傷んだ

That's a great question! Both mean 'damaged' but they're used for different things. 傷んだ (itanda) is generally used for organic things like food or skin, or things that are deteriorating over time. Think 'spoiled fruit' or 'damaged hair'. 壊れた (kowareta) is for things that are broken in a more mechanical or structural way, like a broken chair or a car that won't start.

No, you wouldn't typically use 傷んだ (itanda) for a broken phone. For a phone, you would use 壊れた (kowareta). 傷んだ implies a kind of decay or deterioration, not a sudden break.

You can use 傷んだ (itanda) just like an adjective. For example:
傷んだ食べ物 (itanda tabemono) - spoiled food
傷んだ髪 (itanda kami) - damaged hair
その魚は傷んでいる (sono sakana wa itandeiru) - That fish is spoiled.

Yes, 傷んだ (itanda) is a perfectly normal and polite word to use. There's no specific politeness level attached to it; it's just a descriptive adjective.

For 'slightly damaged,' you could add a word like 少し (sukoshi - a little) or ちょっと (chotto - a bit) before 傷んだ. For example:
少し傷んだリンゴ (sukoshi itanda ringo) - a slightly damaged apple.

No, while it's very common with food, 傷んだ (itanda) can also be used for other things like hair, skin, or even wood. It generally refers to something that has become degraded or spoiled.

Yes, the verb is 傷む (itamu), which means 'to be spoiled' or 'to be damaged.' 傷んだ is the past tense or 'ta' form, which often acts like an adjective.

It's pronounced i-tan-da. The 'i' is like the 'i' in 'machine,' 'tan' is like the 'tan' in 'tan color,' and 'da' is like the 'da' in 'data'.

That's an interesting thought! While 傷つく (kizutsuku) is used for emotional hurt, 傷んだ (itanda) isn't typically used for emotional damage in the same way. It's more for physical or material deterioration.

A very common phrase is 傷んだもの (itanda mono), which means 'something spoiled' or 'damaged goods.' You'll hear this often in everyday conversation.