A1 · 初級 チャプター 3

Counting and Groups

4 トータルルール
43 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of counting and grouping things from pairs to crowds with simple ending changes.

  • Form the dual for exactly two items using specific suffixes.
  • Distinguish between regular masculine and feminine plural endings.
  • Recognize 'broken' plurals that follow unique internal patterns.
From one to many: Navigating the Arabic quantity landscape.

学べること

Hey friend! Ready to move beyond just talking about 'one' thing and dive into the world of 'two' and 'many'? In this chapter, we're going to take a big leap and learn how to talk about different quantities and groups in Arabic. First up, we'll start with 'two'. It's super easy! You'll learn how to show you're talking about two things without even saying the number 'two' – just by adding '-ān' or '-ayn' to the end of the singular noun. No more needing to say 'two books'; you'll just say 'kitābān' or 'kitābayn' and that's it! Then we'll move on to plurals. You'll learn how to pluralize masculine human nouns like 'teacher' or 'student' and understand the difference between when they're the subject or object of a sentence, using '-ūn' or '-īn' correctly. Imagine wanting to say 'the teachers taught' or 'I saw the students'. But watch out, feminine plurals have a little trick! Even when they're the object of the sentence, they'll end with a Kasra (like 'i'). It’s a small detail, but crucial for sounding completely correct. And finally, you'll get to know 'Broken Plurals'. Don't worry, the name sounds tough, but they aren't! These behave just like singular nouns, with simple endings of Damma ('u'), Fatha ('a'), or Kasra ('i') for their case markings. Why is all this important? Because when you want to say 'two coffees, please' in an Arab market or 'I have several friends', you need to know how to express it correctly. Or when you're talking about large numbers of people or objects. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to confidently talk about two people or things, and various groups (masculine, feminine, or broken plurals) without being intimidated by word endings. Ready to go?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to transform singular nouns into dual forms for subjects and objects.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to correctly pluralize masculine and feminine human nouns in different sentence positions.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to identify broken plural patterns and apply standard case endings to them.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, language adventurers, to a pivotal chapter in your A1 Arabic grammar journey! Learning to count and talk about groups isn't just about numbers; it's about expressing yourself more completely and confidently in Arabic. This guide will unlock the secrets to forming duals and various plurals, moving you beyond just talking about 'one' thing to discussing 'two' items or 'many' people with ease.
Mastering these concepts is crucial for everyday conversations, whether you're ordering coffee, describing friends, or understanding news headlines.
In this chapter, you'll discover the elegant system Arabic uses to denote quantity. We'll start with the straightforward Power of Two, where a simple suffix transforms a singular noun into a dual. Then, we'll tackle the world of plurals, distinguishing between the predictable Sound Masculine Plural and the unique Rebel Plural for feminine words.
Finally, we'll demystify Broken Plurals, which, despite their name, are simpler than they sound. This knowledge will significantly enhance your ability to communicate effectively and sound more natural, making your Arabic learning experience richer and more rewarding.

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the exciting ways Arabic handles quantity, making your sentences more precise and expressive.
First, The Power of Two: Dual Case Endings (-ān / -ayn) allows you to talk about exactly two of something without saying the number 'two'. If a noun is the subject of a sentence (nominative case), you add -ān (ـانِ) to the singular form. For example, كتاب (kitāb - book) becomes كتابان (kitābān - two books).
If the noun is the object or follows a preposition (accusative or genitive case), you add -ayn (ـَيْنِ). So, you might say قرأت كتابين (qara'tu kitābayn - I read two books). This simple shift is a hallmark of Arabic grammar.
Next, for groups of men or male-associated professions, we use Arabic Plural Endings: -ūn and -īn (Sound Masculine Plural). This applies to masculine human nouns like معلم (muʿallim - teacher). In the nominative case (when it's the subject), you add -ūn (ـونَ), making it معلمون (muʿallimūn - teachers).
In the accusative or genitive case, you use -īn (ـينَ), so you'd say رأيت معلمين (ra'aytu muʿallimīn - I saw teachers).
Then comes The Rebel Plural: Feminine Words & The Kasra Trap. For most feminine nouns, you form the plural by adding -āt (ـات) to the singular, often after dropping the ت مربوطة (tāʾ marbūṭah). For example, طالبة (ṭālibah - female student) becomes طالبات (ṭālibāt - female students).
Here’s the trap: whether these plurals are in the nominative, accusative, or genitive case, they will always end with a Kasra (ـِ) sound for the last letter. So, طالبات (ṭālibāt) for nominative, and طالباتٍ (ṭālibātin) for accusative/genitive.
Finally, we have Arabic Broken Plurals: Simple Case Endings (-u, -a, -i). Many Arabic nouns, both masculine and feminine, form their plurals irregularly, changing their internal vowel structure. For instance, بيت (bayt - house) becomes بيوت (buyūt - houses), and مدينة (madīnah - city) becomes مدن (mudun - cities).
The good news is that once formed, these broken plurals behave just like singular nouns in terms of case endings! They take a Damma (ـُ) for nominative, a Fatha (ـَ) for accusative, and a Kasra (ـِ) for genitive. This makes them surprisingly easy to use once you learn the plural form itself.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: عندي كتابين جديدان. (ʿindī kitābayn jadīdān.) (I have two new books.)
✓ Correct: عندي كتابان جديدان. (ʿindī kitābān jadīdān.)
*Explanation:* When a dual noun is the subject or follows I have (عندي), it should be in the nominative case, using -ān (ـانِ), not the accusative/genitive -ayn (ـَيْنِ).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: قابلت معلمون جدد. (qābaltu muʿallimūn judud.) (I met new teachers.)
✓ Correct: قابلت معلمين جدد. (qābaltu muʿallimīn judud.)
*Explanation:* The verb قابلت (I met) requires its object to be in the accusative case. For sound masculine plurals, this means using the -īn (ـينَ) ending, not the nominative -ūn (ـونَ).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: رأيت طالباتٍ جميلةً. (ra'aytu ṭālibātin jamīlatan.) (I saw beautiful female students.)
✓ Correct: رأيت طالباتٍ جميلاتٍ. (ra'aytu ṭālibātin jamīlātin.)
*Explanation:* The adjective describing the sound feminine plural must also be a sound feminine plural and match its case. Here, جميلة (beautiful, singular feminine) should be جميلات (beautiful, plural feminine), both ending with a Kasra for accusative.

Real Conversations

A

A

هل لديك قلمان؟ (Hal ladayka qalamān?) (Do you have two pens?)
B

B

نعم، لدي قلمان أزرقان. (Naʿam, ladayya qalamān azraqān.) (Yes, I have two blue pens.)
A

A

أين الطلاب الجدد؟ (Ayna al-ṭullāb al-judud?) (Where are the new students [broken plural]?)
B

B

شاهدت الطلاب في المكتبة. (Shāhadtu al-ṭullāb fī al-maktabah.) (I saw the students in the library.)
A

A

كم معلمة في الصف؟ (Kam muʿallimah fī al-ṣaff?) (How many female teachers are in the class?)
B

B

يوجد ثلاث معلمات. (Yūjad thalāth muʿallimāt.) (There are three female teachers.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know whether to use -ān or -ayn for dual nouns in Arabic grammar A1?

Use -ān (ـانِ) when the dual noun is the subject of the sentence (the one doing the action). Use -ayn (ـَيْنِ) when it's the object of the verb or follows a preposition.

Q

Are Arabic broken plurals really that difficult to learn?

Not at all! While their formation isn't always predictable (you often have to memorize them), once you know the plural form, they behave just like singular nouns in terms of case endings (Damma for nominative, Fatha for accusative, Kasra for genitive), which is quite straightforward.

Q

What's the main difference between masculine and feminine plural endings in A1 Arabic?

Sound masculine plurals use -ūn (ـونَ) for nominative and -īn (ـينَ) for accusative/genitive. Sound feminine plurals use -āt (ـات) for all cases, and their ending sound is always a Kasra (ـِ) for accusative and genitive, which is often called the Kasra trap.

Q

Why are there different endings for the same plural type, like -ūn and -īn?

These different endings indicate the grammatical case of the noun – whether it's the subject (nominative), object (accusative), or following a preposition (genitive). This system helps clarify the role of the noun in the sentence.

Cultural Context

These plural and dual forms are integral to daily Arabic communication. From ordering كوبين قهوة (kūbayn qahwah - two cups of coffee) at a café to discussing الطلاب (al-ṭullāb - the students) with a friend, correctly using these endings is key to sounding natural and being understood. While formal Arabic (Fus'ha) strictly adheres to these case endings, in many spoken dialects, the final short vowels (like the damma, fatha, kasra) are often dropped, and sometimes the distinction between -ān and -ayn or -ūn and -īn is simplified, usually favoring the -ayn or -īn sound.
However, learning the standard forms is essential for foundational understanding and reading.

重要な例文 (8)

1

urīd ithnayn shāwarmā (Wrong)

シャワルマを2つください。（文法的には弱い）

2つの力：双数形の語尾 (-ān / -ayn)
2

urīd sandwīshatayn min faḍlik

サンドイッチを2つお願いします。

2つの力：双数形の語尾 (-ān / -ayn)
3

Al-mudarrisūn fī al-madrasah.

先生たちは学校にいます。

アラビア語の複数形の語尾：-un と -in（規則男性複数）
4

Ra'aytu al-muhandisīn fī Zoom.

Zoomでエンジニアたちを見ました。

アラビア語の複数形の語尾：-un と -in（規則男性複数）
5

Uḥibbu al-ḥayawānāt-i

私は動物が好きです。

反逆の複数形：女性名詞とカスラの罠
6

'Indī ijtimā'āt-un kathīra

私は会議がたくさんあります。

反逆の複数形：女性名詞とカスラの罠
7

al-tullābu fī al-faṣl.

生徒たちは教室にいます。

アラビア語不規則複数：簡単な格語尾 (-u, -a, -i)
8

qara'tu kutuban kathīratan.

たくさんの本を読みました。

アラビア語不規則複数：簡単な格語尾 (-u, -a, -i)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「体のパーツ」は自然に双数形！

目や手、足など、ペアになっている体のパーツは、見た目に関わらず女性名詞として扱われることが多いです。でも、今は「ペアのものは双数形になる」と覚えておけば大丈夫ですよ！ yadān
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2つの力：双数形の語尾 (-ān / -ayn)
💡

「-in」はよく聞くよ！

普段の会話や、目的語・前置詞の後の形では、「ـينَ」を耳にする機会がとても多いです。「أَنا أُحِبُّ المُصَوِّرينَ في إنستغرام.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の複数形の語尾：-un と -in（規則男性複数）
⚠️

「T」の落とし穴

「t」で終わる単語が全て女性複数形とは限らないよ！例えば、「Bait (家)」の複数形は「Buyūt」、「Waqt (時間)」の複数形は「Awqāt」のように、不規則な複数形（Broken Plurals）もあるんだ。これらは普通にFathaを使うから気をつけてね。 Waqt
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 反逆の複数形：女性名詞とカスラの罠
💡

単数形と同じルール

もし迷ったら、壊れた複数形も単数名詞と同じ母音の終わり方をする、と覚えておくといいですよ。例えば、『男の子』の単数形が「waladun」なら、『子供たち』の複数形も「awladun」になります！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語不規則複数：簡単な格語尾 (-u, -a, -i)

重要な語彙 (6)

مُعَلِّم (muʿallim) teacher (masc.) طَالِبَة (ṭāliba) student (fem.) كِتَاب (kitāb) book بِنْت (bint) girl/daughter مَدِينَة (madīna) city قَهْوَة (qahwa) coffee

Real-World Preview

coffee

At the Café

briefcase

Introducing Colleagues

Review Summary

  • Noun + ـَانِ / ـَيْنِ
  • Noun + ـُونَ / ـِينَ
  • Noun + ـَاتٌ / ـَاتٍ
  • Internal Change + -u / -a / -i

よくある間違い

The speaker used the subject ending (-ūna) for an object. Objects must use -īna.

Wrong: رَأَيْتُ الْمُعَلِّمُونَ (Ra'aytu al-muʿallimūna)
正解: رَأَيْتُ الْمُعَلِّمِينَ (Ra'aytu al-muʿallimīna)

Feminine sound plurals cannot take a Fatha. They use Kasra for the object position.

Wrong: رَأَيْتُ الطَّالِبَاتَ (Ra'aytu aṭ-ṭālibāta)
正解: رَأَيْتُ الطَّالِبَاتِ (Ra'aytu aṭ-ṭālibāti)

Applying a 'Sound' ending to a 'Broken' plural. Broken plurals don't take -ūn/-īn.

Wrong: الْكُتُبُونَ جَمِيلَةٌ (Al-kutubūna jamīlatun)
正解: الْكُتُبُ جَمِيلَةٌ (Al-kutubu jamīlatun)

Next Steps

You've just conquered one of the most unique parts of Arabic grammar. The dual form is a beautiful rarity, and you're handling it like a native!

Label items in your room in dual and plural forms.

Listen to a basic Arabic counting song to hear the dual/plural rhythm.

Continue to: Ownership and Compound Phrases

クイック練習 (10)

空欄に正しい語尾を入れてみよう。

I visited the universities: Zurtu al-jāmi'āt___ (زُرْتُ الجامِعاتِ...)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: -i (Kasra)
「大学」は「訪れた」の目的語なので対格になるよ。女性複数形は対格でKasraを使うから、Fathaは使わないんだ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 反逆の複数形：女性名詞とカスラの罠

正しい双数形で文を完成させましょう。

I visited two cities: Zurtu ___ (madīna).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: madīnatayn (مدينتين)
「あなた」が訪れたので、都市は目的語です。目的語は「-ayn」の語尾を取ります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2つの力：双数形の語尾 (-ān / -ayn)

語尾の間違いを見つけて直そう。

Find and fix the mistake:

I wrote comments: Katabtu ta'līqāt-an (كَتَبْتُ تَعْليقاتًا)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Katabtu ta'līqāt-in (كَتَبْتُ تَعْليقاتٍ)
不定の目的語は通常「an」を使うけど、女性複数形は「in」（二重Kasra）を使うんだ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 反逆の複数形：女性名詞とカスラの罠

正しい複数形の語尾を埋めてください。

أَينَ المُدَرِّس___؟ (The teachers are the subject)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ون
「先生たち」が質問の主語（主格）なので、「-ūn」の語尾を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の複数形の語尾：-un と -in（規則男性複数）

文法的に正しい文章を選んでください。

Choose the correct sentence for 'I saw the engineers':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: رَأيتُ المُهَندِسينَ.
アラビア語では、動詞の目的語（対格）は健全男性複数形の場合、「-īn」の語尾を使わなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の複数形の語尾：-un と -in（規則男性複数）

この文章の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

سَلَّمتُ عَلى المُصَوِّرونَ.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: سَلَّمتُ عَلى المُصَوِّرينَ.
前置詞「alā」の後には、名詞は属格にならなければならず、「-īn」の語尾を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の複数形の語尾：-un と -in（規則男性複数）

「私は生徒たちを見た」という文で、文法的に正しいのはどれですか？

「生徒たち」が目的語になっている文を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: رأيتُ الطلابَ
الطلابَ は動詞 رأيتُ (私は見た) の直接目的語なので、ファタハの語尾を取る必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語不規則複数：簡単な格語尾 (-u, -a, -i)

この文の間違いを見つけてください：「في المدنُ شوارع كثيرة.」

Find and fix the mistake:

「都市」の格変化の語尾を修正してください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: المدنِ
المدن は前置詞 في の後に続くので、カスラを伴う属格でなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語不規則複数：簡単な格語尾 (-u, -a, -i)

文法的に正しい文はどれかな？

「Muslimāt」（イスラム教徒の女性たち）が目的語の場合、正しい格の形を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ra'aytu al-muslimāt-i (رَأَيْتُ المُسْلِماتِ)
目的語は通常Fathaを使うけど、これは規則的な女性複数形だからKasraを使わないといけないんだ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 反逆の複数形：女性名詞とカスラの罠

「新しい本（不定の目的語）」の正しい形で空欄を埋めてください。

اشتريتُ ___ (books) جديدة.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: كتباً
「本」は目的語であり不定なので、対格のタンウィーン (-an) が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語不規則複数：簡単な格語尾 (-u, -a, -i)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

理解はしてもらえますが、子供っぽい、またはぎこちなく聞こえます。英語で「two book」と言うようなものです。双数形を使うのが「2つ」を表す標準的な方法です。
ithnān kitāb
「alif」や「ya」で終わる単語（例：「mustashfā」- 病院）は少し複雑です。通常、双数形の語尾をつける前に、母音が子音の「y」に変わります（mustashfayān）。 mustashfayān
単数形の語根が語尾を追加してもそのまま変わらないため、「健全（サーリム）」と呼ばれます。語の構造が「壊れる」不規則複数形とは異なります。
いいえ。女性だけのグループには「健全女性複数形」を使い、語尾は「ـات」になります。男性形は男性または男女混合グループ用です。
これはアラビア語の昔からのルールなんだ。長い「アー」の音と響きがいいように進化したのかもしれないね。とにかく「-āt」は「-a」が嫌いって覚えておこう。
単数形を見てみよう。単数形に「āt」を足して複数形になるなら、それは規則的な女性複数形だよ（例：「Mom」→「Moms」）。もし中の母音が変わるなら（例：「Door」→「Doors」）、それは不規則複数形だね。
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