A1 · 初級 チャプター 11

Moving Through Time: Past, Future, and Natural Flow

4 トータルルール
43 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock the ability to recount your memories and share your future dreams in natural, flowing Korean.

  • Master vowel contractions to sound more like a native speaker.
  • Conjugate verbs into the past tense to share your daily experiences.
  • Declare your future intentions and plans using polite sentence endings.
Master time, master conversation: from yesterday to tomorrow.

学べること

This chapter is your ticket to mastering time in Korean! You'll learn the essential building blocks for talking about past experiences and exciting future plans. We'll dive into the simple yet powerful patterns of 았/었/였 to recount what was or happened, then smoothly transition to the polite ~았/었어요 form to share those past stories. For the future, you'll grab hold of ㄹ/을 거예요, the go-to expression for declaring intentions, making plans, and even guessing what might happen. Plus, we'll introduce you to vowel contractions (모음 축약) – tiny linguistic shortcuts that instantly make you sound more native! Imagine meeting a new Korean friend and telling them about your weekend, or sharing your travel plans for next year! These skills let you express *yourself* and connect on a deeper level. You'll use them everywhere, from recalling yesterday's meal to planning a fun outing. These aren't just grammar rules; they're your conversational superpowers. We'll start with fundamental past tense endings, immediately putting them into action with the polite ~았/었어요 structure. Then, we'll jump to the future with ㄹ/을 거예요 for all your upcoming adventures. Throughout, we'll highlight crucial vowel contractions, showing how native speakers naturally shorten words, making your Korean flow beautifully. It's a natural progression that builds confidence step by step. By the end of this chapter, you'll confidently say:

I ate delicious kimchi yesterday!
(어제 맛있는 김치를 먹었어요!), "I'm going to travel to Korea next year!" (내년에 한국에 여행 갈 거예요!), and much more. You'll be telling stories, making plans, and sounding remarkably natural for an A1 learner. Get ready to unlock a whole new dimension of Korean conversation!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use vowel contractions to naturally shorten verb endings.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Describe past events using the polite ~았/었어요 form.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: State future intentions using ㄹ/을 거예요.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to
Moving Through Time: Past, Future, and Natural Flow
! This chapter is your essential guide to mastering Korean grammar for expressing past experiences and future plans. For A1 Korean learners, understanding how to talk about time is crucial for basic communication.
Imagine being able to share what you did last weekend or discuss your upcoming travel dreams – that's what you'll unlock here! We'll equip you with the fundamental building blocks, starting with the powerful past tense endings 았/었/였 and their polite form ~았/었어요. These forms are your key to recounting stories and events that was or happened.
Building on this foundation, we'll then explore the future tense using ㄹ/을 거예요. This versatile expression allows you to declare intentions, make plans, and even make polite guesses about what's to come. But it's not just about rules; we'll also introduce you to Korean vowel contractions (모음 축약).
These linguistic shortcuts are what native speakers use to make their speech flow smoothly and naturally. Learning them will not only make your Korean sound more authentic but also improve your listening comprehension.
By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand the mechanics of these structures; you'll be able to actively use them in real conversations. You'll gain the confidence to express personal narratives and future aspirations, transforming abstract grammar into practical conversational power. Get ready to connect with Korean speakers on a deeper level by confidently navigating the dimensions of time!

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the core mechanics of expressing time in Korean, starting with the past tense. The foundational past tense marker is 았/었/였. The choice depends on the verb stem's last vowel.
If the last vowel is ㅏ or ㅗ, you attach 았. For example, 가다 (to go) becomes 가 + 았 = 갔 (갔어요 in polite form). 오다 (to come) becomes 오 + 았 = 왔 (왔어요).
If the last vowel is anything else, or if the stem ends in a consonant, you attach 었. For instance, 먹다 (to eat) becomes 먹 + 었 = 먹었 (먹었어요). 읽다 (to read) becomes 읽 + 었 = 읽었 (읽었어요).
For verbs ending in 하다 (to do), it's a special case: 하다 becomes 하 + 였 = 했 (했어요). This 았/었/였 is the core past tense marker.
To make these past tense expressions polite, especially for A1 Korean learners, you simply add 어요 to the end of the 았/었/였 form, resulting in ~았/었어요. So, 먹다 (to eat) in the past polite form is 먹었어요 (I ate). 보다 (to see) becomes 봤어요 (I saw).
공부하다 (to study) becomes 공부했어요 (I studied). This ~았/었어요 form is incredibly common and will be your go-to for sharing past events.
For talking about the future, we use ㄹ/을 거예요. This structure expresses intentions, plans, or even polite predictions. If the verb stem ends in a vowel, you attach ㄹ 거예요.
For example, 가다 (to go) becomes 갈 거예요 (I will go/I am going to go). If the verb stem ends in a consonant, you attach 을 거예요. For instance, 먹다 (to eat) becomes 먹을 거예요 (I will eat/I am going to eat).
Finally, we have Korean Vowel Contractions (모음 축약). These are essential shortcuts that occur when certain vowels meet, especially in past tense formations. For example, 오다 + 았어요 naturally contracts to 왔어요 (I came).
보다 + 았어요 contracts to 봤어요 (I saw). 배우다 (to learn) + 었어요 contracts to 배웠어요 (I learned). While not strictly mandatory for understanding, using these contractions will make your speech sound much more natural and fluent, helping you speak like a native even at the A1 level.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 어제 영화를 보았어요.
✓ Correct: 어제 영화를 봤어요.
*Explanation:* While «보았어요» is grammatically correct, native speakers almost always use the contracted form «봤어요» when the verb stem ends in 오/아 and combines with 았/어요. Using the contracted form sounds much more natural.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 저는 내일 한국어를 공부할 거예요. (When talking about a plan)
✓ Correct: 저는 내일 한국어를 공부할 거예요.
*Explanation:* This example is actually correct as written, but a common mistake for learners is to use a simple present tense or an incorrect future form when expressing a clear plan or intention. The error here would be to say something like «저는 내일 한국어를 공부해요» if the intention is to state a future plan rather than a daily habit. The example above correctly uses ㄹ/을 거예요 for a future plan. Another common mistake is applying 을 거예요 to a verb stem ending in a vowel, e.g., «갈을 거예요» instead of «갈 거예요».
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 저는 어제 밥을 먹으았어요.
✓ Correct: 저는 어제 밥을 먹었어요.
*Explanation:* This mistake occurs when incorrectly applying the 았/었/였 rule. The verb stem «먹» ends in a consonant and its last vowel is ㅓ, so it should take 었 not 았. Always check the last vowel of the verb stem (or if it's 하다) to choose between 았 and 었.

Real Conversations

A

A

어제 뭐 했어요? (What did you do yesterday?)
B

B

친구하고 영화를 봤어요. (I watched a movie with a friend.)
A

A

주말에 뭐 할 거예요? (What are you going to do on the weekend?)
B

B

도서관에 가서 책을 읽을 거예요. (I'm going to go to the library and read a book.)
A

A

지난 휴가에 제주도에 갔어요? (Did you go to Jeju Island last vacation?)
B

B

네, 갔어요. 정말 좋았어요! (Yes, I went. It was really good!)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know whether to use 았어요 or 었어요 for past tense in Korean?

You choose based on the last vowel of the verb stem. If it's ㅏ or ㅗ, use 았어요. If it's any other vowel or the stem ends in a consonant, use 었어요. Verbs ending in 하다 become 했어요.

Q

Is ㄹ/을 거예요 the only way to express the future in A1 Korean?

For expressing plans, intentions, or polite predictions, ㄹ/을 거예요 is the most common and versatile form for A1 Korean learners. There are other future expressions, but this is your primary tool for now.

Q

Are Korean Vowel Contractions (모음 축약) always used, or can I skip them?

While grammatically correct uncontracted forms might be understood, using contractions like 왔어요 (from 오다 + 았어요) or 봤어요 (from 보다 + 았어요) makes your Korean sound much more natural and fluent. It's highly recommended to practice and use them.

Q

What's the main difference between ~았/었어요 and ~았/었/였?

~았/었/였 is the core past tense suffix that attaches directly to the verb stem, forming the base past tense. ~았/었어요 adds the polite ending ~어요 to this base, making it a polite, conversational past tense form.

Cultural Context

These time expressions are fundamental to daily Korean conversation. Using the correct polite past tense (~았/었어요) and future tense (ㄹ/을 거예요) is crucial for showing respect and clarity, especially when interacting with new acquaintances or elders. The natural use of Korean vowel contractions (모음 축약), while not strictly a politeness marker, signals a higher level of fluency and makes your speech sound less like a textbook and more like a native speaker.
Mastering these forms allows for seamless storytelling and planning, essential for building connections in Korean culture.

重要な例文 (4)

1

어제 친구를 만났어요.

昨日、友達に会いました。

過去形：やりました！ (~았/었어요)
2

피자를 먹었어요.

ピザを食べました。

過去形：やりました！ (~았/었어요)
3

내일 친구를 만날 거예요.

明日、友達に会うつもりです。

未来の予定を話す (ㄹ/을 거예요)
4

오늘 저녁에 치킨을 시킬 거예요.

今日の夜、チキンを頼むつもりです。

未来の予定を話す (ㄹ/을 거예요)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

「하다」は最強のショートカット

「하다」で終わる言葉は、難しく考えずに全部「해」に変えるだけでOKです。一番よく使う形なので、これさえ覚えれば完璧！ «공부해요» のように使ってみてね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の母音縮約：ネイティブのように話そう (모음 축약)
💡

「Yo」を取っちゃえ！

仲良しの友達には、最後の「요」を外すだけでOK。 «먹었어요» が «먹었어» になって、ぐっと距離が縮まります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形：しましたか？ (았/었/였)
🎯

「하다」ハック！

韓国語の動詞の約半分は「하다」で終わります。 «공부했어요» のように「했어요」をマスターするだけで、過去の話がぐんと楽になりますよ！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形：やりました！ (~았/었어요)
🎯

分かち書きのヒミツ

テストや書き言葉では «먹을 거예요» のようにスペースを入れるのが正解！カカオトークでは繋げちゃう人も多いけど、正しく書けるとカッコいいですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 未来の予定を話す (ㄹ/을 거예요)

重要な語彙 (6)

어제 (eoje) yesterday 내일 (naeil) tomorrow 먹다 (meokda) to eat 가다 (gada) to go 보다 (boda) to see/watch 하다 (hada) to do

Real-World Preview

coffee

Weekend Recap

Review Summary

  • 보 + 았어요 = 봤어요
  • Vowel A/O + 았, Else + 었
  • Past Stem + 어요
  • Verb + ㄹ/을 거예요

よくある間違い

The vowel in '먹' is 'ㅓ', so it requires '었', not '았'. Always check the vowel before the final consonant.

Wrong: 먹았어요 (mogeosseoyo)
正解: 먹었어요 (meogeosseoyo)

You must include the 'ㄹ' batchim for future tense. It connects the verb to the '거예요' helper.

Wrong: 가거예요 (gageoyeyo)
正解: 갈 거예요 (gal geoyeyo)

While '보았어요' is technically grammatically correct, native speakers almost always use the contraction '봤어요' to sound natural.

Wrong: 보았어요 (boasseoyo)
正解: 봤어요 (bwasseoyo)

Next Steps

You have reached the end of this level! You are now equipped to share your life in Korean. Keep practicing and stay curious!

Write a diary entry for your day using past and future forms.

Continue to: Linking Ideas: And & But

クイック練習 (5)

この文章の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

저는 어제 영화를 보었어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 어제 영화를 봤어요.
보다は明るい母音ㅗなので、았어요が必要です。合体して「봤어요」にするのが最も自然です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形：やりました！ (~았/었어요)

「運動しました」という正しい文章を選んでください。

正しい過去形はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 운동했어요
「하다」で終わる動詞は、過去形になると必ず「했어요」に変わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形：しましたか？ (았/었/였)

この文章の間違いを見つけてください。

어제 학교に 가었어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어제 학교에 갔어요.
「가다」は明るい母音（ㅏ）なので「았」と合体して「갔어요」になるのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形：しましたか？ (았/었/였)

「먹다」（食べる）を過去形にして、文章を完成させてください。

저는 점심을 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 먹었어요
「먹다」は暗い母音（ㅓ）を持っているので、「었」をつけて過去形にします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形：しましたか？ (았/었/였)

「가다」（行く）を丁寧な過去形に変えてみましょう。

어제 학교에 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 갔어요
가다は明るい母音ㅏを持つので、았어요が付きます。母音が重なるので「갔어요」と短縮します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去形：やりました！ (~았/었어요)

Score: /5

よくある質問 (6)

効率よく、自然なリズムで話すためです。 «보아요» と一音ずつ言うより、 «봐요» とつなげる方が現代の会話にはぴったりです。
文法的に間違いではありませんが、かなり古風だったり、歌の歌詞のように聞こえます。日常会話では «봐요» が一般的です。
はい！「〜だ」という言葉も過去形にできます。例えば「学生でした」は «학생이었어요» と言います。
ギュッと短くなります！ «가» + «았» は «갔» に、 «오» + «았» は «왔» になります。
韓国の伝統的な考え方（陰陽）から来ています。ㅏやㅗは明るい響き、それ以外は暗い響きとされています。 «밝은 느낌이에요.»
ダメです！母音の調和は韓国語の基本なので、間違えるとすごく不自然に聞こえます。 «이상하게 들려요.»
前のチャプター
The Essentials: Identity and the Present Moment
次のチャプター
Linking Ideas: And & But
ロードマップに戻る