relatives is very clear. 堂 (táng) refers to relatives on the paternal side (through the father), while 表 (biǎo) refers to relatives on the maternal side (through the mother or the mother's siblings). So, 堂兄 specifically excludes cousins from your mother's family.
- Age Matters
- The character 兄 (xiōng) means 'older brother'. Therefore, 堂兄 exclusively refers to a male cousin who is older than you. If the cousin is younger, they would be called 堂弟 (táng dì).
- Surname Connection
- The concept of sharing the same surname is central to the 堂 (táng) category. This signifies a deeper blood relation within the same patriarchal lineage. In traditional society, this meant greater responsibility and closer ties within this group.
My 堂兄 visited us last summer with his family.
People use 堂兄 in everyday conversations when discussing family members, especially during gatherings, holidays, or when introducing relatives. It's a common term in familial contexts, reflecting the importance of precise kinship terms in Chinese culture. For instance, if you are talking about your family tree or recounting childhood memories, you would naturally use this term to specify which cousin you are referring to.
Understanding 堂兄 helps in navigating Chinese family dynamics and recognizing the cultural significance placed on paternal lineage and seniority. It's not just about being a cousin; it's about being a specific type of cousin within a well-defined family structure.
The term emphasizes a close familial bond, often implying a sense of shared heritage and upbringing, especially if the paternal uncles lived close to each other or in the same village. In modern urban settings, while the surname connection remains, the daily interaction might be less frequent than in historical contexts, but the term itself still carries weight.
It's important to remember that this term is quite specific. If you were to use it incorrectly for a maternal cousin or a younger cousin, it would indicate a misunderstanding of Chinese kinship terms.
In summary, 堂兄 is a fundamental term for anyone learning about Chinese family relationships. It signifies an older male cousin from your father's side, sharing your surname, and occupying a distinct position within the family hierarchy.
Using 堂兄 (táng xiōng) correctly in sentences requires understanding its specific meaning: an older male cousin from your father's side who shares your surname. Here are various ways to incorporate it into your Chinese sentences, ranging from simple statements to more complex expressions.
- Basic Statements
- You can use it as the subject or object of a sentence to identify this specific relative.
My 堂兄 lives in Beijing.
I often play basketball with my 堂兄.
- Adding Detail
- You can add descriptive phrases or clauses to provide more context.
The 堂兄 who is a doctor gave me some health advice.
Last year, my 堂兄 got married.
- Comparisons and Distinctions
- Use it when you need to differentiate between different types of cousins.
My 堂兄 is older than me, but my 表哥 is younger.
You can also use possessive particles like '的' (de) to show relationships:
This is my 堂兄's car.
When asking questions, you can inquire about someone's 堂兄:
Do you have any 堂兄?
In more complex sentences, you might use it to describe actions or events involving your 堂兄:
I learned how to cook from my 堂兄 when we were kids.
Remember that 堂兄 implies seniority. If you are talking about a male cousin from your father's side who is younger than you, you would use 堂弟 (táng dì).
My 堂兄 is taller than me.
Practice constructing sentences using 堂兄 in different contexts to solidify your understanding. Pay attention to the position of the noun in the sentence and the use of particles like '的'.
You'll encounter the term 堂兄 (táng xiōng) frequently in various real-life situations and media related to Chinese culture. Its usage is deeply embedded in familial and social contexts.
- Family Gatherings
- During holidays like Chinese New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival, or family weddings and birthdays, conversations naturally revolve around relatives. When discussing who attended, who brought what, or sharing anecdotes, people will often refer to their 堂兄.
'Did you see my 堂兄 at the party?'
- Introductions
- When introducing family members, especially to someone unfamiliar with your extended family, you'll use precise terms. 'This is my 堂兄, we grew up together.'
'This is my 堂兄, Zhang Wei.'
- Storytelling and Anecdotes
- Sharing childhood memories or stories about family members often involves specific kinship terms. 'When I was little, my 堂兄 taught me how to ride a bike.'
'My 堂兄 was always the one who helped me with homework.'
- Media and Literature
- In Chinese dramas, movies, novels, and even news articles discussing family matters or social structures, 堂兄 will appear naturally to depict familial relationships accurately.
A character might say, 'I haven't seen my 堂兄 in years.'
In discussions about inheritance, family business, or traditional customs, the roles and relationships defined by terms like 堂兄 become relevant.
Even in modern society, where mobility separates families, the term retains its meaning and is used when referring to the specific lineage. It signifies a connection that goes beyond mere acquaintance, rooted in shared ancestry.
When you hear someone mention their 堂兄, you can infer that they are talking about an older male cousin from their father's side who shares the same family name, highlighting a close-knit, paternal lineage.
When learning Chinese kinship terms, it's easy to mix them up. Here are some common mistakes learners make when using or understanding 堂兄 (táng xiōng).
- Confusing with Maternal Cousins
- The most frequent error is using 堂兄 for cousins on the maternal side. Remember, 堂 (táng) is strictly for the paternal side (father's family), while 表 (biǎo) is for the maternal side (mother's family or father's sisters' children). So, a cousin from your mother's brother would be a 表哥 (biǎo gē) if older, not a 堂兄.
Incorrect: My mother's brother's son is my 堂兄.
- Confusing with Younger Cousins
- The character 兄 (xiōng) specifically means 'older brother'. Therefore, 堂兄 refers only to male cousins who are older than you. Using it for a younger male cousin from your father's side is incorrect. That cousin should be called 堂弟 (táng dì).
Incorrect: My father's brother's younger son is my 堂兄.
- Ignoring the Surname Rule
- While less common for beginners, some might forget that 堂 (táng) relatives share the same surname. If, hypothetically, a father's brother's son had a different surname due to adoption or a very unusual circumstance, they wouldn't typically be called 堂兄 in the traditional sense.
A potential misunderstanding: Using 堂兄 for a cousin who, due to specific circumstances, doesn't share the same surname.
- Overgeneralization
- Some learners might use 堂兄 as a general term for any older male cousin, forgetting the crucial paternal side distinction. This leads to inaccuracy when discussing family relationships.
Incorrect: My mother's sister's son (who is older) is my 堂兄.
To avoid these mistakes, it's helpful to visualize the family tree and explicitly label each relationship based on the rules: paternal/maternal, older/younger, male/female.
Understanding 堂兄 (táng xiōng) is made clearer by comparing it with related kinship terms. Chinese has a highly specific system for classifying relatives, so alternatives often differ in paternal/maternal origin, age, or gender.
- 表哥 (biǎo gē)
- Meaning: Older male cousin (maternal side OR father's sister's son).
- 堂兄 vs. 表哥
- The key difference lies in the lineage. 堂兄 is from your father's brother (same surname). 表哥 is from your mother's brother or sister, or your father's sister (different surname). Both are older male cousins.
My mother's brother's son is my 表哥.
- 堂弟 (táng dì)
- Meaning: Younger male cousin (paternal side, same surname).
- 堂兄 vs. 堂弟
- Both are from the paternal side and share the same surname. The difference is age: 堂兄 is older, 堂弟 is younger.
My father's brother's younger son is my 堂弟.
- 表弟 (biǎo dì)
- Meaning: Younger male cousin (maternal side OR father's sister's son).
- 堂兄 vs. 表弟
- These are distinctly different. 堂兄 is paternal, older, same surname. 表弟 is maternal (or father's sister's son), younger, different surname.
My mother's sister's younger son is my 表弟.
- 哥哥 (gēge)
- Meaning: Older brother.
- 堂兄 vs. 哥哥
- This is a crucial distinction. 哥哥 refers to your own biological older brother. 堂兄 refers to a cousin, albeit a close one from the paternal side.
My 哥哥 is always looking out for me.
In informal settings, sometimes the distinctions might be blurred, and people might use more general terms like 'cousin' if the context is clear. However, when precision is needed, these specific terms are essential.
The system distinguishes not just cousins but also aunts and uncles based on whether they are paternal or maternal, and their generation relative to your parents.
چقدر رسمی است؟
نکته جالب
In traditional Chinese society, the distinction between paternal (堂) and maternal (表) relatives was extremely important, reflecting a patrilineal social structure. The term 堂兄 signifies a closer bond due to shared surname and paternal lineage compared to maternal cousins.
راهنمای تلفظ
- Pronouncing the 'x' sound as a regular 'h' or 'k'.
- Not aspirating the 't' in '堂' or the 'p' in '兄'.
- Incorrectly stressing the second character.
سطح دشواری
Understanding 堂兄 requires grasping specific kinship rules, which can be challenging for beginners. Recognizing it in text is easier once the definition is clear.
Correctly using 堂兄 in writing demands careful attention to the paternal/maternal and age distinctions, making it moderately difficult.
Producing the word correctly in speech requires accurate pronunciation and recall of the kinship rules, especially when differentiating from other cousin terms.
Recognizing 堂兄 when spoken requires familiarity with its pronunciation and context within family discussions.
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
Possessive Particle '的' (de)
我的堂兄 (wǒ de táng xiōng) - my older male cousin (paternal).
Comparison with '比' (bǐ)
堂兄比我高 (táng xiōng bǐ wǒ gāo) - Older male cousin is taller than me.
Using '和' (hé) for 'and' or 'with'
我和堂兄一起玩 (wǒ hé táng xiōng yīqǐ wán) - I play together with my older male cousin.
Using '在' (zài) for location
堂兄在北京 (táng xiōng zài Běijīng) - Older male cousin is in Beijing.
Using '是' (shì) for identification
他是我堂兄 (tā shì wǒ táng xiōng) - He is my older male cousin.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
这是我的堂兄。
This is my older male cousin (paternal).
Basic identification sentence structure.
我的堂兄来了。
My older male cousin (paternal) has arrived.
'来' (lái) for arrival.
我喜欢我的堂兄。
I like my older male cousin (paternal).
Subject-verb-object structure.
堂兄，你好！
Hello, older male cousin (paternal)!
Direct address.
这是堂兄的照片。
This is a photo of my older male cousin (paternal).
Possessive '的' (de).
堂兄在做什么？
What is my older male cousin (paternal) doing?
Question word '什么' (shénme) and '在' (zài) for ongoing action.
堂兄是我的朋友。
My older male cousin (paternal) is my friend.
Simple statement of relationship.
他是我堂兄。
He is my older male cousin (paternal).
Pronoun '他' (tā) for 'he'.
我的堂兄住在上海，他是一名工程师。
My older male cousin (paternal) lives in Shanghai; he is an engineer.
Using '住' (zhù) for living and a profession.
每次回家，我都会见到我的堂兄。
Every time I go home, I will see my older male cousin (paternal).
Using '每次' (měi cì) for 'every time' and '会' (huì) for future possibility.
我的堂兄比我大五岁。
My older male cousin (paternal) is five years older than me.
Comparison structure '比' (bǐ).
我们堂兄妹经常一起玩游戏。
We cousins (paternal, older male cousins and younger female cousins) often play games together.
Using '堂兄妹' (táng xiōng mèi) for mixed-gender paternal cousins.
我堂兄的建议对我很有帮助。
My older male cousin's (paternal) advice is very helpful to me.
Possessive '的' (de) and '有帮助' (yǒu bāngzhù) for helpful.
你认识我的堂兄吗？
Do you know my older male cousin (paternal)?
Question using '吗' (ma) and '认识' (rènshi) for knowing someone.
他是我父亲的侄子，也是我的堂兄。
He is my father's nephew, and also my older male cousin (paternal).
Combining kinship terms and conjunction '也' (yě).
我的堂兄在大学学习中文。
My older male cousin (paternal) is studying Chinese at university.
Using '学习' (xuéxí) for studying and location.
我的堂兄是一位非常有经验的医生，他经常帮助我们解决健康问题。
My older male cousin (paternal) is a very experienced doctor; he often helps us solve health problems.
Using descriptive adjectives and compound verbs.
我们家每年春节都会聚在一起，我的堂兄总是给我们讲有趣的故事。
Our family gathers together every Chinese New Year, and my older male cousin (paternal) always tells us interesting stories.
Time phrases, conjunctions, and descriptive adjectives.
虽然我和我的堂兄住得不近，但我们保持着密切的联系。
Although my older male cousin (paternal) and I don't live close by, we maintain close contact.
Using '虽然...但是...' (suīrán...dànshì...) for 'although...but...' and '保持联系' (bǎochí liánxì) for maintaining contact.
我堂兄对我的人生选择给予了很大的支持和鼓励。
My older male cousin (paternal) gave great support and encouragement to my life choices.
Using abstract nouns like '支持' (zhīchí) and '鼓励' (gǔlì).
在家庭聚会上，大家总是喜欢听堂兄分享他在国外的经历。
At family gatherings, everyone always likes to hear my older male cousin (paternal) share his experiences abroad.
Using '分享' (fēnxiǎng) for sharing and '经历' (jīnglì) for experiences.
如果遇到困难，我的堂兄总是第一个伸出援手。
If encountering difficulties, my older male cousin (paternal) is always the first to lend a helping hand.
Conditional clauses and idiomatic phrases like '伸出援手' (shēnchū yuánshǒu).
我的堂兄是一位成功的企业家，他白手起家，创立了自己的公司。
My older male cousin (paternal) is a successful entrepreneur; he started from scratch and founded his own company.
Using descriptive terms for profession and achievements.
我从小就非常尊敬我的堂兄，他是我学习的榜样。
I have deeply respected my older male cousin (paternal) since childhood; he is a role model for me to learn from.
Expressing respect and admiration.
在我成长的过程中，我的堂兄扮演了亦兄亦友的角色，给予了我许多宝贵的指导。
During my growth process, my older male cousin (paternal) played the role of both brother and friend, giving me much valuable guidance.
Complex sentence structure, abstract concepts like '亦兄亦友' (yì xiōng yì yǒu) and '宝贵的指导' (bǎoguì de zhǐdǎo).
尽管我们分隔两地，但每逢佳节，堂兄总会打电话来问候，这份情谊让我倍感温暖。
Although we are separated by distance, my older male cousin (paternal) always calls to send greetings during festivals; this friendship makes me feel very warm.
Using conjunctions like '尽管' (jǐnguǎn), idiomatic phrases like '问候' (wènhòu) and '情谊' (qíngyì), and adverbial phrases like '倍感温暖' (bèi gǎn wēnnuǎn).
我的堂兄在学术研究领域取得了显著成就，他的论文经常被引用。
My older male cousin (paternal) has achieved remarkable success in the field of academic research; his papers are frequently cited.
Formal vocabulary related to academia and achievements.
他不仅是一位成功的商人，还热衷于慈善事业，常常回馈社会。
He is not only a successful businessman but also passionate about charity work, often giving back to society.
Using '不仅...还...' (bùjǐn...hái...) for 'not only...but also...' and formal verbs like '热衷于' (rèzhōng yú) and '回馈' (huíkuì).
每当我在人生道路上迷茫时，我都会想起堂兄的鼓励，这给了我继续前进的勇气。
Whenever I am lost on my life's path, I always think of my older male cousin's (paternal) encouragement, which gives me the courage to move forward.
Expressing abstract feelings and motivations, using phrases like '人生道路' (rénshēng dàolù) and '继续前进的勇气' (jìxù qiánjìn de yǒngqì).
他的慷慨和无私奉献精神，深刻地影响了我对人生的看法。
His generosity and selfless dedication profoundly influenced my view of life.
Advanced vocabulary for character traits and impact.
我们从小一起长大，共同经历了许多难忘的时光，这份深厚的亲情是无法替代的。
We grew up together from childhood, sharing many unforgettable times; this deep kinship is irreplaceable.
Describing shared experiences and deep emotional bonds.
他总是乐于助人，并且从不计较个人得失，这种品质值得我们学习。
He is always willing to help others and never cares about personal gains or losses; this quality is worth learning from.
Describing admirable qualities and their value.
作为家族的长辈之一，我的堂兄在重大决策上总是能提供富有远见的见解。
As one of the elders in the family, my older male cousin (paternal) can always provide far-sighted insights on major decisions.
Using formal vocabulary for family hierarchy, decision-making, and foresight ('富有远见的见解' - fùyǒu yuǎnjiàn de jiànjiě).
他不仅在事业上取得了举世瞩目的成就，更难能可贵的是，他始终保持着谦逊和低调的品格。
Not only has he achieved world-renowned success in his career, but more commendably, he has always maintained a humble and low-key character.
Complex sentence structure with emphasis on contrasting achievements and character traits ('举世瞩目的成就' - jǔshì zhǔmù de chéngjiù, '难能可贵' - nán néng kě guì).
每当我回顾过往，总会想起堂兄在我少年时代给予的悉心教导，那段经历塑造了我今天的价值观。
Whenever I look back at the past, I always remember the meticulous guidance my older male cousin (paternal) gave me in my youth; that experience shaped my values today.
Expressing reflection and the profound impact of past experiences ('悉心教导' - xīxīn jiàodǎo, '塑造了...价值观' - sùzào le...jiàzhíguān).
尽管时代变迁，社会结构发生了翻天覆地的变化，但堂兄身上所体现出的传统美德依然熠熠生辉。
Although times have changed and societal structures have undergone earth-shattering transformations, the traditional virtues embodied by my older male cousin (paternal) still shine brightly.
Using elevated language to describe societal change and enduring virtues ('翻天覆地的变化' - fāntiānfùdì de biànhuà, '熠熠生辉' - yìyì shēnghuī).
他以其卓越的领导才能和无私的奉献精神，赢得了家族乃至社区的广泛尊重。
With his outstanding leadership abilities and selfless dedication, he has earned widespread respect from the family and even the community.
Formal vocabulary for leadership, respect, and community impact.
我们之间的深厚情谊，并非仅仅源于血缘，更在于多年来相互扶持、共同成长的经历。
The deep affection between us stems not only from blood relations but more so from years of mutual support and shared growth experiences.
Analyzing the foundation of relationships beyond mere kinship.
他的远见卓识和战略眼光，使得他在商业竞争中总能先发制人，占据有利地位。
His foresight and strategic vision enable him to always preempt competitors and secure advantageous positions in business competition.
Sophisticated vocabulary for business strategy and competitive advantage.
他对于家庭责任的担当，以及对后辈的悉心培养，都为我们树立了良好的榜样。
His commitment to family responsibilities and meticulous nurturing of the younger generation have set an excellent example for us.
Focus on responsibility, mentorship, and setting examples.
在我家族的谱系中，我的堂兄不仅是血缘上的至亲，更是精神上的引路人，其人生智慧和道德操守对我产生了潜移默化的深远影响。
In my family's genealogy, my older male cousin (paternal) is not only a close blood relative but also a spiritual guide; his life wisdom and moral integrity have had a subtle yet profound influence on me.
Highly formal and literary language, complex sentence structure, abstract concepts ('谱系' - pǔxì, '至亲' - zhìqīn, '潜移默化' - qiányí mòhuà, '道德操守' - dàodé cāoshǒu).
他所倡导的勤俭持家、尊老爱幼等传统价值观，在现代社会依然具有不可估量的现实意义，并成为维系家族凝聚力的重要基石。
The traditional values he advocates, such as diligence in managing the household and respecting elders while cherishing the young, still hold immeasurable practical significance in modern society and have become important cornerstones for maintaining family cohesion.
Complex vocabulary for values, societal relevance, and family structure ('勤俭持家' - qínjiǎn chíjiā, '不可估量的现实意义' - bùkě gūliàng de xiànshí yìyì, '凝聚力' - níngjùlì, '基石' - jīshí).
每当家族面临重大抉择抑或外部挑战之时，堂兄总能以其深厚的阅历和超凡的洞察力，拨乱反正，引领家族走向光明的前景。
Whenever the family faces major decisions or external challenges, my older male cousin (paternal), with his profound experience and extraordinary insight, can always rectify the situation and lead the family towards a bright future.
Figurative language, advanced vocabulary for crisis management and leadership ('拨乱反正' - bōluàn fǎnzhèng, '超凡的洞察力' - chāofán de dòngchálì).
他所展现出的坚韧不拔的意志和高瞻远瞩的战略眼界，不仅是他个人成功的秘诀，也为我们后辈提供了宝贵的借鉴。
The tenacious will and visionary strategic perspective he displays are not only the secret to his personal success but also provide valuable lessons for us younger generations.
Abstract concepts related to personal qualities and their impact ('坚韧不拔' - jiānrèn bù bá, '高瞻远瞩' - gāozhān yuǎnzhǔ, '借鉴' - jièjiàn).
即使在瞬息万变的商业浪潮中，他依然能够凭借其敏锐的市场嗅觉和稳健的决策风格，稳操胜券，实现可持续发展。
Even amidst the rapidly changing tides of business, he is still able to, relying on his keen market sense and steady decision-making style, maintain control of the situation and achieve sustainable development.
Sophisticated business and economic terminology ('瞬息万变' - shùnxī wànbiàn, '稳操胜券' - wěn cāo shèng quàn, '可持续发展' - kěchíxù fǎzhǎn).
他的言传身教，深刻地诠释了何为真正的担当与责任，其人格魅力足以感召和激励一代又一代的家族成员。
His words and actions profoundly illustrate what true commitment and responsibility are; his personal charisma is enough to inspire and motivate generation after generation of family members.
Philosophical and psychological concepts ('言传身教' - yán chuán shēn jiào, '诠释' - quánshì, '人格魅力' - réngé mèilì).
在处理家族内部纷争时，他总是能够秉持公正客观的态度，化解矛盾，维护和谐，展现出非凡的智慧与情商。
When dealing with internal family disputes, he is always able to uphold a fair and objective attitude, resolve conflicts, maintain harmony, and demonstrate extraordinary wisdom and emotional intelligence.
Complex vocabulary for conflict resolution and interpersonal skills ('秉持公正客观' - bǐngchí gōngzhèng kèguān, '化解矛盾' - huàjiě máodùn, '情商' - qíngshāng).
他对于传承中华优秀传统文化的执着追求，不仅体现在他对传统节日的重视，更体现在他对传统技艺的保护与弘扬上。
His persistent pursuit of inheriting excellent traditional Chinese culture is reflected not only in his emphasis on traditional festivals but also in his protection and promotion of traditional craftsmanship.
Cultural and academic vocabulary related to heritage and tradition ('执着追求' - zhízhuó zhuīqiú, '弘扬' - hóngyáng).
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— My older male cousin (paternal, same surname). This is the most direct and common way to refer to him.
我的堂兄住在北京。
— With my older male cousin (paternal). Used when describing joint actions.
我经常和堂兄一起打球。
— My older male cousin (paternal) got married. A common event to discuss.
我的堂兄结婚了，我们都去参加了婚礼。
— My older male cousin's (paternal) advice. Used when referring to guidance received.
听了堂兄的建议，我做了更好的决定。
— My older male cousin's (paternal) son/daughter. Referring to the next generation.
这是我堂兄的儿子，很聪明。
— My older male cousin's (paternal) family. Referring to his immediate family unit.
我们邀请了堂兄一家来吃饭。
— My older male cousin (paternal) is a role model for me. Expressing admiration.
他是我学习的榜样，我希望像他一样成功。
— My older male cousin's (paternal) help. Acknowledging support received.
在困难时期，得到了堂兄的很大帮助。
— My older male cousin's (paternal) opinion/view. Used when discussing someone's perspective.
我想听听堂兄对这件事的看法。
— My older male cousin's (paternal) experiences. Used when discussing stories or life events.
他给我们讲了许多有趣的堂兄的经历。
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
表哥 is an older male cousin, but from the maternal side (mother's brother/sister) or paternal aunt's side. The key difference is the lineage and typically different surname.
堂弟 is also a paternal cousin sharing the same surname, but refers to a younger male cousin, whereas 堂兄 is older.
哥哥 refers to one's own older brother, not a cousin. It's crucial to distinguish between siblings and cousins.
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— This idiom literally means 'same breath, connected branches'. It refers to people who share a close bond, often due to shared ancestry or close familial ties, like cousins from the same paternal line.
我们堂兄妹感情深厚，真是同气连枝。
Literary/Formal— This idiom means 'deep affection between siblings'. While technically for siblings, it can sometimes be extended metaphorically to very close cousins, particularly paternal ones like 堂兄, who are often treated like brothers.
我的堂兄就像我的亲哥哥一样，我们手足情深。
Literary/Emotional— This idiom means 'blood is thicker than water'. It emphasizes the strong bond of kinship, especially among close relatives like paternal cousins.
虽然我们不常见面，但堂兄妹之间血浓于水，感情一直很好。
Proverbial/Emphasizing bond— This idiom describes childhood sweethearts or close childhood friends who grew up together. If you and your 堂兄 grew up together, this idiom could describe your relationship.
我和我的堂兄从小一起长大，是青梅竹马的好朋友。
Descriptive of childhood bond— This idiom means 'one who stays near vermilion gets stained red, one who stays near ink gets stained black'. It implies that one's environment and companions influence them. It could be used to describe how a 堂兄's influence shaped you.
我的堂兄是个品学兼优的好学生，近朱者赤，他也影响了我努力学习。
Proverbial/Describing influence— Literally 'the waves behind push the waves before them', this idiom means that the younger generation surpasses the older generation. It could be used in a context where your 堂兄 is older but you are now achieving more, or vice versa.
我堂兄当年很出色，但长江后浪推前浪，现在我也取得了一些成就。
Proverbial/Generational comparison— This idiom means 'like father, like son' or 'dragons beget dragons, phoenixes beget phoenixes'. It suggests that children inherit traits from their parents. It could be used to comment on how a 堂兄 resembles his father.
我堂兄和他爸爸一样，都是做生意的料，真是龙生龙，凤生凤。
Proverbial/Inherited traits— This idiom refers to the continuation of the family line, a traditional concept deeply tied to paternal lineage. The existence of 堂兄 highlights this concept.
对于传统家庭来说，传宗接代是非常重要的事情，堂兄在其中扮演着关键角色。
Traditional/Cultural concept— This idiom means 'when drinking water, think of its source'. It emphasizes gratitude and remembering one's roots or those who helped them. It can be applied to remembering the influence of a 堂兄.
我能有今天的成就，离不开堂兄当年的帮助，真是饮水思源。
Proverbial/Gratitude— This idiom refers to the joy of family life and togetherness. Family gatherings involving 堂兄 contribute to this.
每次和堂兄一家团聚，都能感受到浓浓的天伦之乐。
Describing family happinessبهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Both are older male cousins.
堂兄 refers to a cousin from the father's brother (same surname, paternal line). 表哥 refers to a cousin from the mother's siblings or father's sister (different surname, maternal or paternal aunt's line).
我的<mark>堂兄</mark>和我一起长大，我们姓一样。我的<mark>表哥</mark>住在另一个城市，我们很少见面。
Both are paternal male cousins sharing the same surname.
堂兄 is older than the speaker, while 堂弟 is younger than the speaker.
我的<mark>堂兄</mark>比我大，他很有经验。我的<mark>堂弟</mark>比我小，还在上学。
Both refer to an older male figure.
哥哥 is one's own older brother. 堂兄 is an older male cousin from the father's side.
我的<mark>哥哥</mark>是我的家人。我的<mark>堂兄</mark>也是我亲近的家人，但不是亲兄弟。
Both are male relatives on the paternal side.
叔叔 is one's father's younger brother (an uncle). 堂兄 is the son of one's father's brother (a cousin).
我的<mark>叔叔</mark>是爸爸的弟弟。我的<mark>堂兄</mark>是我叔叔的儿子。
Both are male relatives on the paternal side.
伯父 is one's father's older brother (an uncle). 堂兄 is the son of one's father's brother (a cousin).
我的<mark>伯父</mark>是爸爸的哥哥。我的<mark>堂兄</mark>是我伯父的儿子。
الگوهای جملهسازی
这是 + [我的] + 堂兄。
这是<mark>堂兄</mark>。
[Subject] + 和 + 堂兄 + 一起 + [Verb Phrase]。
我和<mark>堂兄</mark>一起看电影。
我的 + 堂兄 + [Verb Phrase]。
我的<mark>堂兄</mark>会做饭。
堂兄 + [Adjective Phrase]。
<mark>堂兄</mark>是一个很聪明的人。
我 + [Verb Phrase] + 堂兄 + 的 + [Noun]。
我喜欢<mark>堂兄</mark>的书。
虽然 + [Clause 1], 但是 + 堂兄 + [Clause 2]。
虽然我们不常见面，但是<mark>堂兄</mark>一直很照顾我。
堂兄 + [Verb Phrase] + [Result/Effect]。
<mark>堂兄</mark>的建议对我很有帮助。
[Subject] + 认为 + 堂兄 + [Clause]。
大家都认为<mark>堂兄</mark>非常成功。
خانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
صفتها
مرتبط
نحوه استفاده
High in familial contexts.
-
Using 堂兄 for a maternal cousin.
→
Using 表哥 (biǎo gē) for an older male maternal cousin.
The '堂' (táng) prefix is strictly for paternal relatives sharing the same surname. Maternal relatives use the '表' (biǎo) prefix.
-
Using 堂兄 for a younger male cousin.
→
Using 堂弟 (táng dì) for a younger male paternal cousin.
The character 兄 (xiōng) means 'older brother', so 堂兄 specifically refers to someone older. 堂弟 is used for younger male paternal cousins.
-
Confusing 堂兄 with one's own older brother (哥哥).
→
Using 哥哥 (gēge) for one's own older brother.
哥哥 refers to a sibling. 堂兄 is a cousin, even if very close.
-
Ignoring the surname implication.
→
Understanding that 堂兄 implies sharing the same surname as the speaker.
The '堂' prefix is strongly linked to the paternal lineage and the shared surname, which is a key cultural aspect.
-
Using 堂兄 for any male relative older than oneself.
→
Using 堂兄 only for an older male cousin from the paternal side.
Kinship terms are precise. 堂兄 is not a general term for any older male relative; it has specific lineage and age requirements.
نکات
Master the 'X' Sound
The 'x' in 堂兄 (xiōng) is a voiceless velar fricative, like the 'ch' in Scottish 'loch'. Practice this sound to avoid mispronouncing it as 'sh' or 'h'.
Paternal vs. Maternal Distinction
Always remember: 堂 (táng) for paternal relatives (father's side, same surname), and 表 (biǎo) for maternal relatives (mother's side, father's sister's side, different surname). This is fundamental.
Age Matters: 兄 vs. 弟
The second character indicates age relative to you. 兄 (xiōng) means older, while 弟 (dì) means younger. So, 堂兄 is an older male cousin from the paternal side.
Surname Significance
The shared surname is a crucial element of the '堂' (táng) relationship, highlighting a strong paternal lineage and collective family identity.
Family Tree Visualization
Draw out your family tree and label each relative with the correct Chinese kinship term. This visual aid greatly helps in distinguishing between similar terms.
Sentence Construction
Create sentences using 堂兄 in various grammatical structures: as a subject, object, or in possessive phrases like '我的堂兄' or '堂兄的...'.
Compare with 表哥
Actively compare 堂兄 with 表哥 (older male maternal cousin) to solidify the distinction between paternal and maternal relatives.
Listen for Context
When listening to native speakers, pay attention to the surrounding words and the overall topic to confirm if they are referring to a 堂兄.
Apply in Role-Play
Engage in role-playing scenarios involving family introductions or discussions to practice using 堂兄 and other kinship terms naturally.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Think of 'TANG' (堂) as 'Tang Dynasty', a strong Chinese empire known for its family structures. And 'XIONG' (兄) sounds like 'young' but means 'older brother'. So, 'Tang Dynasty older brother' helps remember it's a paternal cousin who is older.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a large ancestral hall (堂) where all the male cousins who share the same surname live or gather. Pick out the oldest one among them and call him 堂兄.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Try to describe your own family tree using only Chinese kinship terms. If you don't have a 堂兄, imagine one and describe their relationship to you and your father.
ریشه کلمه
The term 堂兄 is a compound word formed from '堂' (táng) and '兄' (xiōng). '堂' historically refers to the main hall of a family residence, symbolizing the paternal lineage and the core family unit. '兄' means 'older brother'. Together, they denote an older male cousin from the paternal side, who would typically reside in or be associated with the same main family hall.
معنای اصلی: '堂' originally referred to the main hall of a house, representing the paternal lineage. '兄' means older brother. Thus, 堂兄 literally means 'older brother of the main hall', signifying a close paternal relative.
Sino-Tibetanبافت فرهنگی
When using kinship terms, ensure accuracy. Misusing terms like 堂兄 can indicate a lack of cultural understanding. However, native speakers are generally understanding of learners' mistakes, especially when the effort to learn is evident.
In English-speaking cultures, the term 'cousin' is often sufficient, with age and paternal/maternal distinctions being less critical unless specifically clarified. The concept of sharing a surname with cousins is not as strongly tied to kinship as it is in Chinese.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
Discussing family members and relationships.
- 我的堂兄
- 堂兄的儿子
- 和堂兄一起
Attending family events (weddings, holidays, reunions).
- 堂兄结婚了
- 见到堂兄
- 堂兄一家
Sharing childhood memories or anecdotes.
- 堂兄教我...
- 我和堂兄从小一起长大
Introducing relatives.
- 这是我的堂兄
- 他是我堂兄
Talking about family history or lineage.
- 堂兄在家族中
- 堂兄的父亲
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"Do you have any older male cousins from your father's side? What are they like?"
"Tell me about a memorable experience you had with your 堂兄."
"How important are paternal family ties in your culture compared to Chinese culture?"
"If you had a 堂兄, what kind of relationship do you imagine you would have?"
"Can you describe a situation where knowing the precise kinship term like 堂兄 would be important?"
موضوعات نگارش
Reflect on the role of elders in your own family or culture. How does this compare to the implied role of a 堂兄 in Chinese culture?
Imagine you are introducing your 堂兄 to a foreign friend. How would you explain his relationship to you and the significance of the term?
Write a short story about a childhood memory involving your 堂兄 (real or imagined).
Consider the importance of surnames in your culture. How does this compare to the emphasis on shared surnames within the 堂 (táng) kinship group in China?
Explore the concept of 'family lineage'. How does the term 堂兄 connect to this idea?
سوالات متداول
10 سوال堂兄 (táng xiōng) specifically refers to an older male cousin who is the son of your father's brother. This means they share the same surname and are from your paternal lineage. The '堂' (táng) indicates the paternal side and shared surname, while '兄' (xiōng) indicates they are older than you.
Yes, the '堂' (táng) prefix in Chinese kinship terms almost always implies sharing the same surname, tracing back to the same paternal ancestor. This is a key distinction from '表' (biǎo) relatives, who typically have different surnames.
If the male cousin is from your father's brother (paternal side) but is younger than you, the term used is 堂弟 (táng dì).
If the cousin is from your mother's brother or sister, or from your father's sister, they are considered '表' (biǎo) relatives. An older male cousin from the maternal side would be called 表哥 (biǎo gē).
While the specific terminology might vary slightly in nuance or usage frequency across different Chinese-speaking regions (e.g., Taiwan, Hong Kong), the core meaning of 堂兄 as an older paternal male cousin sharing the same surname is understood across most Chinese cultural contexts.
Traditionally, 堂兄 refers to the son of your father's brother. If the relationship is more distant (e.g., son of your father's father's brother), the term might still be applicable depending on the family's specific genealogical understanding, but it generally implies a relatively close paternal connection.
Yes, the general term for cousin is '表兄弟姐妹' (biǎo xiōngdì jiěmèi) or often simplified to just '亲戚' (qīnqi - relative) in very casual conversation. However, Chinese culture values precise kinship terms for clarity and respect.
The age difference is crucial. '兄' (xiōng) means older brother/male, and '弟' (dì) means younger brother/male. So, 堂兄 specifically denotes an older male cousin from the paternal side.
In such cases, the term might still be 堂兄 if they are older than you. However, familial hierarchy can be complex. Usually, the term refers to age relative to the speaker, but the paternal lineage connection is paramount for the '堂' prefix.
Yes, 堂兄 is commonly used in informal family conversations. While more general terms exist, using specific kinship terms like 堂兄 shows respect for family structure and cultural understanding. In very casual settings among close friends who don't speak Chinese, one might just say 'cousin'.
خودت رو بسنج 10 سوال
/ 10 درست
نمره کامل!
Summary
堂兄 (táng xiōng) is your older male cousin from your father's brother, and they will share your surname.
- Older male cousin from your father's side.
- Shares the same surname.
- Important distinction in Chinese family structure.
Master the 'X' Sound
The 'x' in 堂兄 (xiōng) is a voiceless velar fricative, like the 'ch' in Scottish 'loch'. Practice this sound to avoid mispronouncing it as 'sh' or 'h'.
Paternal vs. Maternal Distinction
Always remember: 堂 (táng) for paternal relatives (father's side, same surname), and 表 (biǎo) for maternal relatives (mother's side, father's sister's side, different surname). This is fundamental.
Age Matters: 兄 vs. 弟
The second character indicates age relative to you. 兄 (xiōng) means older, while 弟 (dì) means younger. So, 堂兄 is an older male cousin from the paternal side.
Surname Significance
The shared surname is a crucial element of the '堂' (táng) relationship, highlighting a strong paternal lineage and collective family identity.
مثال
我的堂兄比我大两岁。
محتوای مرتبط
این کلمه در زبانهای دیگر
واژههای بیشتر family
百日宴
A2«百日宴» یک ضیافت سنتی چینی است که به مناسبت ۱۰۰ روزگی نوزاد برگزار میشود.
一对
A2یک جفت از اشیاء هماهنگ یا یک زوج از افراد.
迁就
B2To accommodate; to yield to.
称呼
A2لقب؛ خطاب کردن. در فرهنگ چینی، استفاده از عنوان صحیح برای احترام گذاشتن بسیار مهم است.
住址
A2Address.
认错
A2To admit a mistake.
领养
A2به فرزندی پذیرفتن یک کودک یا پذیرفتن یک حیوان خانگی.
收养
B1پذیرفتن یک کودک به عنوان فرزند از طریق مراحل قانونی.
养女
A2دخترخوانده. دختری که توسط والدینی غیر از والدین بیولوژیکی خود بزرگ میشود.
养子
A2پسرخوانده. پسری که توسط والدینی بزرگ میشود که والدین بیولوژیکی او نیستند.
