B2 · 中上級 チャプター 10

Describing Habits and Ongoing Change

5 トータルルール
50 例文
7 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the flow of time and transformation in natural Hindi conversation.

  • Describe ongoing past events with gender-accurate continuous markers.
  • Express duration using 'se' to link past actions to the present.
  • Construct hypothetical scenarios to discuss 'what might have been' regarding habits.
Speak about your journey, your habits, and your evolution.

学べること

Hey friend! Ready to elevate your Hindi conversations and sound truly native? This chapter is for you! Here, you'll master describing ongoing past actions, like when you want to say, 'I was going when my phone rang' or 'What were you doing?' You won't fumble for words anymore, because with 'raha tha' and its precise gender agreements, you'll know exactly how to bring your stories to life. Next, we'll dive into expressing 'I have been doing' something for a period. For instance, how to say 'I've been studying for two hours' or 'I've been living here for several years.' You'll learn to combine the Hindi Present Continuous with time and 'se,' ensuring you never get confused when talking about the duration of actions. Want to talk about your daily habits and routines? Like 'I drink coffee every day' or 'I used to walk to work'? With '-ta/-te/-ti,' you'll speak so fluently it'll feel like your mother tongue. This pattern helps you discuss your lifestyle, memories, and past habits with native accuracy and flow. Imagine you want to explain gradual changes; for example, 'The weather is getting warmer' or 'The situation is improving.' Here, you'll work magic with 'participle + ja raha hai,' allowing you to express gradual transformations very naturally. And finally, for those times you wish to say, 'If this had happened, I would have done that' or 'If I had studied, I would have a better job now,' the 'अगर… तो…' pattern combined with '-ta/te/ti' verbs will enable you to talk about hypothetical past habits. With this chapter, you're not just learning grammar; you're learning to feel Hindi and speak it more profoundly. So, let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Narrate a past sequence of events where one action was interrupted by another using 'raha tha'.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly use 'se' with time markers to describe how long you have been performing an activity.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Describe a gradual societal or environmental change using the 'ja raha hai' compound structure.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey friend! Ready to elevate your Hindi conversations and sound truly native? Welcome to this crucial chapter designed for B2 Hindi grammar learners like you!
Here, you'll master describing ongoing past actions, like when you want to say, 'I was going when my phone rang' or 'What were you doing?' You won't fumble for words anymore, because with 'raha tha' and its precise gender agreements, you'll know exactly how to bring your stories to life with the Hindi continuous past. This foundational knowledge is key for constructing complex sentences and narrating events smoothly.
Next, we'll dive into expressing 'I have been doing' something for a period. For instance, how to say 'I've been studying for two hours' or 'I've been living here for several years.' You'll learn to combine the Hindi Present Continuous with time and 'se', ensuring you never get confused when talking about the duration of actions. Want to talk about your daily habits and routines?
Like 'I drink coffee every day' or 'I used to walk to work'? With '-ta/-te/-ti', you'll speak so fluently it'll feel like your mother tongue. This pattern for Hindi habitual actions helps you discuss your lifestyle, memories, and past habits with native accuracy and flow, making your Hindi grammar truly shine.
Imagine you want to explain gradual changes; for example, 'The weather is getting warmer' or 'The situation is improving.' Here, you'll work magic with 'participle + ja raha hai', allowing you to express gradual transformations very naturally. This Hindi gradual change construction is vital for nuanced descriptions. And finally, for those times you wish to say, 'If this had happened, I would have done that' or 'If I had studied, I would have a better job now,' the 'अगर… तो…' pattern combined with '-ta/te/ti' verbs will enable you to talk about hypothetical past habits.
With this chapter, you're not just learning grammar; you're learning to feel Hindi and speak it more profoundly. So, let's go!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on several interconnected Hindi grammar concepts that allow you to express duration, habits, and hypothetical situations with precision. First up is Past Actions in Progress: The Hindi Continuous Past (raha tha). This is formed using the verb stem, followed by रहा (masculine singular), रही (feminine singular), or रहे (masculine plural/polite singular), and then the past auxiliary verb था (masculine singular), थी (feminine singular), or थे (masculine plural/polite singular).
For example, I was eating is मैं खा रहा था (main khaa rahaa thaa) if you're male, or मैं खा रही थी (main khaa rahee thee) if you're female. They were playing is वे खेल रहे थे (ve khel rahe the). This structure is essential for setting scenes and narrating past events.
Next, we tackle How to say 'I have been doing' (using 'se'). This construction combines the present continuous with a time duration using से (se). The structure is: Subject + Time Duration + से + Verb Stem + रहा/रही/रहे + है/हूँ/हो/हैं.
For instance,
I have been studying for two hours
is मैं दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा हूँ (main do ghante se paṛh rahaa hoon) if male, or मैं दो घंटे से पढ़ रही हूँ (main do ghante se paṛh rahee hoon) if female.
She has been living here since 2010
is वह 2010 से यहाँ रह रही है (vah do hazaar das se yahaan rah rahee hai). This highlights the ongoing nature of an action that started in the past.
For Hindi Habitual Actions: Doing things regularly (-ta/-te/-ti), you use the verb stem followed by ता (taa - masculine singular), ती (tee - feminine singular), or ते (te - masculine plural/polite singular), often with an auxiliary verb like है (present), था (past habit), or होगा (future habit/conjecture).
I drink coffee every day
is मैं रोज़ कॉफ़ी पीता हूँ (main roz coffee peeta hoon) if male, or मैं रोज़ कॉफ़ी पीती हूँ (main roz coffee peetee hoon) if female.
He used to go to the market
is वह बाज़ार जाता था (vah baazaar jaataa thaa).
This is fundamental for discussing routines and past practices.
To describe Getting 'X-er': Gradual Change (hota ja raha hai), you use a participle (often formed by adding -ता or -ए to the verb stem) followed by जा रहा है/था. For example,
The weather is getting warmer
is मौसम गरम होता जा रहा है (mausam garam hotaa jaa rahaa hai).
The situation was improving
is स्थिति सुधरती जा रही थी (sthiti sudhartee jaa rahee thee).
This beautifully captures the process of transformation.
Finally, for Hypothetical Past Habits ('Would Have Done...'), we use the अगर… तो… (agar… to…) pattern combined with the -ta/te/ti form.
If I had studied, I would have passed
is अगर मैं पढ़ता, तो पास हो जाता (agar main paṛhtaa, to paas ho jaataa) if male, or अगर मैं पढ़ती, तो पास हो जाती (agar main paṛhtee, to paas ho jaatee) if female. This allows you to express regret or alternative outcomes.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: मैं कल फिल्म देख रहा। (main kal film dekh rahaa.)
✓ Correct: मैं कल फिल्म देख रहा था। (main kal film dekh rahaa thaa.)
*Explanation:* The continuous past in Hindi always requires the correct form of the auxiliary verb था/थी/थे at the end to indicate past tense. Omitting it makes the sentence incomplete or grammatically incorrect.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: वह दो घंटे से पढ़ता है। (vah do ghante se paṛhtaa hai.)
✓ Correct: वह दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा है। (vah do ghante se paṛh rahaa hai.)
*Explanation:* When expressing an action that has been ongoing for a duration (using से), you must use the present continuous tense (रहा है), not the simple present habitual tense (ता है). The habitual tense implies a regular, repeated action without a specific starting point or duration.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: अगर तुम मेहनत करता, तो सफल होता। (agar tum mehnat kartaa, to safal hotaa.) - *Assuming the speaker is addressing a female friend.*
✓ Correct: अगर तुम मेहनत करतीं, तो सफल होतीं। (agar tum mehnat karteen, to safal hoteen.)
*Explanation:* Gender and number agreement are crucial in Hindi. The -ता/-ती/-ते form for hypothetical pasts must agree with the subject's gender and number, especially when addressing someone. Here, तुम (tum) is treated as plural/polite, requiring करतीं and होतीं for a female.

Real Conversations

A

A

तुम कल क्या कर रही थीं? (tum kal kyaa kar rahee theen?)

(What were you doing yesterday?)

B

B

मैं अपनी दोस्त के साथ बाज़ार जा रही थी, जब बारिश शुरू हो गई। (main apnee dost ke saath baazaar jaa rahee thee, jab baarish shuru ho gaee.)

(I was going to the market with my friend when it started raining.)

A

A

तुम्हें यह नौकरी कब से मिल रही है? (tumhen yah naukree kab se mil rahee hai?)

(How long have you been getting this job?)

B

B

मुझे यह नौकरी पिछले साल से मिल रही है। (mujhe yah naukree pichle saal se mil rahee hai.)

(I have been getting this job since last year.)

A

A

अगर तुम समय पर आते, तो हम ट्रेन पकड़ लेते। (agar tum samay par aate, to ham train pakar lete.)

(If you had come on time, we would have caught the train.)

B

B

हाँ, मैं जानता हूँ। मैं अक्सर देर से आता हूँ। (haan, main jaantaa hoon. main aksar der se aataa hoon.)

(Yes, I know. I often come late.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I distinguish between the simple past and the continuous past in Hindi?

The simple past (मैं गया - I went) describes a completed action. The continuous past (मैं जा रहा था - I was going) describes an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past, often interrupted or serving as background.

Q

Can I use से with other tenses in Hindi?

While most commonly seen with the present continuous for have been doing, से can also be used with other tenses to indicate since or from, but for duration of an ongoing action, it pairs specifically with the continuous tenses.

Q

What's the difference between होता है and हो रहा है for general statements?

होता है (hotaa hai) describes a general truth, a habit, or something that regularly happens (e.g., सूरज पूरब से निकलता है - The sun rises from the east). हो रहा है (ho rahaa hai) describes an action currently in progress or a gradual change (e.g., सूरज निकल रहा है - The sun is rising).

Q

Is जा रहा है always used for gradual change?

While जा रहा है is the most common and natural way to express gradual change, other verbs like बढ़ना (baṛhnaa - to increase) or घटना (ghaṭnaa - to decrease) can also convey change, but जा रहा है specifically emphasizes the *process* of becoming.

Cultural Context

These grammatical patterns are deeply embedded in how Hindi speakers describe their lives and experiences. The frequent use of -ta/-te/-ti for habitual actions, for instance, reflects a culture that values routine and tradition, often discussing daily practices, family customs, or historical events with this structure. The nuances of raha tha allow for detailed storytelling, crucial in a society where oral narration and shared histories are significant.
Furthermore, the conditional अगर... तो... statements are commonly used in daily conversations, reflecting on decisions and their consequences, sometimes with a touch of fatalism or philosophical reflection. Mastering these structures doesn't just improve your grammar; it helps you connect with the thought processes and narrative styles prevalent in Hindi-speaking communities.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Main kal raat Netflix dekh raha tha.

昨日の夜、Netflixを見ていました。

過去の進行中の動作：ヒンディー語の過去進行形 (raha tha)
2

Vah ladki Instagram scroll kar rahi thi.

その女の子はインスタをスクロールしていました。

過去の進行中の動作：ヒンディー語の過去進行形 (raha tha)
3

मैं सुबह से तुम्हारा इंतज़ार कर रहा हूँ।

朝からあなたのことを待っています。

「〜からずっと〜しています」の言い方 ('se' の使い方)
4

वह दो घंटे से PUBG खेल रहा है।

彼は2時間ずっとPUBGをしています。

「〜からずっと〜しています」の言い方 ('se' の使い方)
5

Main roz subah gym jata hoon.

私は毎朝ジムに行きます。

ヒンディー語の習慣的な動作：日常的な行動 (-ta/-te/-ti)
6

Vah hamesha Instagram par photo post karti hai.

彼女はいつもインスタに写真を投稿します。

ヒンディー語の習慣的な動作：日常的な行動 (-ta/-te/-ti)
7

यह गेम मुश्किल होता जा रहा है।

このゲーム、だんだん難しくなってきたね。

だんだん～になる：漸進的な変化 (hota ja raha hai)
8

मेरा लैपटॉप स्लो होता जा रहा है।

私のパソコン、どんどん重くなってきているんだ。

だんだん～になる：漸進的な変化 (hota ja raha hai)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

「Tum」の特別なルール

ヒンディー語では、相手が一人でも『tum』を使うなら、常に複数形の『rahe the』を使います。これが一番自然で、間違いのない言い方ですよ。
Tum kya kar rahe the?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の進行中の動作：ヒンディー語の過去進行形 (raha tha)
💡

完了進行形を難しく考えないで！

英語の 'have been doing' が頭に浮かんだら、ヒンディー語ではシンプルに「現在進行形 + se」と変換する癖をつけましょう。
Main subah se padh raha hoon.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜からずっと〜しています」の言い方 ('se' の使い方)
🎯

否定文では助動詞をカット！

ネイティブっぽく話すなら、'Main nahi jata hoon' よりも Main nahi jata と言う方が、短くてパンチが効いていますよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の習慣的な動作：日常的な行動 (-ta/-te/-ti)
🎯

「日に日に」でドラマチックに

文の頭に din-ba-din（日に日に）を付け加えると、変化の激しさがより伝わってネイティブらしく聞こえますよ。
Woh din-ba-din famous hota ja raha hai.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: だんだん～になる：漸進的な変化 (hota ja raha hai)

重要な語彙 (6)

सुधार(sudhaar) improvement आदत(aadat) habit रोज़(roz) daily बदलना(badalna) to change महसूस करना(mehsoos karna) to feel अक्सर(aksar) often

Real-World Preview

coffee

Discussing a New Lifestyle

Review Summary

  • Stem + raha/rahe/rahi + tha/the/thi
  • Time + se + Present Continuous
  • Verb Stem + ta/te/ti + ja raha hai

よくある間違い

English speakers often translate 'for' as 'ke liye'. In Hindi, when describing duration of an ongoing action, you must use 'se'.

Wrong: मैं दो साल के लिए यहाँ रह रहा हूँ (Main do saal ke liye yahaan reh raha hoon)
正解: मैं दो साल से यहाँ रह रहा हूँ (Main do saal se yahaan reh raha hoon)

Forgetting to change the auxiliary verb to the past (tha/thi) when talking about yesterday.

Wrong: वह कल गाना गा रहा है (Voh kal gaana ga raha hai)
正解: वह कल गाना गा रहा था (Voh kal gaana ga raha tha)

The first sentence means 'The weather is (usually) hot'. To say it is 'getting hotter' (gradual change), you need the 'ja raha hai' structure.

Wrong: मौसम गरम होता है (Mausam garam hota hai)
正解: मौसम गरम होता जा रहा है (Mausam garam hota ja raha hai)

このチャプターのルール (5)

1

過去の進行中の動作：ヒンディー語の過去進行形 (raha tha)

B2
過去の特定の瞬間に「何をしていたか」を生き生きと描写する魔法のフレーズです。 raha tha rahi thi rahe the を使い分けて、状況を正確に伝えましょう。
Main kal raat Netflix dekh raha tha.
10 例文
2

「〜からずっと〜しています」の言い方 ('se' の使い方)

B2
「〜している（継続）」と言いたい時は、現在進行形に時間と se を添えるだけでOK！
मैं सुबह से तुम्हारा इंतज़ार कर रहा हूँ।
10 例文
3

ヒンディー語の習慣的な動作：日常的な行動 (-ta/-te/-ti)

B2
習慣や真理を伝えるには、動詞の語尾を -ta/-te/-ti に変えるのがコツです。自分の「ライフスタイル」や「日課」をスムーズに語れるようになりましょう。
Main roz subah gym jata hoon.
10 例文
4

だんだん～になる：漸進的な変化 (hota ja raha hai)

B2
「分詞 + ja raha hai」を使って、トレンドや状態の変化、物事がどんどん進んでいく様子を表現しましょう。
hota ja raha hai
や
badhta ja raha hai
がキーワードです。
यह गेम मुश्किल होता जा रहा है।
10 例文
5

過去の仮説的な習慣（「～しただろうに」）

B2
This pattern is for imagining a different past routine, using अगर... तो... with verbs ending in -ta/te/ti.
Agar mere pās zyādā paise hote, to main har sāl vi...
10 例文

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a huge part of Hindi fluency. Being able to describe change and duration makes your conversations feel deeply personal and authentic. Keep practicing—you're doing great!

Record a 1-minute voice note describing your childhood habits vs. your current habits.

Write three sentences about how your city has changed over the last 5 years.

Continue to: Speculating and Wishing

クイック練習 (10)

性別の一致のミスを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Main (女性) gaana gaata hoon.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main gaana gaati hoon.
話し手が女性の場合、習慣を表す語尾は '-ti' にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の習慣的な動作：日常的な行動 (-ta/-te/-ti)

Choose the correct form.

Woh ___ hoti.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Feminine singular subject.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の仮説的な習慣（「～しただろうに」）

「話す（bolna）」を正しい形にして空欄を埋めてください。

Vah ladka phone par ___ ___ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bol raha tha
主語が『Vah ladka』（男性単数）なので、語尾は『raha tha』になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の進行中の動作：ヒンディー語の過去進行形 (raha tha)

正しい文章を選んでください。

「彼女たち（女の子たち）は遊んでいました」を正しく訳しているのは？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ve ladkiyan khel rahi thin.
『Ve ladkiyan』は女性複数なので、『rahi thin』が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の進行中の動作：ヒンディー語の過去進行形 (raha tha)

Correct the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Main jata hote.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Subject-verb agreement.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の仮説的な習慣（「～しただろうに」）

習慣を表している正しい文を選んでください。

定期的な習慣を表しているのはどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main roz jata hoon.
'-ta' 語尾と 'roz'（毎日）という言葉が、習慣であることを示しています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の習慣的な動作：日常的な行動 (-ta/-te/-ti)

間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Main kal pizza khana raha tha.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main kal pizza kha raha tha.
不定詞の『khana』ではなく、語幹の『kha』を使う必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の進行中の動作：ヒンディー語の過去進行形 (raha tha)

「紅茶が冷めてきている」という正しい文を選んでください。

正しい翻訳を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Chai thandi hoti ja rahi hai.
ヒンディー語で 'Chai'（紅茶）は女性名詞なので、'thandi hoti' と 'ja rahi' を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: だんだん～になる：漸進的な変化 (hota ja raha hai)

空欄を埋めて文を完成させてください。

Woh din-ba-din mota ___ ja raha hai. (彼は日に日に太ってきている。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: hota
徐々に変化する様子を表すには、分詞形の 'hota' を 'ja raha hai' と組み合わせる必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: だんだん～になる：漸進的な変化 (hota ja raha hai)

文中の間違いを直してください

Find and fix the mistake:

Woh subah se khelta hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Woh subah se khel raha hai.
「朝からずっと〜している」という現在も進行中の動作なので、単純現在形（khelta hai）ではなく進行形（khel raha hai）を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜からずっと〜しています」の言い方 ('se' の使い方)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

はい、「その年、デリーに住んでいました」のような一時的な期間には使えます。ただ、子供の頃の習慣などは習慣過去形を使いましょう。
Main Delhi mein reh raha tha.
『rahi thin』は女性複数の正しい文法ですが、現代の話し言葉では単数と同じ『rahi thi』で済ませる人も多いですよ。
Ladkiyan gaa rahi thin.
ヒンディー語は「今まさに何が起きているか」に焦点を当てる言語だからです。動作が続いているなら進行形の raha hoon を使い、過去からの繋がりは se が担当します。
いいえ、未来の「〜の間」には通常 ke liye や tak（〜まで）を使います。例えば
Main 2 din ke liye jaunga
（2日間行きます）のように言います。
辞書に載っている 'na' で終わる形の、'na' を取った部分のことです。例えば bolna（話す）なら bol が語幹ですよ。
いいえ、ほとんど変わりません！過去形とは違って、jana や karna も標準的な -ta/-te/-ti のパターンに従います。
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Speculating and Wishing
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