B1 · 中級 チャプター 19

Respecting the Subject: Honorific Verb Forms

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30 例文
5 分
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Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your Korean fluency by mastering the art of showing respect through specialized verb forms.

  • Apply the honorific suffix -(으)시 to show respect to the subject.
  • Identify and use VIP replacement verbs for everyday actions.
  • Construct polite sentences when discussing what superiors say.
Master the art of Korean respect.

学べること

Hey there, clever Korean learner! We've reached a fascinating and super important stage: how to speak politely and respectfully in Korean. It's time to move beyond intermediate and start sounding like a native speaker! In this chapter, you'll learn how to elevate the status of the person performing an action in your speech. First, you'll get to know the magical suffix '-(으)시'; this is like a 'VIP' upgrade for verbs, showing respect to the subject of the sentence – just make sure it's never yourself! For example, if you want to say 'Grandma sleeps,' you wouldn't use the regular verb. Next, we'll dive into some truly 'VIP' verbs whose forms change completely from their regular counterparts, like '계시다' instead of '있다' (to be) and '드시다' instead of '먹다' or '마시다' (to eat/drink). These are exclusively used for highly respected and older individuals, and crucially, never for your own actions. Imagine you're talking to your company CEO or discussing your professor with a colleague; correctly using these verbs demonstrates your deep respect. Finally, you'll master a very special verb: '말씀하시다'. You'll use this when a respected person is speaking, showcasing your strong grasp of Korean etiquette. After this chapter, you'll be able to confidently speak with anyone, from your friends to your university professor or parents, always maintaining the correct level of respect. You'll never worry about your speech sounding impolite, and you'll integrate more smoothly into formal Korean settings. Ready for a big leap in your Korean conversation? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Conjugate regular verbs with -(으)시 and use special honorific verbs correctly in a formal setting.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, clever Korean learner! Welcome to a truly significant chapter in your Korean grammar journey. As you progress to B1 Korean, mastering honorific verb forms isn't just about learning new rules; it's about unlocking a deeper understanding of Korean culture and etiquette.
This chapter will empower you to communicate with respect and grace, allowing you to integrate more smoothly into various social settings. You'll learn how to elevate the status of the person performing an action, ensuring your speech is always appropriate, whether you're talking to your friends, your university professor, or your parents. This skill is crucial for sounding more like a native speaker and avoiding common pitfalls that can inadvertently cause offense.
In Korean, showing respect through language is paramount, and honorifics are the cornerstone of this practice. This guide focuses on respecting the subject of your sentence – the person doing the action. We'll introduce you to the versatile suffix -(으)시, which is like a 'VIP upgrade' for most verbs.
You'll also encounter special honorific verbs like 계시다 (to be) and 드시다 (to eat/drink), which completely replace their regular counterparts when referring to highly respected individuals. Finally, we’ll explore the unique verb 말씀하시다, used specifically when a respected person is speaking.
By the end of this chapter, you won't just be memorizing rules; you'll be gaining a powerful tool for authentic communication. This is a big leap towards becoming a confident and culturally aware Korean speaker. Ready to add a touch of elegance and profound respect to your conversations?
Let’s dive in!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces you to the art of using Korean honorifics, specifically for the subject of your sentence. The core idea is to show respect to the person performing the action.
First up is the versatile subject honorific suffix -(으)시. This VIP verb ending is attached to the verb stem to show respect to the subject. If the verb stem ends in a consonant (batchim), you add -으시-.
If it ends in a vowel, you add -시-. Remember, this is *never* used for your own actions. For example, the verb 가다 (to go) becomes 가시다 when talking about a respected person going.
읽다 (to read) becomes 읽으시다.
* 선생님은 책을 읽으세요. (The teacher reads a book.)
* 할머니는 집에 가셨어요. (Grandma went home.)
Next, we dive into truly VIP honorific verbs that entirely replace their regular counterparts when the subject is highly respected. These are fundamental for B1 Korean learners.
* 있다 (to be/exist) becomes 계시다.
* 아버지는 집에 계세요. (Father is at home.)
* 먹다 (to eat) and 마시다 (to drink) both become 드시다.
* 사장님은 커피를 드세요. (The CEO drinks coffee.)
* 어머니는 아침을 드셨어요. (Mother ate breakfast.)
These verbs are exclusively for subjects like parents, grandparents, superiors, or elders.
Finally, we have the special verb 말씀하시다 (to speak). While 말하다 is the general verb for to speak, 말씀하시다 is used when a respected person is the one speaking. It already contains the honorific suffix -시- within its form.
* 교수님께서 중요한 것을 말씀하셨어요. (The professor spoke about something important.)
* 할아버지가 재미있는 이야기를 말씀하세요. (Grandfather tells an interesting story.)
Mastering these forms is a significant step in your journey to confident and respectful Korean communication.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 저는 집에 계세요.
✓ Correct: 저는 집에 있어요.
*Explanation:* You should never use honorific verbs or suffixes for yourself. 계시다 is an honorific form of 있다, meaning to be, and should only be used when referring to a respected person.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 할머니가 밥을 먹어요.
✓ Correct: 할머니가 밥을 드세요.
*Explanation:* When referring to an elder or superior eating, you must use the honorific verb 드시다 instead of the regular 먹다.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 사장님이 말해요.
✓ Correct: 사장님이 말씀하세요.
*Explanation:* For a highly respected person like a CEO speaking, the special honorific verb 말씀하시다 is preferred over the general 말하다.

Real Conversations

A

A

어머니는 지금 어디에 계세요? (Where is Mom now?)
B

B

부엌에서 저녁 식사를 준비하고 계세요. (She is preparing dinner in the kitchen.)
A

A

교수님께서 지난주에 뭐라고 말씀하셨어요? (What did the professor say last week?)
B

B

시험에 대한 중요한 정보를 말씀하셨어요. (He spoke about important information regarding the exam.)
A

A

할아버지, 차 좀 드세요. (Grandfather, please drink some tea.)
B

B

고맙다. 너도 좀 마셔라. (Thank you. You drink some too.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use Korean honorifics with my own family members?

You should generally use honorifics like -(으)시, 계시다, and 드시다 when talking about your parents, grandparents, and older relatives. It's a standard way to show respect within the family structure.

Q

Is it always rude not to use honorifics in Korean when appropriate?

Not always rude in a harsh sense, but it can sound impolite, disrespectful, or awkward, especially when speaking to or about elders, superiors, or strangers in formal settings. Using them correctly is crucial for proper social etiquette.

Q

How do I know whether to use -(으)시 or a special honorific verb like 계시다?

If a special honorific verb exists (like 계시다 for 있다, 드시다 for 먹다/마시다), you should *always* use that special verb for highly respected subjects. If no special verb exists, then you add -(으)시 to the regular verb stem (e.g., 가시다 from 가다).

Q

Can I use -(으)시 for objects or animals?

No, -(으)시 is strictly for showing respect to a *person* who is the subject of the sentence. It should never be used for inanimate objects, animals, or abstract concepts.

Cultural Context

Korean honorifics are deeply ingrained in the language, reflecting the country's hierarchical social structure and emphasis on respect for elders and superiors. Using these forms correctly is not just about grammar; it's a vital part of showing good manners and cultural understanding. In daily life, you'll hear them constantly, from news anchors referring to VIPs to children talking about their grandparents.
While younger generations sometimes use honorifics less strictly among close friends, knowing and applying them appropriately is essential for all formal interactions and when addressing or referring to anyone older or of higher status. This skill is a cornerstone of effective Korean communication.

重要な例文 (6)

1

Eommaga jeonhwareul badeuseyo.

お母さんが電話に出られます。

主語尊敬語 -(으)시: 動詞を「VIP」待遇にする
2

Seonsaengnim, eodi gaseyo?

先生、どこへ行かれますか？

主語尊敬語 -(으)시: 動詞を「VIP」待遇にする
3

할머니, 진지 드셨어요?

おばあちゃん、お食事は召し上がりましたか？

特殊尊敬動詞：目上の人に使う言葉 (계시다、드시다)
4

부장님은 지금 회의실에 계세요.

部長は今、会議室にいらっしゃいます。

特殊尊敬動詞：目上の人に使う言葉 (계시다、드시다)
5

선생님께서 지금 말씀하세요.

先生が今、お話しされています。

目上の人と話す：特別な動詞 (말씀하시다)
6

사장님, 다시 한번 말씀해 주시겠어요?

社長、もう一度おっしゃっていただけますか？

目上の人と話す：特別な動詞 (말씀하시다)

ヒントとコツ (3)

⚠️

自分を敬わないで！

たとえ自分が社長であっても、自分の行動に尊敬語を使うととても変に聞こえます。 «제가 가세요» ではなく «제가 가요» と言いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 主語尊敬語 -(으)시: 動詞を「VIP」待遇にする
⚠️

自分を敬わないで！

特別な尊敬動詞を自分に使うと、まるで自分のことを「偉大なるお方」と呼んでいるようで、とても傲慢に聞こえます。«저는 지금 있어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 特殊尊敬動詞：目上の人に使う言葉 (계시다、드시다)
⚠️

自画自賛トラップに注意！

自分に対して «-하시다» を使うと、自分を王様のように呼ぶことになってしまいます。自分には «말씀드리다» を使いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 目上の人と話す：特別な動詞 (말씀하시다)

重要な語彙 (5)

계시다 (gyesida) to be (honorific) 드시다 (deusida) to eat/drink (honorific) 말씀하시다 (malsseumhasida) to speak (honorific) 가시다 (gasida) to go (honorific) 주무시다 (jumusida) to sleep (honorific)

Real-World Preview

coffee

Dinner with a Professor

Review Summary

  • Verb stem + (으)시 + ending
  • Irregular replacement
  • 말씀 + 하시다

よくある間違い

You should never use honorifics for yourself. '드세요' is for someone else.

Wrong: 저는 밥을 드세요.
正解: 저는 밥을 먹어요.

When the subject is a superior, you must use the honorific verb.

Wrong: 선생님이 먹어요.
正解: 선생님이 드세요.

Use '말씀하시다' instead of the standard '말하다' for respect.

Wrong: 선생님이 말해요.
正解: 선생님이 말씀하세요.

Next Steps

You have mastered one of the hardest parts of Korean! Keep practicing and you'll sound like a native in no time.

Listen to a formal Korean news broadcast and identify the honorific verbs.

Continue to: Polite Vocabulary: Honorific Nouns

クイック練習 (8)

'있어요' の正しい尊敬形を空欄に入れてください。

부장님, 지금 사무실에 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 계세요
人の所在（どこにいるか）を敬う時は、特別な動詞 '계시다' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 特殊尊敬動詞：目上の人に使う言葉 (계시다、드시다)

お年寄りに食事が済んだか尋ねる時、最も適切なのはどれですか？

おばあちゃんに対する正しい文章を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 할머니, 진지 드셨어요?
'진지' は食事の尊敬語、'드시다' は食べるの尊敬語なので、この組み合わせが最も丁寧です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 特殊尊敬動詞：目上の人に使う言葉 (계시다、드시다)

この文章の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

저는 지금 공부하세요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 지금 공부해요.
自分自身 (저) に対して尊敬語 (-세요) は使えません。標準的な丁寧形 (-해요) を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 主語尊敬語 -(으)시: 動詞を「VIP」待遇にする

「読む」(읽다) の正しい尊敬形を選んでください。

할머니가 책을 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 읽으세요
語幹 '읽' はパッチムで終わるので、 '으세요' を付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 主語尊敬語 -(으)시: 動詞を「VIP」待遇にする

自分の行動を敬ってしまっている間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

저는 어제 밤에 일찍 주무셨어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 어제 밤에 일찍 잤어요.
'주무시다' のような尊敬動詞は自分の行動には絶対に使えません。普通の '자다' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 特殊尊敬動詞：目上の人に使う言葉 (계시다、드시다)

自分を低めて言う「謙譲語」を正しく使っているのはどれ？

「私が社長に申し上げます」を韓国語で言うと？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 제가 사장님께 말씀드릴 거예요.
目上の人に自分が話すときは、尊敬の '하시다' ではなく謙譲の '드리다' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 目上の人と話す：特別な動詞 (말씀하시다)

空欄に「話す」の正しい尊敬形を入れてください。

선생님께서 학생들에게 ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 말씀하세요
主語が '선생님'（先生）なので、尊敬を表す '말씀하세요' が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 目上の人と話す：特別な動詞 (말씀하시다)

文章の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

할아버지가 어제 나에게 말했어.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 할아버지께서 어제 저에게 말씀하셨어요.
おじいちゃんについて話すときは、助詞を '께서' に、動詞を '말씀하셨어요' にするのがマナーです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 目上の人と話す：特別な動詞 (말씀하시다)

Score: /8

よくある質問 (6)

友達本人には使いませんが、友達と「先生」や「お母さん」について話す時は使います。例えば «선생님이 가셔» のように、親しみの中にも敬意を込めます。
迷ったら使いましょう！失礼になるよりは、丁寧すぎる方がずっと安全です。初対面の人には «-(으)세요» を使うのが基本です。
意味は通じますが、少し「冷たい」印象や失礼な感じを与えてしまうかもしれません。英語で上司を「キミ」と呼ぶような違和感です。«부장님, 밥 먹었어요?» と言うと驚かれるかもしれません。
ほとんどありません。形容詞は語幹に «-으시다» をつけるだけです（例：«예쁘시다»）。特別な単語に置き換えるのは一部の動詞だけです。
'말하다' は友達や自分に使う普通の言葉ですが、 «말씀하시다» は目上の人を敬う特別な言葉です。
自分が目上の人に話すときに使います。 «제가 말씀드릴게요» （私が申し上げます）のように謙遜する表現です。
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Relaying Complex Messages and Rumors
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Polite Vocabulary: Honorific Nouns
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