A2 · 初中級 チャプター 17

Advanced Irregular Transformations

5 トータルルール
53 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the secrets of Korean irregular verbs to speak with natural, native-like fluidity.

  • Transform ㄷ verbs using the soft 'ㄹ' shift.
  • Conjugate 르 verbs by doubling the 'ㄹ' and dropping the 'ㅡ'.
  • Master the subtle disappearance of the ㅅ consonant before vowel suffixes.
Master the flow: Sound like a local!

学べること

You've mastered the basics of Korean, and now it's time to take your skills to the next level to sound truly natural and authentic! In this chapter, we're diving deep into advanced irregular verbs – specifically those ending in 'ㄷ', '르', and 'ㅅ'. These verbs undergo fascinating transformations when they meet a vowel suffix, making your speech much smoother and more fluid, just like a native speaker. We'll uncover the secrets of 'ㄷ' verbs, where the 'ㄷ' sound magically shifts to a soft 'ㄹ' for easier pronunciation (think common verbs like 'to walk' or 'to listen'). Then, we'll tackle '르' verbs, where the 'ㄹ' doubles and the 'ㅡ' discreetly vanishes, ensuring that the natural 'L' sound stays strong and clear. Finally, prepare to meet the 'disappearing ㅅ' verbs; the 'ㅅ' vanishes before vowels, yet leaves a subtle 'ghost' presence that influences the following endings. Mastering these transformations is crucial for seamless communication. Imagine confidently asking for directions in a bustling market or ordering your favorite Korean dish without a second thought. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to conjugate a whole new set of verbs effortlessly, understand everyday conversations, and sound like a seasoned Korean speaker. Let's make your Korean shine!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Conjugate irregular ㄷ, 르, and ㅅ verbs accurately in both formal and informal speech.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to your next step in mastering Korean grammar! As an A2 Korean learner, you've already built a solid foundation. Now, it's time to refine your speech and truly sound like a native speaker by tackling advanced irregular transformations.
This chapter is designed to unlock the secrets behind verbs that don't always follow the standard conjugation rules, making your conversations smoother, more natural, and incredibly authentic.
We're diving deep into three fascinating types of irregular verbs: those ending in 'ㄷ', '르', and 'ㅅ'. These aren't just tricky exceptions; they are fundamental to fluent Korean communication. By understanding how these verb stems transform when they meet a vowel ending, you'll gain the confidence to express yourself accurately in a wide range of situations, from casual chats to more formal discussions.
Mastering these irregularities is a hallmark of moving beyond beginner Korean.
Think of these transformations as shortcuts that make pronunciation easier and more fluid in spoken Korean. Instead of rigid rules, they represent the natural evolution of sounds over time. By the end of this guide, you'll effortlessly conjugate verbs like 듣다 (to listen), 모르다 (to not know), and 낫다 (to be better), enhancing your comprehension and allowing you to engage more deeply with the language.
Let's make your Korean language skills shine!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on three crucial Korean irregular verb types that undergo specific changes when followed by a vowel-initial ending (like -아요/어요, -을/ㄹ 거예요, -으면, etc.). Understanding these patterns is key to sounding natural and fluent.
First, let's explore Irregular ㄷ Verbs (ㄷ → ㄹ): These verbs have a stem ending in ㄷ. When they meet a vowel, the ㄷ sound magically transforms into an ㄹ. This makes the verb much easier and smoother to pronounce.
Common examples include 듣다 (to listen), 걷다 (to walk), and 묻다 (to ask).
* 듣다 (to listen) + -어요 → 들어요 (I listen)
* 걷다 (to walk) + -으세요 → 걸으세요 (Please walk)
* 묻다 (to ask) + -으면 → 물으면 (If you ask)
Remember, not all verbs ending in ㄷ are irregular (e.g., 받다 (to receive) conjugates to 받아요). You'll learn which ones are irregular through practice!
Next, we have Korean 'reu' (르) Irregular Verbs: These verbs have a stem ending in 르. When conjugating with -아/어요, the ㅡ vowel in 르 disappears, and an ㄹ is added to the preceding syllable, while another ㄹ is added to form the new ending. The choice between -아요 and -어요 depends on the vowel of the syllable *preceding* 르.
If it's ㅏ or ㅗ, use -아요; otherwise, use -어요.
* 모르다 (to not know) → 몰라요 (I don't know) (The syllable before 르 is 모, which has ㅗ, so -아요 is used, resulting in 몰라요)
* 부르다 (to sing/call) → 불러요 (I sing/call) (The syllable before 르 is 부, which has ㅜ, so -어요 is used, resulting in 불러요)
* 빠르다 (to be fast) → 빨라요 (It's fast) (The syllable before 르 is 빠, which has ㅏ, so -아요 is used, resulting in 빨라요)
Finally, let's look at The 'Vanishing' Siot (ㅅ Irregular Verbs): These verbs end in ㅅ. When they encounter a vowel-initial ending, the ㅅ simply disappears!
* 낫다 (to be better/recover) + -아요 → 나아요 (It's better/I'm recovering)
* 잇다 (to connect) + -어요 → 이어요 (I connect)
* 짓다 (to build) + -었어요 → 지었어요 (I built)
This ㅅ irregular rule is straightforward once you remember to drop the ㅅ. Master these rules, and your A2 Korean will sound incredibly natural!

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    저는 음악을 듣아요.
    (I listen to music.)
✓ Correct:
저는 음악을 들어요.
(I listen to music.)
*Explanation:* The verb 듣다 (to listen) is a ㄷ irregular verb. When it meets a vowel ending like -아요/어요, the ㄷ changes to ㄹ. Since the vowel in the last syllable of the stem (듣) is ㅡ, it takes -어요, becoming 들어요.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    그녀는 노래를 부르아요.
    (She sings a song.)
✓ Correct:
그녀는 노래를 불러요.
(She sings a song.)
*Explanation:* The verb 부르다 (to sing/call) is a 르 irregular verb. The ㅡ drops, and an ㄹ is added to the preceding syllable (부 becomes 불), and another ㄹ is added to the new ending. Since the vowel in the syllable *before* 르 (부) is ㅜ, it takes -어요, resulting in 불러요.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    감기가 낫아요.
    (My cold is getting better.)
✓ Correct:
감기가 나아요.
(My cold is getting better.)
*Explanation:* The verb 낫다 (to be better/recover) is an ㅅ irregular verb. When it meets a vowel ending like -아요/어요, the ㅅ simply disappears. The remaining stem 나 then combines with -아요 to become 나아요.

Real Conversations

A

A

어제 그 영화 봤어요? 어땠어요? (Did you watch that movie yesterday? How was it?)
B

B

네, 봤어요. 좀 지루했지만, 마지막 부분은 정말 좋았어요. (Yes, I watched it. It was a bit boring, but the last part was really good.)
A

A

아, 그래요? 저는 영화를 보러 걸어서 갔어요. (Oh, really? I walked to see the movie.)
A

A

이 문제 어떻게 풀어요? 너무 어려워요. (How do I solve this problem? It's too difficult.)
B

B

음... 저도 잘 몰라요. 선생님께 물어봐요. (Hmm... I don't know well either. Try asking the teacher.)
A

A

아직도 아파요? 병원에 가야 할 것 같아요. (Are you still sick? I think you should go to the hospital.)
B

B

아니요, 괜찮아요. 이제 몸이 많이 나아요. (No, I'm okay. My body is much better now.)

Quick FAQ

Q

Why do some Korean verbs change their stem when meeting a vowel?

These irregular transformations in Korean grammar often evolved to make pronunciation smoother and more natural, avoiding awkward sound combinations.

Q

Are all ㄷ-ending verbs irregular in Korean?

No, not all ㄷ-ending verbs are irregular. For example, 받다 (to receive) conjugates regularly to 받아요. You'll learn which ones are irregular through exposure and practice.

Q

How can I remember the '르' irregular rule easily?

Think of '르' verbs as doubling the 'ㄹ' and dropping the 'ㅡ'. The preceding syllable gets an 'ㄹ', and the vowel in that preceding syllable determines whether you add -아요 or -어요.

Q

What happens to ㅅ-ending verbs before consonant endings?

ㅅ irregular verbs only lose their ㅅ before *vowel* endings. Before consonant endings (like -습니다, -고), the ㅅ remains, and they conjugate regularly. For example, 낫다 + -습니다 → 낫습니다.

Cultural Context

Mastering these irregular verb conjugations is more than just following rules; it's about embracing the natural rhythm of the Korean language. Native Korean speakers effortlessly use these transformed verbs, and your ability to do so will significantly enhance your fluency and comprehension. It allows for smoother transitions between sounds, making conversations flow more easily, whether you're ordering food, asking for directions, or simply chatting with friends.
These patterns are universal across standard Korean and are essential for sounding authentic, not just grammatically correct.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Jeoneun maeil K-pop-eul deureoyo.

私は毎日K-POPを聴いています。

ㄷ変格活用 (音を滑らかにする)
2

Gongwoneul gachi georeulkkayo?

一緒に公園を歩きましょうか？

ㄷ変格活用 (音を滑らかにする)
3

매일 공원을 걸어요.

毎日公園を歩きます。

ㄷ変格活用 (ㄷ → ㄹ): 歩く、聞く、尋ねる
4

친구한테 길을 물었어요.

友達に道を尋ねました。

ㄷ変格活用 (ㄷ → ㄹ): 歩く、聞く、尋ねる
5

저는 그 노래를 `몰라요`.

私はその歌を知りません。

韓国語「ル (르)」変則活用動詞
6

한국 배달은 진짜 `빨라요`!

韓国の配達は本当に速いです！

韓国語「ル (르)」変則活用動詞
7

감기가 빨리 나았으면 좋겠어요.

風邪が早く治るといいですね。

消えるシオッ（ㅅ変則活用動詞）
8

여기에 따뜻한 물을 좀 부어 주세요.

ここに温かいお湯を少し注いでください。

消えるシオッ（ㅅ変則活用動詞）

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

「尋ねる」と「埋める」の罠

묻다（ムッタ）には要注意！ «선생님께 궁금한 것을 물어봐요.» と言えば「質問する」ですが、間違えて «묻어요» と言うと「埋める」や「付着する」という意味になっちゃいます。先生を埋めないでね！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㄷ変格活用 (音を滑らかにする)
⚠️

「埋める」のワナに注意！

묻다 には2つの意味があります。「尋ねる」なら変身して «물어요» ですが、「埋める」や「付く」という意味なら «옷에 묻어요»（服に付きます）のようにそのままです。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㄷ変格活用 (ㄷ → ㄹ): 歩く、聞く、尋ねる
🎯

「流れる音」のイメージ

「L」の音が前の文字に吸い込まれて、そのまま次に流れていくイメージです。舌を弾く準備を早めにするのがコツですよ。«한국 배달은 진짜 빨라요!»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語「ル (르)」変則活用動詞
🎯

幽霊パッチムの存在

「ㅅ」が消えた後も、まるでパッチムが残っているかのように振る舞います。だから「-세요」ではなく「-으세요」を使うんですよ。 «나으세요» のようにね！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 消えるシオッ（ㅅ変則活用動詞）

重要な語彙 (6)

듣다 (deutda) to listen 걷다 (geotda) to walk 모르다 (moreuda) to not know 부르다 (bureuda) to sing/call 잇다 (itda) to connect 낫다 (natda) to recover

Real-World Preview

map-pin

Asking for Directions

Review Summary

  • ㄷ + Vowel = ㄹ + Vowel
  • 르 + Vowel = ㄹ라/ㄹ러
  • ㅅ + Vowel = [drop ㅅ] + Vowel

よくある間違い

You forgot to shift the ㄷ to ㄹ. It must change before the vowel-starting suffix.

Wrong: 듣어요
正解: 들어요

The ㅡ must be dropped and an extra ㄹ added. It is not a standard conjugation.

Wrong: 모르아요
正解: 몰라요

The ㅅ must vanish. '나아요' is the correct present tense.

Wrong: 낫어요
正解: 나았어요

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job! Keep practicing these forms, and they will become second nature.

Listen to a Korean podcast and identify irregular verbs.

Continue to: Describing Colors and Showing Respect

クイック練習 (4)

間違っている文章を選んでください。

Find and fix the mistake:

どれが間違い？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 감기가 다 낫았어요.
「낫다」は変則活用なので、過去形では「나았어요」になります。「씻다」は規則活用なので「씻어요」で正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 消えるシオッ（ㅅ変則活用動詞）

「聴く」(듣다) を正しく活用させてください。

저는 매일 라디오를 ___ (私は毎日ラジオを聴きます)。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 들어요
「요」は母音で始まるので、ㄷ が ㄹ に変化します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㄷ変格活用 (ㄷ → ㄹ): 歩く、聞く、尋ねる

活用の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

어제 친구랑 공원을 걷었어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어제 친구랑 공원을 걸었어요.
過去形の「-었-」は母音で始まるので、걷다 は 걸- になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㄷ変格活用 (ㄷ → ㄹ): 歩く、聞く、尋ねる

「낫다（治る）」の正しい形を空欄に入れてください。

푹 쉬면 금방 _____. (ヘヨ体)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 나아요
「-아요」の前で「ㅅ」が消えますが、「나요」とは短縮しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 消えるシオッ（ㅅ変則活用動詞）

Score: /4

よくある質問 (6)

言葉の歴史の中で、言いやすいように滑らかになったものと、頑固に残ったものがあるんです。 «선물을 받고 문을 닫아요.» のように、よく使う規則動詞（받다, 닫다）を先に覚えちゃいましょう！
絶対にありません！ «달아요» は「甘いです」という意味になっちゃいます。 «문이 달아요» と言うと「ドアが甘いです」という不思議な文になるので、 «문을 닫아요» と正しく言いましょう。
歴史的な理由があります。昔の韓国語では、変則動詞は ㄷ とは別の音で終わっていました。今は «받아요» のように規則的なものと、個別に覚える必要があります。
いいえ！「歩く」の 걷다 は «걸어요» ですが、「畳む・まくる」の 걷다 は «걷어요» と規則的に活用します。形は同じでも性格が違うんですね。
発音をスムーズにするためです。弱い「ㅡ」が消えた後、残った「ㄹ」を支えるために前の文字にパッチムとして「ㄹ」が入り、次の文字も「ㄹ」で始まります。例えば «몰라요» のようになります。
はい、変わります！過去形の語尾「-았/었어요」も母音で始まるので、変則ルールが適用されます。例えば「모르다」は «몰랐어요» になります。
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