Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'karta hota' to express actions that would have happened in the past under different circumstances.
- Use 'karta hota' for masculine singular subjects: 'Main wahan jata hota' (I would have gone there).
- Use 'karti hoti' for feminine singular subjects: 'Woh khati hoti' (She would have eaten).
- Use 'karte hote' for masculine plural/formal subjects: 'Aap karte hote' (You would have done).
Overview
-ता (-tā), -ते (-te), -ती (-tī) を付ける形です。日本語の文法用語で言えば「未完了相」や「習慣相」に近い概念です。日本語の「〜する（習慣）」という動詞の辞書形が持つ反復的な性質を、ヒンディー語ではこの分詞が担っています。था (thā) をあえて使いません。अगर (agar)（もし）と तो (to)（ならば）の枠組みの中に、この不完了分詞を置くだけで、文脈的に「過去の実現しなかった習慣」ということが自動的に伝わります。例えば अगर मैं वहां रहता, तो मैं रोज़ मंदिर जाता।（もしそこに住んでいたら、毎日寺院に行っていたのに）という文を見てください。रहता (rehtā) と जाता (jātā) はどちらも過去の事実ではなく、仮定の世界での習慣を指しています。日本語の「住んでいたら、行っていたのに」という「〜ていたら／〜ていた」という過去の仮定の形と、論理的に非常に近いことがわかります。would have + past participle という複雑な完了形を必要とせず、動詞の語尾変化だけでアスペクトを制御できるため、慣れてしまえば日本語話者にとって非常に直感的です。日本語では「〜していたのに」と過去進行形や過去形を仮定形で使いますが、ヒンディー語も同様に「過去の習慣」をベースに仮定を作るという点が共通しています。अगर (agar) | もし | 条件節の開始 |[主語] + [不完了分詞] | 条件の内容 | 主語の性・数で変化 |तो (to) | ならば | 帰結節の接続 |[主語] + [不完了分詞] | 帰結の内容 | 主語の性・数で変化 |-ता) | 男性複数 (-ते) | 女性単数・複数 (-ती) |करना (karnā) | करता | करते | करती |जाना (jānā) | जाता | जाते | जाती |पढ़ना (paṛhnā) | पढ़ता | पढ़ते | पढ़ती |होना (honā) | होता | होते | होती |अगर तुम मेहनत करते, तो तुम सफल होते। (もし君が努力していたなら、成功していただろうに。)- 1過去の習慣的後悔: 「あの時こうしていれば、毎日もっと勉強していたはずなのに」といった文脈です。
अगर मैं भारत में होता, तो मैं रोज़ हिंदी बोलता।（もしインドにいたら、毎日ヒンディー語を話していただろう。） - 2反事実的な仮定の状況: 「もしあの時彼が協力的だったら、私たちは毎日一緒に働いていただろう」のように、継続的な協力関係が実現しなかったことを嘆く場合に使います。
- 3歴史的な推測: 「もしあの政策が導入されていたら、国民の生活は少しずつ改善していただろう」といった、長期的なプロセスの推測にも適しています。
रोज़, अक्सर）と非常に相性が良いです。- 1完了形との混同: 日本語話者は「〜していたら」という表現をそのまま過去完了の
आए होते（来ていたら）と訳しがちですが、これは「一度きりの出来事」を指します。習慣を指す場合は必ずआतेのような不完了分詞を使ってください。 - 2助動詞
थाの過剰使用: 日本語の「〜していた」に引きずられ、करता थाと言いたくなりますが、仮定文ではथाを付けると不自然になります。仮定の文脈ではकरताだけで十分です。 - 3性・数の一致ミス: 日本語には動詞の性・数変化がないため、主語が女性の時に
करतीとすべきところをकरताと言ってしまうミスが非常に多いです。常に主語の性を意識する訓練が必要です。
अगर... करते, तो... करते | 〜していたら、〜していただろう（習慣） | 過去の反復的仮定 |अगर... किए होते, तो... किए होते | 〜していたら、〜しただろう（一回） | 過去の単発的仮定 |तो は省略できますか？होना（である）の不完了分詞 होता を使います。अगर वह अमीर होता...（もし彼がお金持ちだったら…）のように使います。था を使わないのですか？अगर を伴う仮定の文では、時制は文脈から判断されるため、था を使うと逆に「過去の事実」と混同されるリスクがあるからです。Conjugation of 'Would Have Gone' (Jana)
| Subject | Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Plural/Formal |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Main
|
Jata hota
|
Jati hoti
|
-
|
|
Tu
|
Jata hota
|
Jati hoti
|
-
|
|
Tum
|
Jate hote
|
Jati hoti
|
Jate hote
|
|
Woh
|
Jata hota
|
Jati hoti
|
Jate hote
|
|
Hum
|
-
|
-
|
Jate hote
|
|
Aap
|
-
|
-
|
Jate hote
|
Meanings
This structure expresses a hypothetical action in the past that did not actually occur.
Counterfactual Past
Describing an event that failed to occur due to a specific condition.
“Main wahan jata hota.”
“Woh padhti hoti.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Sub + Verb-ta + hota
|
Main jata hota
|
|
Negative
|
Sub + nahi + Verb-ta + hota
|
Main nahi jata hota
|
|
Interrogative
|
Kya + Sub + Verb-ta + hota?
|
Kya main jata hota?
|
|
Formal
|
Aap + Verb-te + hote
|
Aap jate hote
|
|
Feminine
|
Woh + Verb-ti + hoti
|
Woh jati hoti
|
|
Plural
|
Hum + Verb-te + hote
|
Hum jate hote
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Main gaya hota. (General)
Main jata hota. (General)
Main jata. (General)
Main toh jata hi. (General)
The 'What If' Map
Regret
- Pachtava Regret
Condition
- Agar If
レベル別の例文
Main khata hota.
I would have eaten.
Woh sota hota.
He would have slept.
Hum khelte hote.
We would have played.
Tum aate hote.
You would have come.
Agar main wahan hota, toh main jata.
If I were there, I would have gone.
Woh padhti hoti agar samay hota.
She would have studied if there was time.
Kya tum aate hote?
Would you have come?
Main nahi jata hota.
I would not have gone.
Agar mujhe pata hota, toh main tumhe batata.
If I had known, I would have told you.
Woh gadi khareed leti agar paise hote.
She would have bought the car if she had money.
Humne party ki hoti agar woh aate.
We would have had a party if they came.
Aapne mujhe call kiya hota.
You would have called me.
Agar tumne mehnat ki hoti, toh tum pass ho gaye hote.
If you had worked hard, you would have passed.
Main wahan pahunch jata hota agar traffic nahi hota.
I would have reached there if there wasn't traffic.
Kya woh sach bolti hoti agar use darr nahi hota?
Would she have told the truth if she wasn't afraid?
Humne project pura kar liya hota samay par.
We would have finished the project on time.
Yadi paristhitiyan alag hoti, toh humne faisla badal diya hota.
If the circumstances were different, we would have changed the decision.
Woh shayad hi wahan gaya hota agar use pata hota.
He would hardly have gone there if he had known.
Mujhe lagta hai ki unhone pehle hi bata diya hota.
I think they would have told us already.
Agar main tumhari jagah hota, toh main aisa nahi kiya hota.
If I were in your place, I would not have done this.
Sambhavyatah, yadi unhone prastav swikar kiya hota, toh aaj sthiti bhinn hoti.
Presumably, if they had accepted the proposal, the situation would be different today.
Aisa pratit hota hai ki unhone avsar gawa diya hota yadi ve der karte.
It seems they would have missed the opportunity if they had delayed.
Kintu, unhone kabhi bhi aisa kadam nahi uthaya hota.
However, they would never have taken such a step.
Yadi kal ka din shubh hota, toh humne karyakram aayojit kiya hota.
If yesterday had been auspicious, we would have organized the event.
間違えやすい
Both use -ta/-ti/-te.
Both refer to the past.
Both use 'would'.
よくある間違い
Main jata tha
Main jata hota
Main jata
Main jata hota
Main jati hota
Main jati hoti
Main jata hote
Main jata hota
Agar main gaya, toh main jata hota
Agar main gaya hota, toh main jata
Woh jata hoti
Woh jati hoti
Hum jata hote
Hum jate hote
Agar main hota, main jata
Agar main hota, toh main jata hota
Woh kiya hota
Usne kiya hota
Main karta hota tha
Main karta hota
Yadi woh aayi hoti, toh main gaya hota
Yadi woh aayi hoti, toh main gaya hota
Main kar chuka hota
Main karta hota
Woh hoti jati
Woh jati hoti
Humne kiya hote
Humne kiya hota
文型パターン
Agar main ___ hota, toh main ___ karta.
Woh ___ hoti agar ___.
Humne ___ kiya hota agar ___.
Aapne ___ hota agar aap ___.
Real World Usage
Agar tu aayi hoti, toh maza aata!
Agar mujhe training mili hoti, toh main behtar karta.
Main wahan gaya hota agar rasta pata hota.
Agar main wahan hota, toh photo leta!
Maine order kiya hota agar menu khula hota.
Yadi prabhav alag hota, toh nishkarsh badal jata.
Gender Agreement
Don't forget 'toh'
Use 'shayad'
Politeness
Smart Tips
Use 'kaash' with the conditional.
Use the infinitive root.
Use 'yadi' instead of 'agar'.
Place 'agar' at the start.
発音
Hota
Ensure the 't' is retroflex, not dental.
Conditional
Agar... (rise) ...toh... (fall)
Sets up the condition.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of 'Hota' as a 'Hot' potato you missed catching in the past.
視覚的連想
Imagine a fork in the road. One path is reality, the other is a ghost path labeled 'Hota' where you did something else.
Rhyme
When the past is just a dream, 'hota' is the chosen theme.
Story
I stood at the station. The train left. I thought: 'Main jata hota' (I would have gone). But I stayed. Now I am here.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 3 sentences about things you would have done differently yesterday.
文化メモ
Used frequently in storytelling and gossip.
Often uses 'hota' with more poetic flair.
Used in political or academic debates.
Derived from the Sanskrit habitual participle and the verb 'bhu' (to be).
会話のきっかけ
Agar aapke paas kal samay hota, toh aap kya karte?
Bachpan mein aap kya banna chahte the?
Agar aapko ek aur mauka milta, toh aap kya karte?
Kya aapne kabhi socha hai ki aapne kya nahi kiya?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Main wahan ___ hota.
Woh ___ hoti.
Find and fix the mistake:
Main jata hote.
Main jata hoon -> ?
Aap jate hote.
A: Kya tum aaye? B: Nahi, agar samay hota toh ___.
hota / main / jata
Which is feminine?
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesMain wahan ___ hota.
Woh ___ hoti.
Find and fix the mistake:
Main jata hote.
Main jata hoon -> ?
Aap jate hote.
A: Kya tum aaye? B: Nahi, agar samay hota toh ___.
hota / main / jata
Which is feminine?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesअगर तुम बुलाते, तो हम पार्टी में ज़रूर ___।
If I had lived near the sea, I would have swam every day.
तो / अगर / नहीं / वह / सोता / इतना / थका / होता / वह
अगर मेरी दोस्त आती, तो हम बहुत बातें कीं।
Select the correct sentence for 'If you (formal) had practiced, you would have played well.'
अगर बारिश नहीं होती, तो बच्चे बाहर ___। (खेलना)
Match the sentence halves.
If they had studied more, they would have understood everything.
अगर तुम अच्छा गाती, तो तुम एक गायक बन गया।
अगर वह यहाँ रहता, तो वह हमसे अक्सर ___। (मिलना)
Score: /10
よくある質問 (8)
No, 'hota' is for past hypothetical. Use 'hoga' for future.
Use 'ne' with transitive verbs in the past.
Usually, yes.
Yes, it is common in formal essays.
Default to masculine.
Yes, it is standard Hindi.
No, that's a different structure.
Add 'nahi' before the verb.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Habría + participio
Hindi uses a participle + auxiliary, while Spanish uses an auxiliary + participle.
Aurait + participe passé
French requires auxiliary 'avoir' or 'être'.
Hätte + Partizip II
German word order is more rigid.
~tara ~ta
Japanese is agglutinative.
Law + kana + ...
Arabic uses a specific particle 'Law'.
Ruguo... jiu...
Chinese has no verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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