A2 · 初中級 チャプター 16

Common Verb and Adjective Changes

5 トータルルール
55 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of Korean sound changes to speak with effortless, native-like flow.

  • Identify when 으, ㅂ, and ㄹ sounds change or disappear in verbs and adjectives.
  • Conjugate common irregular words like 'spicy' (매워요) and 'to make' (만들어요).
  • Apply these patterns to daily conversations about weather, food, and actions.
Unlock the magic behind Korean's smooth sound transitions!

学べること

Hey friend! Have you ever noticed how some Korean verbs and adjectives seem to magically change their form? Like the weather constantly shifting? Well, in this chapter, we're diving straight into these 'cool changes'! I know you've already mastered tons of verbs and adjectives and are getting really comfortable. Now it's time to level up and make your Korean sound even more 'natural,' so you can speak like a native and feel great about it. In this chapter, we'll learn how certain letters, especially '으,' 'ㅂ,' and 'ㄹ,' adapt and sort of 'melt away' or 'disappear' when they meet other sounds. Imagine you want to say the weather is 'hot' (더워요) or 'cold' (추워요), or your food is 'spicy' (매워요). If you don't know these rules, you might sound a little awkward. But by learning the 'ㅂ' irregulars, you'll easily be able to talk about these daily things. Or, when using verbs like 'to make' (만들다) or 'to know' (알다), you'll learn how 'ㄹ' sometimes vanishes out of nowhere, making your sentences smoother and more correct. These rules might seem a bit confusing at first, but don't worry, there's a beautiful logic behind them that we'll teach you. The main goal is for Korean words to have a nice flow and sound more natural when put together. After this chapter, you'll be able to confidently talk about the weather, describe food flavors, and use many common verbs without hesitation and with the correct pronunciation. Ready to take your Korean to the next level? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Conjugate 으-dropping verbs like 'to be pretty' (예쁘다) in formal and informal speech.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Describe flavors and weather using ㅂ-irregular adjectives like 'spicy' and 'cold'.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Use ㄹ-irregular verbs like 'to know' (알다) in present tense sentences.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey friend! Welcome to this exciting chapter on Korean grammar that will truly level up your conversational skills. As an A2 Korean learner, you’ve already built a fantastic foundation, mastering many verbs and adjectives.
But have you ever noticed how some words seem to change their shape unexpectedly? It’s like magic, but it’s actually a beautiful, logical system designed to make Korean sound smoother and more natural. This chapter is your key to unlocking those cool changes and speaking with greater confidence, just like a native!
Understanding these common verb and adjective changes is crucial for moving beyond basic sentence structures. We'll explore why certain letters, specifically 으, ㅂ, and ㄹ, sometimes disappear or transform when they meet other sounds. Mastering these patterns, often called irregular conjugations, is a significant step in your journey to fluency.
It will empower you to talk about everyday things like the weather or food without hesitation, making your Korean sound incredibly natural and polished.
By the end of this chapter, you’ll not only understand the mechanics behind these Korean irregular verbs and adjectives but also why they exist – to ensure a pleasant flow of sound. We'll cover the '으' drop pattern, the fascinating Korean irregular ㅂ verbs (like those for hot and cold), and the essential irregular ㄹ verbs where the 'ㄹ' sometimes vanishes. Get ready to transform your understanding and make your Korean truly shine!

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the fascinating world of Korean verb and adjective changes! These rules are all about making the language flow more naturally when different parts of a word come together.
First up is The 'Eu' Drop Pattern: Why 으 Disappears. Many verb and adjective stems end with 으 (like 바쁘다 – *to be busy*, 쓰다 – *to write/use*). When these stems meet a vowel ending (like the common -아요/어요), the 으 often disappears.
The choice between -아요 and -어요 then depends on the vowel in the syllable *before* the 으. If it's ㅏ or ㅗ, you use -아요. Otherwise, or if there's no preceding vowel, you use -어요.
* 바쁘다 (to be busy) + -아요/어요 → The preceding vowel is ㅏ (in 바), so 으 drops, and it becomes 바빠요 (I'm busy).
* 슬프다 (to be sad) + -아요/어요 → The preceding vowel is ㅡ (in 슬), which is not ㅏ or ㅗ, so 으 drops, and it becomes 슬퍼요 (I'm sad).
* 쓰다 (to write/use) + -아요/어요 → There's no preceding vowel, so 으 drops, and it becomes 써요 (I write/use).
Next, we have the Korean Irregular ㅂ Verbs: Hot, Cold, and Spicy (ㅂ 불규칙), also known as The ㅂ Melting Rule. When a verb or adjective stem ends in ㅂ (like 춥다 – *to be cold*, 덥다 – *to be hot*, 맵다 – *to be spicy*) and is followed by a vowel ending, the ㅂ doesn't just disappear; it transforms! It usually changes to 우, then combines with the following vowel ending.
(A couple of exceptions like 돕다 – *to help* and 곱다 – *to be beautiful* change ㅂ to 오 instead).
* 춥다 (to be cold) + -아요/어요 → ㅂ changes to 우, so 추우 + 어요 → 추워요 (It's cold).
* 덥다 (to be hot) + -아요/어요 → ㅂ changes to 우, so 더우 + 어요 → 더워요 (It's hot).
* 맵다 (to be spicy) + -아요/어요 → ㅂ changes to 우, so 매우 + 어요 → 매워요 (It's spicy).
* 돕다 (to help) + -아요/어요 → ㅂ changes to 오, so 도오 + 아요 → 도와요 (I help).
Finally, let's look at Irregular ㄹ Verbs (Drop the L), specifically the Korean ㄹ Irregular Verbs: The Disappearing ㄹ Pattern. When a verb or adjective stem ends in ㄹ (like 만들다 – *to make*, 살다 – *to live*, 알다 – *to know*) and is followed by an ending that starts with ㄴ, ㅂ, ㅅ, or 으, the ㄹ often disappears. This is crucial for formal speech and specific grammatical structures.
* 만들다 (to make) + -습니다 (formal ending) → ㄹ drops, so 만듭니다 (I make). (Not 만들습니다)
* 살다 (to live) + -는 (present participle) → ㄹ drops, so 사는 (living). (Not 살는)
* 알다 (to know) + -세요 (honorific request) → ㄹ drops, so 아세요 (Do you know?). (Not 알으세요)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: «요즘 너무 바쁘어요.» (These days, I'm too busy.)
✓ Correct:
요즘 너무 바빠요.
(These days, I'm too busy.)
*Explanation:* The adjective stem 바쁘다 ends in 으. When conjugating with -아요/어요, the 으 drops. Since the preceding vowel in 바쁘다 is ㅏ (in 바), it combines with -아요, becoming 바빠요.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «날씨가 춥어요.» (The weather is cold.)
✓ Correct:
날씨가 추워요.
(The weather is cold.)
*Explanation:* The adjective stem 춥다 is a ㅂ irregular verb. When followed by a vowel ending like -어요, the ㅂ changes to 우, which then combines with -어요 to form 워요.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «저는 한국에 살는 사람입니다.» (I am a person who lives in Korea.)
✓ Correct:
저는 한국에 사는 사람입니다.
(I am a person who lives in Korea.)
*Explanation:* The verb stem 살다 ends in ㄹ. When followed by an ending starting with ㄴ (like -는 for present descriptive nouns), the ㄹ drops.

Real Conversations

A

A

오늘 날씨가 어때요? (How's the weather today?)
B

B

오늘은 좀 추워요. 어제는 더웠는데... (It's a bit cold today. It was hot yesterday...)
A

A

한국 음식은 보통 매워요? (Is Korean food usually spicy?)
B

B

네, 불고기는 안 매워요, 하지만 김치는 좀 매워요. (Yes, Bulgogi isn't spicy, but Kimchi is a bit spicy.)
A

A

이 가방을 어디서 만들었어요? (Where did you make this bag?)
B

B

제가 직접 만들었어요. 예뻐요? (I made it myself. Is it pretty?)

Quick FAQ

Q

Why do some Korean verbs and adjectives change their form so much, like «춥다» becoming «추워요»?

These changes, called irregular conjugations, occur to make the words easier and smoother to pronounce when they combine with different endings. It's all about phonetic flow!

Q

What are the key irregular patterns I should focus on at the A2 Korean level?

At the A2 level, mastering the '으' drop pattern, ㅂ irregular verbs (like 춥다, 덥다, 맵다), and ㄹ irregular verbs (like 만들다, 살다, 알다) is essential for natural speech.

Q

Are there any tricks to remember which irregular rule to apply?

Practice is key! For ㅂ irregulars, remember hot, cold, spicy (덥다, 춥다, 맵다) as common examples. For the '으' drop, think of 바쁘다 (busy) and 쓰다 (write/use). For ㄹ irregulars, remember that ㄹ often disappears before ㄴ, ㅂ, ㅅ, 으.

Q

Why is it important to learn these Korean irregular verbs and adjectives?

Learning these patterns is crucial for speaking natural and correct Korean. Without them, your sentences might sound awkward or even be misunderstood. They are fundamental for fluent communication.

Cultural Context

These irregular patterns are deeply embedded in everyday Korean speech. Native speakers use them instinctively, and mastering them is a significant step towards sounding less like a learner and more like someone comfortable with the language's natural rhythm. For instance, describing the weather as 추워요 (cold) or 더워요 (hot) is part of daily small talk.
Similarly, talking about food being 매워요 (spicy) or a task being 어려워요 (difficult) uses these very rules. There are no significant regional differences in how these specific irregular verbs and adjectives are conjugated; they are standard across the peninsula, making them universally useful for your Korean grammar journey.

重要な例文 (8)

1

지금 너무 바빠요.

今、とても忙しいです。

「으」の脱落：なぜ消えるのか？変則活用の基本
2

배고파서 죽겠어요.

お腹が空いて死にそうです。

「으」の脱落：なぜ消えるのか？変則活用の基本
3

날씨가 너무 추워요.

天気がとても寒いです。

韓国語のㅂ変則活用：暑い、寒い、辛い (ㅂ 불규칙)
4

이 떡볶이 진짜 매워!

このトッポギ、マジで辛い！

韓国語のㅂ変則活用：暑い、寒い、辛い (ㅂ 불규칙)
5

Today the weather is too cold.

今日は天気がとても寒いです。

ㅂ変格活用：춥다 → 추워요 の変化ルール
6

This tteokbokki is really spicy!

このトッポギ、マジで辛い！

ㅂ変格活用：춥다 → 추워요 の変化ルール
7

지금 어디 사세요?

今はどこにお住まいですか？

ㄹ変格活用 (ㄹの脱落)
8

걱정 마세요. 저는 혼자서도 잘 놉니다.

心配しないで。私は一人でもよく遊びます。

ㄹ変格活用 (ㄹの脱落)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「おっと！」チェック

もし「뻐요」「ぱよ」「퍼요」「ぱよ」という語尾を見つけたら、元の形は「프다」や「쁘다」かもしれません。 «배고파요» もその一つですね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「으」の脱落：なぜ消えるのか？変則活用の基本
💡

「感情や状態」が合言葉

その言葉が気持ちや状態を表すなら、大体この変則ルールが当てはまります。 «공부가 조금 어려워요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のㅂ変則活用：暑い、寒い、辛い (ㅂ 불규칙)
🎯

「Oh! 助けて」の例外

「오」を使うのは「돕다（助ける）」と「곱다（美しい）」の2つだけ！「Oh! 助けて」とセットで覚えちゃいましょう。«저를 도와주세요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㅂ変格活用：춥다 → 추워요 の変化ルール
💡

ヌ・バ・サの法則

「ㄴ, ㅂ, ㅅ」の3つの文字はㄹの天敵！これらが来たらㄹを消しましょう。 «사세요» のようにスッキリした形になります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㄹ変格活用 (ㄹの脱落)

重要な語彙 (6)

예쁘다 (yeppeuda) to be pretty 춥다 (chupda) to be cold 맵다 (maepda) to be spicy 만들다 (mandeulda) to make 알다 (alda) to know 슬프다 (seulpeuda) to be sad

Real-World Preview

utensils

Ordering Lunch

Review Summary

  • Stem(으) + 아/어 → Stem + 아/어
  • Stem(ㅂ) + 아/어 → Stem + 워
  • Stem(ㄹ) + ㄴ/ㅂ/ㅅ → Stem + ㄴ/ㅂ/ㅅ

よくある間違い

Learners often forget to change the ㅂ to 우. Remember, the ㅂ melts away!

Wrong: 매ㅂ어요 (maeb-eoyo)
正解: 매워요 (maewoyo)

Double-vowel confusion. The 으 is dropped entirely, don't keep both.

Wrong: 예쁘어요 (yeppeueoyo)
正解: 예뻐요 (yeppeoyo)

The ㄹ drops before ㄴ, ㅂ, or ㅅ endings. Keep an eye on those endings!

Wrong: 만들어요 (mandeureoyo) when it should be 만듭니다
正解: 만듭니다 (mandeumnida)

Next Steps

You've conquered the hardest part of Korean grammar! Keep practicing, and you'll be speaking like a native in no time.

Listen to a K-Pop song and identify 5 verbs with irregular stems.

Continue to: Advanced Irregular Transformations

クイック練習 (10)

次の日本語を韓国語の丁寧形に直してください。

勉強が易しい（簡単）です。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부가 쉬워요.
「易しい」は 쉽다 です。ㅂが「우」に変わり、쉬워요 になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のㅂ変則活用：暑い、寒い、辛い (ㅂ 불규칙)

「살다（住む）」を正しいフォーマルな形（-ㅂ니다）にして空欄を埋めてください。

저는 뉴욕에 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 삽니다
살다 + ㅂ니다。ㅂの前でㄹが脱落するので「삽니다」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㄹ変格活用 (ㄹの脱落)

この文章の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

이 음식은 너무 맵어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 이 음식은 너무 매워요.
「맵다」にそのまま「-어요」は付けられません。ㅂを「우」に変えて「매워요」にするのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㅂ変格活用：춥다 → 추워요 の変化ルール

正しい文章を選んでください。

活用が正しいのはどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어제 시험이 어려웠어요.
어렵다の過去形は、어렵 -> 어려우 -> 어려웠어요 と変化します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のㅂ変則活用：暑い、寒い、辛い (ㅂ 불규칙)

「덥다（暑い）」を正しい丁寧形にして空欄を埋めてください。

오늘 날씨가 너무 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 더워요
ㅂ変則では、ㅂが消えて「우」になります。우 + 어요 で「워요」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のㅂ変則活用：暑い、寒い、辛い (ㅂ 불규칙)

「知っていますか？」を丁寧に訳してください。

Do you know?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 아세요?
元の形は「알다」。丁寧な尊敬語「-(으)세요」を付けると、ㅅの前でㄹが消えて「아세요?」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㄹ変格活用 (ㄹの脱落)

次の文章の間違いを見つけてください。

누가 이 케이크를 만들으셨어요?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 누가 이 케이크를 만드셨어요?
만들다 + (으)시 + 었다。ㅅの前でㄹが消え、クッションの「으」も不要なので「만드셨어요」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㄹ変格活用 (ㄹの脱落)

空欄に正しい丁寧な形を入れてください。

오늘 날씨가 너무 ___ (춥다).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 추워요
「춥다」はㅂ変則です。ㅂを消して「우 + 어요」を足すと「추워요」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ㅂ変格活用：춥다 → 추워요 の変化ルール

文章の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

머리가 아퍼요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 머리가 아파요.
元の形は '아프다' です。前の母音が 'ㅏ' なので、 '어' ではなく '아' を使って '아파요' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「으」の脱落：なぜ消えるのか？変則活用の基本

'바쁘다'（忙しい）を正しく活用させてください。

저는 오늘 너무 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 바빠요
語幹 '바쁘' の前の母音が 'ㅏ' なので '아' を足します。 바쁘 + 아요 = 바빠요。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「으」の脱落：なぜ消えるのか？変則活用の基本

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

'쓰다' は1文字だけで、前に影響を与える母音がないからです。ガイド役の母音がない場合は、デフォルトの「어」を使い、 «써요» となります。
はい、もちろんです！母音で始まる活用ならすべて適用されます。 «바쁘다» は «바빴어요» 、 «예쁘다» は «예뻤어요» になります。
単語の終わりの「ㅂ」が消えて、代わりに「우」がつくルールです。例えば «춥다» は «추워요» になります。
それらは「規則動詞」だからです。 «입다»（着る）や «잡다»（掴む）などはそのまま活用します。
単語の最後がㅂで終わるものが、母音と出会った時にㅂが「우」や「오」に変わる現象です。例えば「춥다」が「추워요」になります。
いいえ！「입다（着る）」や「잡다（掴む）」のように、ㅂがそのまま残る規則的な単語もあります。«입어요»のように活用します。
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