B1 · 中级 章节 19

Respecting the Subject: Honorific Verb Forms

3 总规则
30 例句
5 分钟
本章规则 快速练习

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your Korean fluency by mastering the art of showing respect through specialized verb forms.

  • Apply the honorific suffix -(으)시 to show respect to the subject.
  • Identify and use VIP replacement verbs for everyday actions.
  • Construct polite sentences when discussing what superiors say.
Master the art of Korean respect.

你将学到什么

Hey there, clever Korean learner! We've reached a fascinating and super important stage: how to speak politely and respectfully in Korean. It's time to move beyond intermediate and start sounding like a native speaker! In this chapter, you'll learn how to elevate the status of the person performing an action in your speech. First, you'll get to know the magical suffix '-(으)시'; this is like a 'VIP' upgrade for verbs, showing respect to the subject of the sentence – just make sure it's never yourself! For example, if you want to say 'Grandma sleeps,' you wouldn't use the regular verb. Next, we'll dive into some truly 'VIP' verbs whose forms change completely from their regular counterparts, like '계시다' instead of '있다' (to be) and '드시다' instead of '먹다' or '마시다' (to eat/drink). These are exclusively used for highly respected and older individuals, and crucially, never for your own actions. Imagine you're talking to your company CEO or discussing your professor with a colleague; correctly using these verbs demonstrates your deep respect. Finally, you'll master a very special verb: '말씀하시다'. You'll use this when a respected person is speaking, showcasing your strong grasp of Korean etiquette. After this chapter, you'll be able to confidently speak with anyone, from your friends to your university professor or parents, always maintaining the correct level of respect. You'll never worry about your speech sounding impolite, and you'll integrate more smoothly into formal Korean settings. Ready for a big leap in your Korean conversation? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Conjugate regular verbs with -(으)시 and use special honorific verbs correctly in a formal setting.

章节指南

Overview

Hey there, clever Korean learner! Welcome to a truly significant chapter in your Korean grammar journey. As you progress to B1 Korean, mastering honorific verb forms isn't just about learning new rules; it's about unlocking a deeper understanding of Korean culture and etiquette.
This chapter will empower you to communicate with respect and grace, allowing you to integrate more smoothly into various social settings. You'll learn how to elevate the status of the person performing an action, ensuring your speech is always appropriate, whether you're talking to your friends, your university professor, or your parents. This skill is crucial for sounding more like a native speaker and avoiding common pitfalls that can inadvertently cause offense.
In Korean, showing respect through language is paramount, and honorifics are the cornerstone of this practice. This guide focuses on respecting the subject of your sentence – the person doing the action. We'll introduce you to the versatile suffix -(으)시, which is like a 'VIP upgrade' for most verbs.
You'll also encounter special honorific verbs like 계시다 (to be) and 드시다 (to eat/drink), which completely replace their regular counterparts when referring to highly respected individuals. Finally, we’ll explore the unique verb 말씀하시다, used specifically when a respected person is speaking.
By the end of this chapter, you won't just be memorizing rules; you'll be gaining a powerful tool for authentic communication. This is a big leap towards becoming a confident and culturally aware Korean speaker. Ready to add a touch of elegance and profound respect to your conversations?
Let’s dive in!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces you to the art of using Korean honorifics, specifically for the subject of your sentence. The core idea is to show respect to the person performing the action.
First up is the versatile subject honorific suffix -(으)시. This VIP verb ending is attached to the verb stem to show respect to the subject. If the verb stem ends in a consonant (batchim), you add -으시-.
If it ends in a vowel, you add -시-. Remember, this is *never* used for your own actions. For example, the verb 가다 (to go) becomes 가시다 when talking about a respected person going.
읽다 (to read) becomes 읽으시다.
* 선생님은 책을 읽으세요. (The teacher reads a book.)
* 할머니는 집에 가셨어요. (Grandma went home.)
Next, we dive into truly VIP honorific verbs that entirely replace their regular counterparts when the subject is highly respected. These are fundamental for B1 Korean learners.
* 있다 (to be/exist) becomes 계시다.
* 아버지는 집에 계세요. (Father is at home.)
* 먹다 (to eat) and 마시다 (to drink) both become 드시다.
* 사장님은 커피를 드세요. (The CEO drinks coffee.)
* 어머니는 아침을 드셨어요. (Mother ate breakfast.)
These verbs are exclusively for subjects like parents, grandparents, superiors, or elders.
Finally, we have the special verb 말씀하시다 (to speak). While 말하다 is the general verb for to speak, 말씀하시다 is used when a respected person is the one speaking. It already contains the honorific suffix -시- within its form.
* 교수님께서 중요한 것을 말씀하셨어요. (The professor spoke about something important.)
* 할아버지가 재미있는 이야기를 말씀하세요. (Grandfather tells an interesting story.)
Mastering these forms is a significant step in your journey to confident and respectful Korean communication.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 저는 집에 계세요.
✓ Correct: 저는 집에 있어요.
*Explanation:* You should never use honorific verbs or suffixes for yourself. 계시다 is an honorific form of 있다, meaning to be, and should only be used when referring to a respected person.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 할머니가 밥을 먹어요.
✓ Correct: 할머니가 밥을 드세요.
*Explanation:* When referring to an elder or superior eating, you must use the honorific verb 드시다 instead of the regular 먹다.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 사장님이 말해요.
✓ Correct: 사장님이 말씀하세요.
*Explanation:* For a highly respected person like a CEO speaking, the special honorific verb 말씀하시다 is preferred over the general 말하다.

Real Conversations

A

A

어머니는 지금 어디에 계세요? (Where is Mom now?)
B

B

부엌에서 저녁 식사를 준비하고 계세요. (She is preparing dinner in the kitchen.)
A

A

교수님께서 지난주에 뭐라고 말씀하셨어요? (What did the professor say last week?)
B

B

시험에 대한 중요한 정보를 말씀하셨어요. (He spoke about important information regarding the exam.)
A

A

할아버지, 차 좀 드세요. (Grandfather, please drink some tea.)
B

B

고맙다. 너도 좀 마셔라. (Thank you. You drink some too.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use Korean honorifics with my own family members?

You should generally use honorifics like -(으)시, 계시다, and 드시다 when talking about your parents, grandparents, and older relatives. It's a standard way to show respect within the family structure.

Q

Is it always rude not to use honorifics in Korean when appropriate?

Not always rude in a harsh sense, but it can sound impolite, disrespectful, or awkward, especially when speaking to or about elders, superiors, or strangers in formal settings. Using them correctly is crucial for proper social etiquette.

Q

How do I know whether to use -(으)시 or a special honorific verb like 계시다?

If a special honorific verb exists (like 계시다 for 있다, 드시다 for 먹다/마시다), you should *always* use that special verb for highly respected subjects. If no special verb exists, then you add -(으)시 to the regular verb stem (e.g., 가시다 from 가다).

Q

Can I use -(으)시 for objects or animals?

No, -(으)시 is strictly for showing respect to a *person* who is the subject of the sentence. It should never be used for inanimate objects, animals, or abstract concepts.

Cultural Context

Korean honorifics are deeply ingrained in the language, reflecting the country's hierarchical social structure and emphasis on respect for elders and superiors. Using these forms correctly is not just about grammar; it's a vital part of showing good manners and cultural understanding. In daily life, you'll hear them constantly, from news anchors referring to VIPs to children talking about their grandparents.
While younger generations sometimes use honorifics less strictly among close friends, knowing and applying them appropriately is essential for all formal interactions and when addressing or referring to anyone older or of higher status. This skill is a cornerstone of effective Korean communication.

关键例句 (4)

1

Eommaga jeonhwareul badeuseyo.

妈妈正在接电话。

主体敬语 -(으)시：动词的“VIP”后缀
2

Seonsaengnim, eodi gaseyo?

老师，您去哪儿？

主体敬语 -(으)시：动词的“VIP”后缀
3

할머니, 진지 드셨어요?

奶奶，您用过餐了吗？

特殊敬语动词 (계시다, 드시다)
4

부장님은 지금 회의실에 계세요.

部长现在在会议室里。

特殊敬语动词 (계시다, 드시다)

技巧与窍门 (3)

⚠️

自我尊称陷阱

绝对、绝对不要对自己使用 '-(으)시'。即使你是 CEO，也要说“我去” «가요»，而不是“我光荣地去” «가세요»。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 主体敬语 -(으)시：动词的“VIP”后缀
⚠️

自我表扬陷阱

绝对不要对自己使用敬语动词。这听起来就像在自称“本尊”，在对话中非常尴尬：«저는 지금 있어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 特殊敬语动词 (계시다, 드시다)
⚠️

自夸陷阱

绝对不要对自己使用 «-하시다»。这在韩语里就像自封为王一样尴尬！对自己要用 «말씀드리다»。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 对长辈说话：特殊动词 (말씀하시다)

核心词汇 (5)

계시다 (gyesida) to be (honorific) 드시다 (deusida) to eat/drink (honorific) 말씀하시다 (malsseumhasida) to speak (honorific) 가시다 (gasida) to go (honorific) 주무시다 (jumusida) to sleep (honorific)

Real-World Preview

coffee

Dinner with a Professor

Review Summary

  • Verb stem + (으)시 + ending
  • Irregular replacement
  • 말씀 + 하시다

常见错误

You should never use honorifics for yourself. '드세요' is for someone else.

Wrong: 저는 밥을 드세요.
正确: 저는 밥을 먹어요.

When the subject is a superior, you must use the honorific verb.

Wrong: 선생님이 먹어요.
正确: 선생님이 드세요.

Use '말씀하시다' instead of the standard '말하다' for respect.

Wrong: 선생님이 말해요.
正确: 선생님이 말씀하세요.

Next Steps

You have mastered one of the hardest parts of Korean! Keep practicing and you'll sound like a native in no time.

Listen to a formal Korean news broadcast and identify the honorific verbs.

Continue to: Polite Vocabulary: Honorific Nouns

快速练习 (8)

纠正句子中说话者对自己使用敬语的错误。

Find and fix the mistake:

저는 어제 밤에 일찍 주무셨어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 어제 밤에 일찍 잤어요.
你永远不应该使用像“주무시다”这样的敬语动词来描述自己的行为。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 特殊敬语动词 (계시다, 드시다)

用 '说' 的正确敬语形式填空。

선생님께서 학생들에게 ____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 말씀하세요
因为主语是 '선생님' (老师)，所以必须使用敬语动词 '말씀하세요'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 对长辈说话：特殊动词 (말씀하시다)

找出并修正句子中的错误。

Find and fix the mistake:

할아버지가 어제 나에게 말했어.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 할아버지께서 어제 저에게 말씀하셨어요.
提到爷爷时，主语助词要用 '께서'，动词要用 '말씀하셨어요'，且对自己要用谦称 '저'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 对长辈说话：特殊动词 (말씀하시다)

哪句话正确使用了对自己说话的谦让形式？

选择“我要跟老板说”的礼貌表达方式。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 제가 사장님께 말씀드릴 거예요.
向上级说话时，为了表示谦逊，应使用 '말씀드릴 거예요' 而不是敬语形式 '말씀하실 거예요'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 对长辈说话：特殊动词 (말씀하시다)

为“读” (읽다) 选择正确的尊称形式。

할머니가 책을 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 읽으세요
因为词干 '읽' 以辅音结尾，所以我们要加上 '으세요'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 主体敬语 -(으)시：动词的“VIP”后缀

找出这句话中的错误。

Find and fix the mistake:

저는 지금 공부하세요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 지금 공부해요.
你不能对自己 ('저') 使用尊称后缀 (-세요)。必须使用标准的礼貌形 (-해요)。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 主体敬语 -(으)시：动词的“VIP”后缀

哪句话是询问长辈是否用餐的最尊敬方式？

选择适合对奶奶说的话：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 할머니, 진지 드셨어요?
“진지”是饭的敬语名词，“드시다”是吃的敬语动词。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 特殊敬语动词 (계시다, 드시다)

用 '있어요' 的正确敬语形式填空。

부장님, 지금 사무실에 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 계세요
指代人的位置时，必须使用特殊的敬语动词“계시다”。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 特殊敬语动词 (계시다, 드시다)

Score: /8

常见问题 (6)

只有在你跟朋友聊起“第三方”值得尊敬的人（比如老师或妈妈）时才用。如果你直接跟朋友聊天，就别用它。«친구가 가요.»
犹豫不决时，用就对了！多礼总比没礼貌好。对陌生人默认使用 «-(으)세요» 是最稳妥的。
他们还是能听懂，但可能会觉得你有点“没礼貌”。就像在英语里管老板叫 kid 一样，虽然不犯法，但对职业生涯没好处。比如应该说 «드세요» 而不是 «먹어»。
大部分没有。大多数形容词只需要加上 «-으시-» 后缀（例如 «예쁘시다»）。只有少数动词有这种专门的“替换词”。
'말하다' 是中性的，用于朋友或自己。'말씀하시다' 是敬语，专门用于长辈或上司。比如：«할머니께서 말씀하세요.»
当你（下级）对长辈或上司说话时使用。它是“说”的谦让版。比如：«제가 사장님께 말씀드릴게요.»
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Polite Vocabulary: Honorific Nouns
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