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B1 noun #3,000 پرکاربردترین 11 دقیقه مطالعه

材料

cailiao
تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 材料 در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح 材料 in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners are just beginning their journey into the Chinese language, focusing primarily on foundational vocabulary, basic greetings, and simple everyday objects. The word for material or data, while officially classified as a B1 level vocabulary word, can still make early appearances in a beginner's learning process, especially if they are studying in a specific context such as a cooking class, an art workshop, or a basic office environment. For an absolute beginner, encountering this term might initially seem daunting because it represents a concept that is slightly more abstract than simple nouns like apple, book, or cup. However, introducing it early can be highly beneficial. At this stage, teachers and learning materials typically focus on the physical aspect of the word. For example, a student might learn it in the context of gathering items for a simple project. The focus is on rote memorization and associating the characters with tangible objects. The first character implies wood or timber, which gives a strong visual clue about its original meaning related to physical substances. The second character relates to measuring or managing, suggesting the idea of processing these substances. Together, they form a logical compound that beginners can break down and understand. In A1 exercises, learners might see this word in very short, simple sentences, such as 'I buy materials' or 'These are materials.' The grammar surrounding it is kept to the absolute minimum, usually just subject-verb-object structures. There is no expectation for the learner to understand the abstract usage related to data or documents at this point. The primary goal is simply recognition. When listening to native speakers, an A1 learner might catch this word when someone is talking about building something or preparing food. It serves as a stepping stone, a seed planted early on that will gradually grow in complexity as the learner progresses through the CEFR levels. By establishing a basic phonetic and visual familiarity with the characters at the A1 stage, students build confidence. They learn that even complex concepts can be broken down into manageable parts. Furthermore, understanding that words can have physical meanings before they take on abstract ones helps set the stage for later linguistic development. While it is not a core requirement for passing an A1 proficiency test, having it in one's passive vocabulary provides a significant advantage and enriches the early learning experience, making the transition to higher levels much smoother and more intuitive.
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As learners progress to the A2 level, their ability to construct basic sentences and understand everyday contexts expands significantly. At this stage, the word 材料 becomes much more functional and practical in their active vocabulary. A2 learners are typically able to handle simple, routine exchanges of information, and this word fits perfectly into scenarios involving shopping, basic cooking, or preparing for a simple task. The focus remains heavily on the physical applications of the word, but the sentence structures become slightly more complex. Instead of just saying 'I buy materials,' an A2 learner might say, 'I need to go to the store to buy materials to make a cake.' This demonstrates an understanding of purpose and sequence. Teachers at this level will introduce common verbs that pair with the word, such as 准备 (to prepare) and 买 (to buy). Students will practice using these collocations in role-play exercises, such as pretending to be a chef gathering ingredients or a student getting supplies ready for an art project. The concept of measure words is also introduced more rigorously at the A2 level. While beginners might default to the generic 个 (gè), A2 learners are encouraged to start using slightly more specific measure words, or at least recognize them when spoken by native speakers. For instance, they might learn to say 一些材料 (some materials) to express plural quantities. Although the abstract meaning of the word (documents, data) is still largely reserved for higher levels, A2 learners might begin to encounter it in very basic school or office contexts, such as a teacher saying, 'Look at the study materials.' The primary challenge at this level is remembering the pronunciation and the characters, as they are slightly more complex than basic A1 vocabulary. However, because the word is so frequently used in daily life, repeated exposure helps solidify it in the learner's memory. By the end of the A2 level, a student should feel comfortable using the word to describe the physical components needed for a simple task and should be able to comprehend it when spoken clearly in familiar contexts. This solid foundation is crucial for the leap to B1, where the word's full dual nature will be explored in depth.
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The B1 level is the critical juncture where 材料 truly shines and becomes an indispensable part of a learner's vocabulary. At this intermediate stage, learners are expected to handle a wide variety of situations likely to arise while traveling, working, or studying in a Chinese-speaking environment. Consequently, the dual nature of the word—both its physical and abstract meanings—must be fully mastered. B1 learners move beyond simple physical ingredients and begin to use the word extensively in professional and academic contexts to mean documents, data, or information. This is a significant cognitive leap. A B1 student must be able to say both 'We need building materials' and 'Please print the meeting materials' with equal confidence. The grammatical structures surrounding the word become more sophisticated. Learners are introduced to complex sentences involving relative clauses, such as 'The materials that I prepared yesterday are on the desk.' Furthermore, the mastery of specific measure words becomes mandatory. A B1 learner must know to use 份 (fèn) for documents (一份材料) and 批 (pī) for batches of physical goods (一批材料). The verbs associated with the word also expand significantly. In addition to basic verbs like buy and prepare, B1 students learn to use verbs like 收集 (collect), 整理 (organize), and 审核 (review) when dealing with abstract materials. This level also introduces the challenge of distinguishing this word from its close synonyms, particularly 资料 (zīliào). B1 learners must understand that while both can mean information, only 材料 can be used for physical substances. Teachers will often provide exercises specifically designed to test this distinction, requiring students to fill in the blanks with the correct word based on the context. The ability to navigate this duality demonstrates a solid intermediate grasp of the language. Whether discussing the logistics of a project, preparing for a job interview, or writing a simple essay, the word is constantly in use. By mastering its nuances at the B1 level, learners unlock a powerful tool for expressing preparation, organization, and foundational elements in almost any scenario, paving the way for the more nuanced and specialized vocabulary encountered at the advanced levels.
At the B2 level, learners are expected to communicate with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Consequently, the usage of 材料 becomes highly nuanced, abstract, and integrated into complex discourse. While the physical meaning remains relevant, B2 learners predominantly use the word in its abstract sense, dealing with complex academic, professional, and bureaucratic scenarios. They are no longer just 'preparing meeting materials'; they are 'analyzing the underlying data materials to draft a comprehensive strategic report.' The vocabulary surrounding the word becomes much more advanced. Learners will frequently use compound nouns like 申请材料 (application materials), 证明材料 (supporting documents/evidence), and 宣传材料 (promotional materials). They must be comfortable discussing the quality, validity, and implications of these materials. For instance, a B2 learner might argue in a debate that 'the evidentiary materials provided are insufficient to support the conclusion.' This requires a strong command of advanced verbs such as 论证 (to prove/demonstrate), 支撑 (to support), and 伪造 (to forge) in relation to the materials. Furthermore, B2 learners are introduced to the metaphorical usage of the word. They learn that calling a person a 好材料 (good material) means they have great potential or talent for a specific role. This demonstrates a deeper cultural and linguistic understanding beyond literal translations. The distinction between synonyms becomes even more critical. B2 students must effortlessly choose between 材料, 资料, 原料, and 素材 based on highly specific contexts. They understand that a novelist uses 素材, a factory uses 原料, and a lawyer uses 材料 or 资料 depending on the exact nature of the evidence. Listening comprehension at this level involves catching the word in fast-paced news broadcasts, professional presentations, and complex instructions. Writing tasks require the seamless integration of the word into formal essays, business emails, and reports. By the end of the B2 level, the word is no longer a vocabulary item to be consciously translated; it is a natural, flexible tool used to articulate complex ideas regarding preparation, evidence, and potential in a wide variety of sophisticated contexts.
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Reaching the C1 level signifies an advanced, operational proficiency in Chinese. Learners at this stage can express ideas fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. For a C1 learner, the word 材料 is deeply embedded in their linguistic repertoire, and their usage mirrors that of an educated native speaker. The focus shifts entirely away from basic physical applications towards highly specialized, academic, legal, and literary contexts. A C1 user will effortlessly deploy the word in complex bureaucratic procedures, such as discussing the specific legal requirements for submitting 审查材料 (materials for review) to a government agency. They are comfortable reading dense academic papers where the term refers to the foundational data sets or literature reviews (研究材料). The grammatical structures are complex, often involving passive voice, formal conjunctions, and idiomatic expressions. For example, a C1 learner might write, '鉴于所提供的材料缺乏说服力，该提案被驳回' (Given that the provided materials lacked persuasiveness, the proposal was rejected). At this level, the nuances between synonyms are completely internalized. A C1 speaker knows exactly when to use 质料 (material quality) versus 材料, or when to employ highly specific terms like 复合材料 (composite materials) in technical discussions. They can also play with the word's metaphorical meanings in creative writing or persuasive speaking, perhaps describing a difficult situation as 'lacking the necessary materials for a peaceful resolution.' Furthermore, C1 learners can understand regional variations or slight colloquial shifts in how the word is used in different Chinese-speaking areas. They can comprehend rapid, idiomatic speech where the word might be slurred or used in a highly context-dependent manner. In professional environments, they can lead meetings, dictating how materials should be organized, synthesized, and presented to stakeholders. The word becomes a pivot point for demonstrating organizational and analytical skills in the language. Mastery at the C1 level means that the learner not only knows what the word means but understands its precise weight, tone, and appropriateness in any given high-level discourse, using it to build compelling arguments and articulate complex, abstract concepts with absolute precision.
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The C2 level represents mastery, where the learner's capacity with the language is virtually indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. At this pinnacle of language acquisition, the usage of 材料 transcends basic communication and enters the realm of stylistic choice, rhetorical precision, and deep cultural resonance. A C2 speaker does not merely use the word; they wield it to achieve specific communicative goals in highly demanding environments, such as academic publishing, high-stakes legal negotiations, or advanced literary critique. In these contexts, the word is often part of dense, highly formalized jargon. For instance, in a legal context, a C2 user might discuss 呈堂证供材料 (materials presented as court evidence) with a deep understanding of the legal implications of the term. In an academic setting, they might critique the methodology of a study by analyzing the 原始数据材料 (raw data materials) and how they were processed. The C2 learner understands the historical and etymological weight of the characters, appreciating how the concept of 'timber' (材) evolved to encompass abstract 'data' (料), and can use this understanding to craft elegant, evocative prose. They can seamlessly integrate the word into classical Chinese structures (文言文) if required for stylistic effect in formal writing. Furthermore, a C2 speaker can invent new, context-specific compound words using 材料 that, while not in the dictionary, are perfectly understandable and natural to native speakers. They can engage in philosophical discussions about the nature of 'materials' in the digital age, contrasting physical reality with virtual data. The distinction between synonyms is no longer a matter of rules, but of subtle stylistic preference and rhythmic flow in the sentence. At the C2 level, the word is a testament to the learner's complete immersion in the language. It is used with absolute grammatical perfection, appropriate register, and a profound understanding of its cultural and intellectual connotations, allowing the speaker to articulate the most complex, abstract, and nuanced ideas imaginable in the Chinese language.
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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

材料 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • Physical substances used for building or manufacturing.
  • Ingredients required for cooking a meal.
  • Documents, data, or information for meetings and research.
  • Evidence or supporting paperwork for legal or official applications.
The Chinese word 材料 (cáiliào) is a fundamental vocabulary item that serves as a cornerstone for expressing concepts related to creation, preparation, and analysis. To fully grasp what it means, one must explore its dual nature, encompassing both the tangible and the intangible.
Physical Meaning
Refers to raw substances like wood, metal, plastic, or ingredients used to construct or cook something.
In the physical realm, it represents the raw substances required to build, manufacture, or produce physical goods. Imagine a construction site: the bricks, cement, steel beams, and glass are all considered physical materials.

我们需要购买建筑 材料。

Similarly, in a culinary context, the vegetables, meats, and spices you gather before cooking a meal are also categorized under this versatile term. This physical application is often the first meaning learners encounter, as it relates directly to observable, everyday objects. Beyond the physical, the word extends profoundly into the abstract domain.
Abstract Meaning
Refers to data, documents, evidence, or information gathered for research, meetings, or legal cases.
In academic, corporate, and legal environments, it denotes the information, documents, data, or evidence collected to support a thesis, make a business decision, or prove a point in court.

请把会议 材料 发给我。

When a student is writing a research paper, the books, articles, and statistics they reference are their research materials. When a lawyer is preparing for a trial, the witness statements and forensic reports are their legal materials.

这些 材料 证明了他的清白。

This duality makes the word incredibly powerful and ubiquitous in Chinese communication.
Etymological Insight
The character 材 originally means timber or wood, highlighting the physical origin, while 料 means to measure or manage.
Understanding this combination helps clarify why the word applies to things that are gathered, measured, and processed, whether they are physical blocks of wood or abstract blocks of data. The transformative potential inherent in the concept is what truly defines it. Materials are not the end product; they are the starting point.

他是一块好 材料。

Interestingly, this concept can even be applied metaphorically to people, suggesting that someone has the raw talent or potential to be developed into something great, much like a high-quality piece of wood can be carved into a masterpiece.

准备好所有的 材料 才能开始。

Therefore, mastering this vocabulary item is not just about memorizing a translation; it is about understanding a fundamental framework of thought in Chinese culture, where preparation, gathering of resources, and the potential for transformation are highly valued. Whether you are discussing the construction of a skyscraper, the preparation of a traditional banquet, the compilation of a corporate annual report, or the gathering of evidence for a critical investigation, this word remains your indispensable linguistic tool, bridging the gap between raw potential and finished reality. It is essential to recognize that the context dictates the exact interpretation, but the core essence of foundational matter remains constant throughout all its various applications and uses in daily life.
Understanding how to use 材料 (cáiliào) correctly involves mastering its common collocations, grammatical structures, and the specific verbs that frequently accompany it in both physical and abstract contexts.
Verb Collocations
Common verbs include 准备 (prepare), 收集 (collect), 购买 (buy), and 整理 (organize).
When dealing with physical materials, the verbs tend to reflect physical actions. For instance, if you are building something, you will 购买材料 (buy materials) or 运输材料 (transport materials).

工人们正在搬运建筑 材料。

In the kitchen, you might 准备材料 (prepare ingredients) before you start cooking. These physical actions are straightforward and align perfectly with the English equivalent. However, when the context shifts to abstract materials like documents or data, the verbs change to reflect intellectual or organizational tasks. You will frequently hear 收集材料 (collect materials/data), 整理材料 (organize materials/documents), or 审核材料 (review materials).

我需要时间整理会议 材料。

This abstract usage is extremely common in office environments and academic settings.
Adjective Modifiers
Adjectives often specify the type or quality, such as 建筑 (construction), 学习 (study), or 真实 (authentic).
To specify the type of material, you simply place a noun or adjective before it. For example, 建筑材料 (construction materials), 学习材料 (study materials), 宣传材料 (promotional materials), and 证明材料 (supporting documents/evidence).

老师发了很多学习 材料。

The quality of the material can also be described using standard adjectives. You can have 好材料 (good material), 劣质材料 (inferior material), or 丰富的材料 (abundant materials). Another crucial aspect of using this word correctly is knowing the appropriate measure words (classifiers).
Measure Words
Use 份 (fèn) for documents, 批 (pī) for batches of physical goods, and 种 (zhǒng) for types.
If you are talking about a set of documents, you use 份 (fèn), as in 一份材料 (one set of materials/documents).

请复印这三份 材料。

If you are referring to a large shipment of physical goods, you use 批 (pī), as in 一批材料 (a batch of materials). If you are discussing different varieties, you use 种 (zhǒng), as in 这种材料很贵 (this kind of material is very expensive).

这批 材料 昨天刚到货。

Mastering these measure words is essential for sounding natural and fluent. Furthermore, it is important to note that the word can function as the subject or the object of a sentence. As a subject: 材料已经准备好了 (The materials are already prepared). As an object: 他在找材料 (He is looking for materials). By paying attention to the verbs, adjectives, and measure words that naturally collocate with it, learners can confidently navigate both its physical and abstract applications, ensuring clear and precise communication in any given scenario, whether at a hardware store, a kitchen, a corporate boardroom, or a university library.
The versatility of 材料 (cáiliào) means that you will encounter it in a wide array of environments, ranging from highly physical, hands-on settings to purely intellectual and professional domains.
Construction and Manufacturing
Heard frequently on job sites, factories, and hardware stores referring to physical building supplies.
In the realm of construction and manufacturing, this word is ubiquitous. If you visit a building site, contractors and workers will constantly discuss the delivery, quality, and cost of 建筑材料 (construction materials) such as cement, steel, and timber.

这栋楼使用的 材料 非常环保。

In a factory setting, managers will talk about 原材料 (raw materials) needed for the production line.
Culinary and Domestic
Used in kitchens, cooking shows, and recipes to refer to the ingredients needed for a dish.
When watching a Chinese cooking show or reading a recipe, the host or text will invariably list the 材料 needed before demonstrating the cooking process. This includes vegetables, meats, sauces, and spices.

做这道菜需要准备很多 材料。

While 食材 (shícái) is a more specific word for food ingredients, 材料 is perfectly acceptable and widely used in everyday domestic conversations.
Corporate and Office
Extremely common in business meetings, referring to reports, presentations, and data sheets.
Transitioning to the abstract, the corporate office is a prime location for this word. Before a meeting, a manager might ask their assistant to print the 会议材料 (meeting materials).

大家请翻开手里的会议 材料。

These materials could be anything from financial reports to marketing proposals. When applying for a job or a visa, you must submit 申请材料 (application materials), which include your resume, cover letter, and identification documents.

你的签证申请 材料 不齐全。

In the academic world, students and professors use it to refer to the literature, data, and sources they use for their research (研究材料).

写论文需要查阅大量参考 材料。

Finally, in legal and journalistic contexts, it refers to evidence or background information. A lawyer will gather 证据材料 (evidentiary materials) to build a case, while a journalist will collect 报道材料 (reporting materials) to write an article. Because it bridges the gap between the physical substances that build our world and the abstract information that drives our society, it is a word that you will hear in almost every facet of daily life in a Chinese-speaking environment. Recognizing the context is key to understanding whether the speaker is talking about a pile of bricks, a list of vegetables, or a stack of important documents.
While 材料 (cáiliào) is a highly useful word, its broad range of meanings can lead to several common mistakes for learners, particularly when distinguishing it from similar vocabulary or choosing the correct measure words.
Confusing with 资料 (zīliào)
Learners often use them interchangeably, but 资料 is strictly for abstract data and information, never physical substances.
The most frequent error is confusing it with 资料 (zīliào). While both can mean 'data' or 'information' in an office or academic setting, 资料 is exclusively abstract. You cannot use 资料 to refer to wood, steel, or cooking ingredients.

错误: 我们需要买建筑 资料。(Incorrect)

If you are talking about physical building supplies, you must use 材料.

正确: 我们需要买建筑 材料。(Correct)

In contexts like 'meeting documents', both 会议材料 and 会议资料 are acceptable, but for physical items, the distinction is strict.
Incorrect Measure Words
Using 个 (gè) for everything instead of the specific measure words like 份 (fèn) or 批 (pī).
Another common pitfall is the misuse of measure words. Because it can represent both a single document and a massive shipment of steel, the measure word must change accordingly. Using the generic 个 (gè) is a hallmark of beginner speech.

错误: 请给我一个 材料。(Incorrect/Unnatural)

If you want a copy of a document, you should use 份 (fèn).

正确: 请给我一份 材料。(Correct)

If you are talking about a shipment of goods, use 批 (pī).
Overusing for Abstract Concepts
Using it for abstract ideas where words like 内容 (content) or 话题 (topic) would be more appropriate.
Sometimes learners overextend the abstract meaning. For example, if you are talking about the 'material' of a comedy routine or a speech, meaning the jokes or the subject matter, using 材料 sounds unnatural. In those cases, 素材 (sùcái - source material) or 内容 (nèiróng - content) is much better.

他的演讲 材料 很无聊。(Understandable, but 内容 is better for the actual speech content).

Lastly, learners sometimes forget the metaphorical usage regarding people. If a native speaker says someone is a 'good material' (好材料), they are not insulting them; they are praising their potential. Misinterpreting this can lead to awkward social situations. By paying close attention to the physical vs. abstract divide, mastering the correct measure words, and understanding the boundaries of its abstract applications, learners can avoid these common mistakes and use the word with native-like precision.
To achieve fluency, it is crucial to distinguish 材料 (cáiliào) from its close synonyms, as each carries specific nuances and is suited to different contexts.
资料 (zīliào) - Information / Data
Strictly abstract. Used for reference materials, data, and information, never for physical substances.
As mentioned previously, 资料 is the most common word confused with 材料. 资料 refers exclusively to information, data, or reference materials. You can have 历史资料 (historical data) or 个人资料 (personal profile/information).

我需要上网查一些 资料。

You cannot build a house out of 资料. When referring to documents for a meeting, both can be used, but 资料 emphasizes the informational content, while 材料 can emphasize the physical documents themselves.
原料 (yuánliào) - Raw Material
Specifically refers to unprocessed or minimally processed physical substances used in manufacturing.
原料 is a more specific subset of physical materials. It strictly means 'raw materials' used in industrial production or manufacturing before any processing has occurred.

这家工厂进口了很多化工 原料。

While all 原料 are 材料, not all 材料 are 原料. For example, a finished brick is a building 材料, but the clay used to make the brick is the 原料.

塑料的 原料 是石油。

素材 (sùcái) - Source Material
Used in creative contexts, referring to the raw ideas, experiences, or media used to create art, literature, or videos.
素材 is used almost exclusively in creative fields. If a writer is looking for inspiration, they are gathering 写作素材 (writing source material). If a video editor is downloading clips to make a montage, those clips are 视频素材 (video assets/materials).

生活是艺术创作的最好 素材。

It refers to the raw elements of creativity rather than physical construction or bureaucratic documentation. Finally, there is 食材 (shícái), which specifically means food ingredients. While you can use 材料 in the kitchen, 食材 is more precise and professional when discussing culinary arts.

这家餐厅只使用最新鲜的 食材。

By understanding these distinctions—资料 for abstract data, 原料 for raw industrial inputs, 素材 for creative assets, and 食材 for food—you can reserve 材料 for its primary roles: general physical building blocks and general bureaucratic or academic documentation. This nuanced understanding will significantly elevate the precision and naturalness of your Chinese vocabulary.

چقدر رسمی است؟

سطح دشواری

گرامر لازم

Measure words for nouns (份, 批)

The 把 (bǎ) construction for manipulating objects (把材料给我)

Relative clauses with 的 (我昨天买的材料)

Resultative complements (材料准备好了)

Passive voice with 被 (材料被拿走了)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

我买材料。

I buy materials.

Basic SVO structure.

2

这是什么材料？

What material is this?

Question word 什么 used with noun.

3

材料在桌子上。

The materials are on the table.

Location marker 在.

4

我们需要材料。

We need materials.

Verb 需要 (need).

5

这些材料很好。

These materials are very good.

Adjective predicate with 很.

6

那个材料不大。

That material is not big.

Negative adjective 不大.

7

我有很多材料。

I have a lot of materials.

Verb 有 (have) with 很多.

8

做饭的材料。

Materials (ingredients) for cooking.

Noun modifier with 的.

1

我明天去买建筑材料。

I will go buy building materials tomorrow.

Time word 明天 before verb.

2

你准备好材料了吗？

Have you prepared the materials?

Resultative complement 好.

3

这些材料一共多少钱？

How much do these materials cost altogether?

Question phrase 多少钱.

4

做蛋糕需要什么材料？

What materials (ingredients) are needed to make a cake?

Verb 需要 with specific task.

5

请把材料给我。

Please give the materials to me.

Ba (把) construction for manipulation.

6

这个材料比那个好。

This material is better than that one.

Comparative structure with 比.

7

他正在找学习材料。

He is currently looking for study materials.

Progressive aspect 正在.

8

我们没有足够的材料。

We don't have enough materials.

Adjective 足够 modifying noun.

1

开会前，请大家先看一下这份材料。

Before the meeting, please everyone take a look at this material (document).

Measure word 份 for documents.

2

为了写论文，我收集了大量的参考材料。

In order to write the thesis, I collected a large amount of reference materials.

为了 (in order to) and verb 收集.

3

这种新材料不仅轻，而且非常坚固。

This new material is not only light, but also very strong.

不仅...而且... (not only... but also) pattern.

4

请把申请签证的材料准备齐全。

Please prepare the visa application materials completely.

Resultative complement 齐全.

5

警方已经掌握了充分的证据材料。

The police have already grasped sufficient evidentiary materials.

Formal noun phrase 证据材料.

6

这批原材料的价格最近上涨了很多。

The price of this batch of raw materials has gone up a lot recently.

Measure word 批 for batches.

7

他是一块打篮球的好材料。

He is good material for playing basketball (has great potential).

Metaphorical usage for human potential.

8

这份材料的内容需要进一步核实。

The content of this material needs further verification.

Noun phrase modifying another noun.

1

在缺乏第一手材料的情况下，很难得出准确的结论。

In the absence of first-hand materials, it is difficult to reach an accurate conclusion.

在...的情况下 (under the circumstances of...).

2

该项目的成功很大程度上取决于建筑材料的质量。

The success of the project depends to a large extent on the quality of the building materials.

取决于 (depends on) structure.

3

人事部正在审核所有应聘者的背景材料。

The HR department is currently reviewing the background materials of all applicants.

Formal verb 审核 (review/audit).

4

这些宣传材料的设计非常吸引人，能够有效提升品牌形象。

The design of these promotional materials is very attractive and can effectively enhance the brand image.

Complex sentence with multiple clauses.

5

随着科技的发展，复合材料在航空领域的应用越来越广泛。

With the development of technology, the application of composite materials in the aviation field is becoming more and more widespread.

随着...的发展 (with the development of...).

6

请务必在截止日期前将所有申报材料提交至相关部门。

Please be sure to submit all declaration materials to the relevant department before the deadline.

Formal imperative 请务必.

7

这份报告综合了多方面的调查材料，具有很高的参考价值。

This report synthesizes investigative materials from multiple aspects and has high reference value.

Verb 综合 (synthesize).

8

虽然他缺乏经验，但绝对是个可造之材（材料）。

Although he lacks experience, he is absolutely a material that can be molded (has great potential).

Idiomatic expression 可造之材 related to 材料.

1

鉴于提交的佐证材料存在诸多疑点，委员会决定暂缓审批。

Given that the submitted supporting materials contain numerous doubtful points, the committee has decided to suspend the approval.

Formal conjunction 鉴于 (given that).

2

该学者通过对浩如烟海的历史材料进行梳理，提出了全新的史学观点。

By sorting through voluminous historical materials, the scholar proposed a completely new historical perspective.

Idiom 浩如烟海 (voluminous).

3

在激烈的市场竞争中，掌握核心原材料的供应链是企业的制胜关键。

In fierce market competition, controlling the supply chain of core raw materials is the key to an enterprise's victory.

Advanced business vocabulary.

4

辩护律师当庭出示了足以推翻检方指控的关键性材料。

The defense lawyer presented key materials in court sufficient to overturn the prosecution's charges.

Legal terminology 当庭出示.

5

这篇新闻报道的素材虽然丰富，但在材料的剪裁和组织上显得有些凌乱。

Although the source material for this news report is rich, it appears somewhat messy in the tailoring and organization of the materials.

Nuanced distinction between 素材 and 材料.

6

新型纳米材料的研发突破，有望彻底颠覆现有的能源存储技术。

The R&D breakthrough in new nanomaterials is expected to completely subvert existing energy storage technologies.

Scientific terminology 纳米材料.

7

他善于从纷繁复杂的日常琐事中提炼出具有深刻哲理的写作材料。

He is adept at extracting writing materials with profound philosophical principles from complicated daily trivialities.

Verb 提炼 (extract/refine).

8

任何政策的制定都必须建立在扎实的调研材料基础之上，切忌闭门造车。

The formulation of any policy must be built on the foundation of solid research materials; avoid acting behind closed doors.

Idiom 闭门造车 (acting blindly).

1

在解构这部后现代主义文学作品时，评论家着重分析了作者对文本材料的拼贴与重组技巧。

When deconstructing this postmodern literary work, the critic focused on analyzing the author's techniques of collaging and reorganizing textual materials.

Academic literary critique vocabulary.

2

法庭审理过程中，控辩双方就证据材料的合法性、真实性和关联性展开了激烈的质证。

During the court trial, the prosecution and defense engaged in fierce cross-examination regarding the legality, authenticity, and relevance of the evidentiary materials.

Highly specialized legal jargon (质证).

3

该专著的价值不仅在于其宏大的理论框架，更在于其对第一手档案材料的穷尽式发掘。

The value of this monograph lies not only in its grand theoretical framework but even more in its exhaustive excavation of first-hand archival materials.

Formal academic phrasing (穷尽式发掘).

4

面对浩如烟海且真伪莫辨的网络信息材料，现代人亟需提升媒介素养与批判性思维能力。

Facing the voluminous and indistinguishable true-or-false online information materials, modern people urgently need to improve their media literacy and critical thinking skills.

Complex adjectival phrase 真伪莫辨.

5

传统手工艺的传承，不仅是技艺的延续，更是对特定地域天然材料物理属性的深刻体悟。

The inheritance of traditional handicrafts is not only the continuation of skills but also a profound comprehension of the physical properties of natural materials in specific regions.

Philosophical and cultural reflection.

6

在宏观经济调控中，大宗基础材料价格的波动往往被视为经济周期的重要先行指标。

In macroeconomic regulation, the price fluctuations of bulk basic materials are often regarded as important leading indicators of the economic cycle.

Macroeconomic terminology (大宗基础材料).

7

这部纪录片摒弃了宏大的叙事，转而通过极其微观的口述史材料，拼凑出那个时代的真实面貌。

This documentary abandons grand narratives, turning instead to piece together the true face of that era through extremely micro-level oral history materials.

Cinematic and historical critique vocabulary.

8

所谓‘大材小用’，便是指将具备卓越潜能的人才材料，虚耗在毫无挑战性的琐务之中。

The so-called 'using large timber for small purposes' refers to wasting human talent materials with outstanding potential on unchallenging trivial tasks.

Analysis of the idiom 大材小用 using the root word.

مترادف‌ها

物资 原料 资料 素材 成分

متضادها

成品 产品

ترکیب‌های رایج

建筑材料
会议材料
学习材料
准备材料
收集材料
申请材料
证明材料
原材料
补充材料
复印材料

عبارات رایج

一份材料
一批材料
第一手材料
参考材料
背景材料
书面材料
真实材料
核心材料
汇报材料
整理材料

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

材料 vs 资料

材料 vs 原料

材料 vs 素材

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"就地取材"
"大材小用"
"因材施教"
"真材实料"
"栋梁之材"
"朽木不可雕也"
"量材录用"
"楚材晋用"
"不揣冒昧"
"材大难用"

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

材料 vs

材料 vs

材料 vs

材料 vs

材料 vs

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

برای دیدن همه مثال‌ها رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید

نحوه استفاده

note

While 材料 is extremely versatile, always default to 资料 if you are strictly talking about digital data or pure information without a physical document counterpart.

اشتباهات رایج
  • Using 资料 (zīliào) instead of 材料 for physical building supplies.
  • Using the generic measure word 个 (gè) instead of 份 (fèn) for documents.
  • Using 材料 to refer to the 'content' or 'topic' of a speech, instead of 内容 (nèiróng).
  • Using 材料 for creative inspiration or video clips, instead of 素材 (sùcái).
  • Misunderstanding the compliment '好材料' (good material) as an insult.

نکات

Measure Word Mastery

Always match the measure word to the context. Use 份 (fèn) for documents. Use 批 (pī) for large batches of physical goods. Use 种 (zhǒng) for types of materials. Avoid using 个 (gè).

Office Essential

In a Chinese workplace, this word is unavoidable. Memorize the phrase '准备会议材料' (prepare meeting materials). It will make you sound instantly more professional. It is a core part of office vocabulary.

Physical vs. Abstract

If you can build a wall with it, it is definitely 材料. If it is just numbers on a screen, it is better to use 资料. If it is paper documents for a meeting, both work, but 材料 is very common.

Praising Potential

Don't be offended if a coach or teacher calls you a '材料'. Saying '你是一块好材料' is a high compliment. It means they see raw talent in you that can be developed.

Verb Pairings

Pay attention to the verbs. 购买 (buy) signals physical materials. 收集 (collect) usually signals abstract materials. Matching the right verb makes your Chinese sound much more natural.

Formal Applications

When applying for a visa, job, or university, your documents are always called 申请材料 (application materials). Make sure to use this exact phrase in formal emails or cover letters.

Creative Contexts

If you are talking about writing a book or making a video, do not use 材料 for your ideas or clips. Use 素材 (sùcái) instead. It specifically means creative source material.

Kitchen Talk

While cooking, you can simply ask '材料够吗？' (Are the ingredients enough?). It is a quick, natural way to check if you need to go to the supermarket before starting a recipe.

Context Clues

When listening to native speakers, use context to determine the meaning. If they are at a hardware store, it's physical. If they are in a boardroom, it's abstract documents.

Legal Usage

In legal contexts, evidence is often referred to as 证据材料. Understanding this formal compound word is crucial if you are watching Chinese legal dramas or reading news reports.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Imagine measuring (料) pieces of wood (材) to build a house, then measuring stacks of paper (also 材料) to build a legal case.

ریشه کلمه

بافت فرهنگی

Teachers frequently distribute 学习材料 (study materials). The volume of these materials is often seen as a measure of the course's rigor.

In Chinese corporate culture, presenting well-organized 会议材料 (meeting materials) is a sign of respect and professionalism. Arriving without them is considered highly unprepared.

Chinese administrative processes often require extensive 申请材料 (application materials). Having them 齐全 (complete) is crucial for any official approval.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"你准备好开会的材料了吗？ (Have you prepared the materials for the meeting?)"

"做这道菜需要什么材料？ (What ingredients are needed for this dish?)"

"你的签证材料齐全了吗？ (Are your visa materials complete?)"

"这种建筑材料环保吗？ (Is this building material eco-friendly?)"

"我在找写论文的参考材料。 (I am looking for reference materials to write my thesis.)"

موضوعات نگارش

Describe the materials you need for your favorite hobby.

Write about a time you forgot important materials for a meeting or class.

Discuss the difference between physical materials and digital materials in modern life.

List the ingredients (材料) for your favorite traditional dish.

Explain how you organize your study materials.

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

The main difference lies in physicality. 材料 can refer to physical substances like wood, metal, or food ingredients, as well as abstract documents. 资料 refers exclusively to abstract information, data, or reference materials. You can build a house with 材料, but never with 资料. When referring to meeting documents, both can be used. However, 资料 emphasizes the information inside, while 材料 can emphasize the physical papers.

Yes, absolutely. In everyday Chinese, it is very common to use 材料 to refer to the ingredients needed for a recipe. For example, '做蛋糕的材料' means the materials (ingredients) for making a cake. While the word 食材 (shícái) is more specific and professional for food ingredients, 材料 is perfectly natural and widely understood in domestic contexts. Just ensure the context of cooking is clear.

When referring to a set or copy of documents, the correct measure word is 份 (fèn). For example, '一份会议材料' means one copy of the meeting materials. Do not use the generic measure word 个 (gè) for documents, as it sounds unnatural. If you are talking about a large stack of different materials, you might use 一堆 (yī duī - a pile), but 份 is the standard for individual sets.

To specifically say 'raw materials', especially in a manufacturing or industrial context, you should use the compound word 原材料 (yuáncáiliào) or simply 原料 (yuánliào). The character 原 (yuán) means original or raw. For example, '工厂需要进口原材料' means the factory needs to import raw materials. Using just 材料 is okay, but 原材料 is much more precise.

Yes, in a metaphorical sense. You can call someone a '好材料' (hǎo cáiliào), which literally translates to 'good material'. This is a compliment meaning the person has great potential, talent, or the right qualities to succeed in a specific field. For example, '他是一块打篮球的好材料' means he has great potential to be a basketball player. It implies they can be molded into something great.

Yes, it can be. While 资料 is often preferred for pure digital data, 材料 is frequently used for digital documents, presentations, or files prepared for a specific purpose, like a meeting or an application. If you email a PDF report to your boss, you can say '我把材料发给您了' (I have sent the materials to you). The focus is on the purpose of the file rather than its physical form.

In an office setting, common verbs include 准备 (zhǔnbèi - to prepare), 整理 (zhěnglǐ - to organize/sort out), 收集 (shōují - to collect), 打印 (dǎyìn - to print), and 审核 (shěnhé - to review/audit). For example, an assistant might '整理会议材料' (organize meeting materials) before the boss needs to '审核申请材料' (review application materials).

The standard phrase for study materials is 学习材料 (xuéxí cáiliào). This encompasses textbooks, handouts, worksheets, and any other resources provided by a teacher or used by a student to learn a subject. You can also use 复习材料 (fùxí cáiliào) specifically for review materials used before an exam.

Generally, yes. The core concept of 材料 is that it is the foundational matter used to create, prove, or support something else. It is a means to an end, not the final product itself. Wood is the material for a chair; documents are the materials for a decision. Once the process is complete, the result is usually called a 产品 (product) or 结果 (result).

Yes, 材料 is typically introduced around the HSK 3 level. At this level, learners are expected to understand its basic physical meanings and start using it in simple abstract contexts like 'preparing materials'. Full mastery of its nuanced usage in formal business or academic settings usually develops throughout the HSK 4 and HSK 5 levels.

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