خم 30秒で
- Kham means bent or curved in Persian.
- Used for physical objects, posture, and roads.
- Commonly forms verbs like 'kham shodan' (to bend down).
- Rich in poetic metaphors describing beauty and life's complexity.
The Persian word خم (pronounced 'kham') is a fundamental adjective used to describe anything that deviates from a straight line. In its most literal sense, it refers to physical objects that are bent, curved, or angled. Whether you are talking about a piece of wire, a winding road, or the posture of an elderly person, kham is the essential descriptor. For English speakers, it occupies the semantic space of 'bent', 'curved', 'hooked', and 'bowed'.
- Physical State
- When a metal rod is no longer straight because of pressure, it is described as خم. This applies to tools, construction materials, and natural objects like tree branches heavy with fruit.
- Human Anatomy
- In Persian, age is often associated with the 'bending' of the back. A person with a 'kham' back is someone who has lived a long life or is carrying a heavy metaphorical burden.
این لوله بر اثر فشار خم شده است.
This pipe has become bent due to pressure.
Beyond the physical, kham carries significant weight in Persian literature and poetry. The 'kham' of a beloved's eyebrow or the 'kham' of a lock of hair (zolf) are recurring motifs in classical ghazals. Here, the curve is not a defect but a symbol of beauty and the 'snares' of love that capture the lover's heart. Understanding this word allows you to transition from basic descriptions of objects to the deep, resonant imagery of Rumi, Hafez, and Saadi.
کمر پیرمرد از سختی روزگار خم بود.
The old man's back was bent from the hardships of time.
- Artistic Usage
- In calligraphy and traditional architecture, 'kham' refers to the graceful arcs and sweeps of the pen or the arch of a doorway.
In everyday speech, you will encounter this word most frequently when discussing posture or physical damage. If you drop your phone and the frame gets slightly warped, you might use 'kham' to describe the damage. If you are exercising and need to touch your toes, the instructor will tell you to 'kham shodan' (to bend down). It is a versatile, high-utility adjective that bridges the gap between technical description and poetic expression.
Using خم correctly involves understanding its role as an adjective and its common pairing with light verbs to form compound verbs. The most common pairings are kham shodan (to become bent/to bend down) and kham kardan (to bend something). These structures are the bread and butter of Persian grammar when describing movement and change of state.
- Intransitive: Kham Shodan
- Used when the subject itself bends. 'He bent down to pick up the coin' uses this form.
- Transitive: Kham Kardan
- Used when an agent bends an object. 'The blacksmith bent the iron' uses this form.
او برای بوسیدن دست مادرش خم شد.
He bent down to kiss his mother's hand.
When using kham as a standalone adjective, it typically follows the noun it modifies using the Ezafe construction. For example, 'shākhe-ye kham' (the bent branch). It can also function as a predicate adjective after 'ast' (is) or 'bud' (was). Interestingly, 'kham' can also be used as a noun in certain contexts to mean 'a curve' or 'a bend', especially in the phrase 'kham o pich' (twists and turns).
آیا میتوانی این میله را بدون ابزار خم کنی؟
Can you bend this rod without tools?
In more advanced contexts, you might see kham used in the phrase 'kham be abru nayāvardan' (not to bring a bend to the eyebrow), which means to remain unfazed or not to show any sign of discomfort or displeasure despite facing a difficult situation. This showcases how a simple physical description ('bent') evolves into a sophisticated idiom about emotional resilience.
In a modern Iranian context, you will hear خم in several distinct environments. One of the most common is the gym or a physical therapy clinic. Trainers will frequently use the command 'kham sho' (bend down) or 'kham kon' (bend [your knees/elbows]). It is a foundational word for describing body mechanics and exercises.
- Workshops and DIY
- If you are at a mechanic's shop or watching a home renovation, you'll hear it regarding pipes, wires, or metal sheets that need to be shaped. 'In ghesmat bayad kham beshe' (This part needs to be bent).
- Daily Social Interaction
- When someone is looking for something they dropped under a table, they might say 'Bayad kham sham bebinam koja rafte' (I have to bend down to see where it went).
جاده کوهستانی پر از خم و پیچ است.
The mountain road is full of twists and turns.
Another major area is literature and media. In historical dramas or poetry recitals, the word is used to describe the 'kham-e gham' (the bend of sorrow) or the 'kham-e chogan' (the curve of the polo stick). Even in modern news, descriptions of infrastructure like 'pol-e kham-dar' (curved bridge) use this root. It is also found in the name of certain wrestling moves, as wrestling is the national sport of Iran and involves many technical 'bends' of the body.
Lastly, listen for it in idiomatic expressions regarding life's difficulties. When Iranians talk about the 'kham o pich-e zendegi' (the twists and turns of life), they are using kham to describe the complexity and unpredictability of human existence. It's a word that spans from the most mundane physical action to the highest levels of philosophical reflection.
Learning خم (kham) presents a few specific hurdles for English speakers. The most frequent error is a pronunciation mistake. Because Persian has several vowels that sound similar to English ears, learners often confuse kham (short 'a', like 'cat' in some accents or 'but' in others) with khām (long 'ā', like 'father').
- Kham vs. Khām
- 'Kham' (خم) means bent. 'Khām' (خام) means raw or inexperienced. Saying 'ghazāye kham' instead of 'ghazāye khām' would mean 'bent food' instead of 'raw food'!
- Kham vs. Kaj
- Learners often use 'kham' when they mean 'kaj' (crooked/tilted). 'Kham' implies a curve or a fold, while 'kaj' implies something is off-center or slanted.
اشتباه: دیوار خم است. (درست: دیوار کج است)
Mistake: The wall is bent. (Correct: The wall is tilted/crooked).
Another common mistake is in the formation of compound verbs. English speakers might try to translate 'to bend' as a single verb, but in Persian, it almost always requires a helper verb. Forgetting 'shodan' or 'kardan' makes the sentence ungrammatical. For example, saying 'Man lule ra khamidam' (using an archaic or poetic form) is much less common than the standard 'Man lule ra kham kardam'.
Finally, ensure you don't over-apply 'kham' to things that are naturally round. A circle is 'dayereh' and something spherical is 'gerd'. Use 'kham' specifically for the act of bending something that is usually straight or for describing a specific curve or angle in a line. Mastery of these distinctions will make your Persian sound much more natural and precise.
While خم is the most versatile word for 'bent', Persian offers several synonyms and related terms that provide more specific nuances. Depending on whether you are talking about geometry, art, or physical defects, you might choose a different word to be more precise.
- Monhani (منحنی)
- This is the more formal or mathematical term for 'curved'. Use this in academic, technical, or artistic contexts when referring to a smooth curve.
- Kaj (کج)
- Often confused with 'kham', 'kaj' means crooked, tilted, or askew. If a picture frame is hanging unevenly on the wall, it is 'kaj', not 'kham'.
- Ghous (قوس)
- This refers specifically to an 'arch'. It is used in architecture (the arch of a bridge) or geometry.
خط منحنی در نقاشی زیباتر است.
A curved line is more beautiful in painting.
If you want to describe something that is 'folded', use the word tā (تا). For example, 'tā kardan-e lebās' (folding clothes). While folding involves bending, 'tā' implies a sharp crease. If something is 'twisted', you would use pich-khorde (پیچخورده). Knowing these alternatives allows you to describe the physical world with the same level of detail you would in English.
In summary, while 'kham' will get you through most situations involving non-straight objects, incorporating 'monhani' for beauty and 'kaj' for misalignment will significantly elevate your Persian proficiency. Always consider the intent: is the object curved by design, bent by force, or simply tilted by accident?
How Formal Is It?
豆知識
The word is a cognate with several words in other Indo-European languages that involve bending or angles, showing the shared heritage of Persian and English.
発音ガイド
- Pronouncing it as 'khām' (long 'ā' as in father), which means 'raw'.
- Pronouncing it as 'khom' (short 'o'), which means 'large jar'.
- Using a soft 'k' instead of the raspy 'kh' (IPA /x/).
難易度
Easy to recognize, but watch out for similar-looking words like 'khām' or 'khom'.
Simple three-letter word (kh-m), very easy to write.
Requires correct pronunciation of the 'kh' sound and short 'a'.
Can be confused with 'khām' or 'gham' in fast speech.
次に学ぶべきこと
前提知識
次に学ぶ
上級
レベル別の例文
قاشق خم است.
The spoon is bent.
Simple adjective use with 'ast' (is).
من خم شدم.
I bent down.
Simple past tense of the compound verb 'kham shodan'.
این مداد خم نمیشود.
This pencil does not bend.
Negative present tense of 'kham shodan'.
کمر او خم است.
His back is bent.
Adjective modifying the noun 'kamar' (back).
سیم را خم کن.
Bend the wire.
Imperative form of 'kham kardan'.
آیا این خط خم است؟
Is this line bent?
Question form with 'āyā'.
او کمی خم شد.
He bent a little.
Use of 'kami' (a little) as an adverbial modifier.
نی خم شد.
The straw bent.
Subject-verb agreement.
او برای برداشتن کلید خم شد.
He bent down to pick up the key.
Use of 'barāye' (for/to) to show purpose.
جاده در اینجا خم میشود.
The road bends here.
Present continuous sense using simple present.
نباید لوله را زیاد خم کنی.
You shouldn't bend the pipe too much.
Use of 'nabāyad' (should not).
شاخه درخت تحت فشار برف خم شد.
The tree branch bent under the pressure of snow.
Prepositional phrase 'taht-e feshar-e' (under pressure of).
او با کمر خم راه میرود.
He walks with a bent back.
Descriptive phrase using 'bā' (with).
میله آهنی به راحتی خم نمیشود.
The iron rod does not bend easily.
Adverbial phrase 'be rāhati' (easily).
او سرش را خم کرد.
He bent (bowed) his head.
Transitive use with 'sar' (head).
کاغذ را از وسط خم نکن.
Don't bend (fold) the paper from the middle.
Negative imperative.
او در برابر مشکلات کمر خم نکرد.
He did not bend (give in) in the face of problems.
Metaphorical use of 'kamar kham kardan'.
مسیر رودخانه خم و پیچهای زیادی دارد.
The river's path has many twists and turns.
Compound noun 'kham o pich'.
او بدون اینکه خم به ابرو بیاورد، درد را تحمل کرد.
Without even a wince (bend in the eyebrow), he endured the pain.
Idiomatic expression 'kham be abru nayāvardan'.
پل با یک قوس زیبا خم شده است.
The bridge is bent with a beautiful arch.
Passive-like state using 'shode ast'.
او برای احترام به استاد خم شد.
He bowed (bent) to show respect to the professor.
Cultural context of bowing.
نور در آب خم میشود.
Light bends in water.
Scientific usage (refraction).
این آلیاژ حافظه دارد و به حالت خم برنمیگردد.
This alloy has memory and doesn't return to a bent state.
Technical context.
او با هر ضربه، بیشتر خم میشد.
With every blow, he bent more.
Iterative action with 'har' (every).
خم ابروی تو در صنعتِ تحریر نیاید.
The curve of your eyebrow cannot be captured by the art of writing.
Literary/Poetic use from classical literature.
او در خم و پیچِ سیاست، راه خود را گم کرد.
In the twists and turns of politics, he lost his way.
Abstract metaphorical usage.
طراح از خطوط خم برای ایجاد حس آرامش استفاده کرد.
The designer used curved lines to create a sense of calm.
Artistic/Design terminology.
فشار اقتصادی کمر بسیاری از خانوادهها را خم کرده است.
Economic pressure has bent the backs of many families.
Sociopolitical metaphor.
در این مرحله، باید لوله را با زاویه دقیق خم کرد.
At this stage, the pipe must be bent at a precise angle.
Modal use with 'bāyad' and 'kard' (shortened infinitive).
او با مهارتی خاص، میله را به شکل قلب خم کرد.
With special skill, he bent the rod into the shape of a heart.
Resultative construction 'be shekl-e'.
شاعر از 'خم زلف' برای توصیف پیچیدگی عشق استفاده میکند.
The poet uses 'the curve of the lock' to describe the complexity of love.
Literary analysis context.
انعطافپذیری یعنی قدرت خم شدن بدون شکستن.
Flexibility means the power to bend without breaking.
Philosophical definition.
تئوری نسبیت توضیح میدهد که چگونه جرم باعث خم شدن فضا-زمان میشود.
The theory of relativity explains how mass causes the bending of space-time.
Advanced scientific/academic Persian.
در کالبدشکافی تاریخ، خم و چمهای قدرت به وضوح دیده میشود.
In the dissection of history, the twists and turns of power are clearly seen.
Complex metaphorical phrase 'kham o cham'.
او با استدلالی خماندرخم، سعی در فریب مخاطب داشت.
With a convoluted (bend-within-bend) argument, he tried to deceive the audience.
Use of 'kham-andar-kham' for extreme complexity.
هنرمند با ظرافتی تمام، خمِ ظروف سفالی را طراحی کرده بود.
The artist had designed the curve of the pottery vessels with utmost delicacy.
Focus on aesthetic precision.
او هیچگاه در برابر استبداد سر خم نکرد.
He never bowed his head (submitted) to tyranny.
Political/Ethical idiom 'sar kham kardan'.
تغییر شکلِ خمسانِ این فلز در دماهای بالا رخ میدهد.
The plastic-like bending deformation of this metal occurs at high temperatures.
Technical adjective 'kham-sān'.
در این غزل، 'خم' استعارهای از تقدیرِ گریزناپذیر است.
In this ghazal, 'kham' is a metaphor for inescapable fate.
Literary criticism.
معماری گوتیک با آن طاقهای خم، حسی از عظمت القا میکند.
Gothic architecture, with those curved arches, inspires a sense of grandeur.
Art history description.
او در هفت خمِ عشق، به فنا فی الله رسید.
In the seven stages (bends) of love, he reached annihilation in God.
Mystical/Sufi terminology (Haft Kham-e Eshgh).
پیچش و خمِ کلام او، لایههای پنهان معنا را آشکار میکرد.
The twist and bend of his speech revealed hidden layers of meaning.
High-level linguistic analysis.
ساختارِ خمیدهوارِ این بنا، چالشهای مهندسی فراوانی را برانگیخت.
The curve-like structure of this building provoked numerous engineering challenges.
Advanced suffix '-vār' for similarity.
او با نگاهی به خمِ تاریخ، سقوط امپراتوریها را پیشبینی کرد.
With a look at the arc (bend) of history, he predicted the fall of empires.
Grand historical metaphor.
در این قطعه موسیقی، خمِ ملودیها یادآور نالههای شبانه است.
In this musical piece, the curve of the melodies is reminiscent of nocturnal wails.
Musicology and aesthetic description.
او چنان در خود خم شده بود که گویی جهان را از دریچه تنهایی میدید.
He was so bent into himself as if he saw the world through the lens of loneliness.
Existential metaphorical usage.
خمِ این مینیاتور، گویایِ جنبش و حیات در سکون است.
The curve in this miniature is indicative of movement and life within stillness.
Art theory analysis.
او واژهها را چنان خم میکرد که معنای جدیدی از آنها متولد میشد.
He bent words in such a way that a new meaning was born from them.
Metalinguistic metaphor.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— Bend down (Imperative). Used in exercises or when asking someone to duck.
خم شو تا سرت به سقف نخورد!
— My back is bent (broken). Used to express extreme exhaustion or financial burden.
زیر بار این همه قرض، کمرم خم شد.
— To bend and straighten. Refers to repetitive bowing or physical labor.
تمام روز برای چیدن میوهها خم و راست شدم.
— In the bend of a single alley. Used to mean being stuck at the very beginning of a long journey.
ما هنوز در خم یک کوچهایم.
— Bent stature. A polite way to describe the elderly.
مادر بزرگ با قد خمیده به استقبال ما آمد.
慣用句と表現
— To not even flinch; to show no sign of discomfort or dissatisfaction.
با وجود تمام توهینها، او خم به ابرو نیاورد.
Common— To submit or surrender to someone's authority.
او هیچوقت در برابر حرف زور سر خم نمیکند.
Common— To be overwhelmed by a heavy burden (usually metaphorical like debt or grief).
او زیر بار غم از دست دادن پدرش کمر خم کرد.
Common— To be at the very beginning of a process while others are far ahead.
دنیا پیشرفت کرد و ما هنوز در خمِ یک کوچهایم.
Literary— To know the tricks of the trade or the subtle details of a task.
نگران نباش، او خم و چم تعمیر ماشین را میداند.
Informal— The curl of hair; often used to describe the 'trap' of a beloved's beauty.
دل من در خمِ زلف تو اسیر است.
Poetic— The seven stages of mystical love/attainment.
عطار هفت خمِ عشق را در منطقالطیر توصیف کرده است.
Mystical— To show extreme humility or subservience (sometimes literal, sometimes metaphorical).
او برای رسیدن به مقام، جلوی هر کسی خم میشود.
Neutral— The curve of the polo stick; often compared to the lover's stature or the beloved's eyebrow.
گوی سعادت را با خمِ چوگانِ همت ببر.
Classical語族
名詞
動詞
形容詞
関連
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of a 'CAM'era lens that is 'bent' or 'curved'. 'Kham' sounds a bit like 'cam'. Or imagine a 'ham' hanging on a 'bent' hook.
視覚的連想
Imagine a straight iron rod being heated and then 'kham' (bent) into a horseshoe shape.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to find five objects in your room that are 'kham' and name them out loud in Persian using the Ezafe construction (e.g., 'sim-e kham').
語源
Derived from Middle Persian 'ham' or 'xam', which traces back to Old Persian and Proto-Indo-European roots related to turning or bending.
元の意味： To bend, to curve, or to turn.
Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> West Iranian -> Persian.文化的な背景
Be aware that describing an elderly person's back as 'kham' is descriptive, but in direct conversation, more respectful terms like 'khamide' are preferred.
In English, 'bent' can sometimes imply corruption ('a bent cop'), but in Persian, 'kham' is mostly physical or related to submission/respect, not usually dishonesty.
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
Exercise/Gym
- زانوهایت را خم کن.
- کمی به جلو خم شو.
- کمرت را خم نکن.
- خم شدن و لمس انگشتان پا.
Construction/DIY
- لوله را خم کن.
- سیم خم شده است.
- زاویه خم چقدر است؟
- دستگاه خمکن کجاست؟
Describing People
- او پیرمردی با کمر خم است.
- برای احترام خم شد.
- سرش را خم کرد.
- کمرش زیر بار زندگی خم شده.
Driving/Navigation
- جاده خم میشود.
- بعد از این خم، بپیچ به راست.
- خم تند جاده.
- مسیر پر از خم و پیچ است.
Poetry/Literature
- خم ابروی یار.
- خم زلف پریشان.
- در خم یک کوچه.
- کمان خم.
会話のきっかけ
"آیا میتوانی بدون خم کردن زانو، زمین را لمس کنی؟ (Can you touch the ground without bending your knees?)"
"چرا این میله آهنی اینقدر راحت خم شد؟ (Why did this iron rod bend so easily?)"
"به نظر تو جادههای خم و پیچ زیباتر هستند یا جادههای مستقیم؟ (Do you think curvy roads are more beautiful or straight roads?)"
"چرا در فرهنگ ما، خم شدن جلوی بزرگترها نشانه احترام است؟ (Why is bending before elders a sign of respect in our culture?)"
"آیا تا به حال زیر بار مسئولیت احساس کردهای که کمرت خم شده است؟ (Have you ever felt your back bending under the weight of responsibility?)"
日記のテーマ
درباره زمانی بنویسید که مجبور شدید در برابر یک تصمیم سخت 'سر خم کنید'. (Write about a time you had to 'bow your head' to a difficult decision.)
توصیف کنید که چگونه یک جاده خم و پیچ میتواند استعارهای از زندگی باشد. (Describe how a curvy road can be a metaphor for life.)
درباره زیباییهای 'خم و چم' هنر ایرانی (مانند خوشنویسی) بنویسید. (Write about the beauty of the 'twists and turns' of Iranian art like calligraphy.)
اگر میتوانستید قوانین فیزیک را 'خم کنید'، چه تغییری در دنیا ایجاد میکردید؟ (If you could 'bend' the laws of physics, what change would you make in the world?)
تجربه خود را از یک ورزش یا فعالیت که نیاز به خم شدن زیاد دارد توصیف کنید. (Describe your experience with a sport or activity that requires a lot of bending.)
Summary
The word 'kham' (خم) is the essential Persian adjective for 'bent'. It covers everything from a bent spoon to a bowed head of respect, and is a key building block for describing physical shapes and metaphorical hardships. Example: 'Kamar-e u kham shod' (His back became bent).
- Kham means bent or curved in Persian.
- Used for physical objects, posture, and roads.
- Commonly forms verbs like 'kham shodan' (to bend down).
- Rich in poetic metaphors describing beauty and life's complexity.
関連コンテンツ
generalの関連語
عادتوار
C1As a matter of habit; habitually.
عادی
A1「عادی」という言葉は「普通」や「通常」を意味します。例えば、「普通の生活」(زندگی عادی)。
عافیت
B2幸福、健康、安寧。くしゃみの後に「お大事に」という意味で使われることが多い言葉です。
عاجل
B2緊急の；即時の対応や行動が必要な。例：「至急のニュース」や「早急な回復」。
عاقبت
C1結果、結末、あるいは「ついに」。 'عاقبت پیروز شد.' (彼はついに勝利した。)
عاقل
A1賢明な、分別のあ。理性的で正しい判断ができる人。
عالمگیر
C1世界的な、普遍的な。世界全体に広がるもの。
عالی
A1「Aali」はペルシャ語で「素晴らしい」や「優秀な」を意味します。
عام
B1「Am」という言葉は「一般的」または「公共の」を意味します。
اعم از
B2〜を含めて、〜を問わず（選択肢を導入する際に使用）。
