A2 · 初中級 チャプター 1

Foundation & Connections

5 トータルルール
54 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the essential building blocks to make your Portuguese flow naturally and confidently in daily life.

  • Conjugate regular -AR verbs to describe your daily activities.
  • Distinguish between permanent and temporary states using Ser and Estar.
  • Link your ideas smoothly with essential conjunctions and obligation phrases.
Unlock the rhythm of Portuguese conversation today!

学べること

You've got the basics down, now it's time to level up and make your Portuguese flow even more smoothly! In this chapter, we'll first tackle regular -AR verbs like 'falar' (to speak) and 'trabalhar' (to work). You'll learn how to conjugate 80% of all Portuguese action verbs with just a small change, letting you effortlessly talk about your daily activities. Next, we'll demystify 'Ser' vs 'Estar', finally clarifying how to correctly differentiate between permanent descriptions and temporary states or locations. No more guessing whether you *are* happy (temporarily) or *are* a doctor (permanently)! Then, get ready to tackle Portuguese plurals, especially those tricky words ending in -ÃO. You'll learn the common pattern and the special cases for high-frequency words like 'bread', 'hand', and 'brother', so you can count everything correctly without a hitch. Now it's time to connect your thoughts! With 'e' (and), 'mas' (but), and 'ou' (or), your words won't sound choppy, and you won't talk like a robot. Imagine you're sitting in a cozy Lisbon cafe, wanting to tell a friend about your plans for the day: "Today I have to work, but in the evening I'll talk to you, and maybe we'll go shopping." This chapter gives you the tools to confidently have these exact conversations. And finally, you'll learn how to express obligation using 'ter que' plus an infinitive, mastering all the things you 'have to' do. By the end of this chapter, you won't just be forming basic sentences; you'll be confidently linking ideas, describing situations, and expressing your daily obligations, all with a newfound fluency that makes conversations flow! Ready to make your Portuguese shine? Let's dive in!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Conjugate -AR verbs to describe routine actions.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Differentiate permanent traits from temporary locations.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to your next step in mastering Portuguese grammar A2! You've navigated the initial hurdles, and now it's time to truly make your Portuguese flow. This chapter, "Foundation & Connections," is designed to empower you with the tools to express yourself more naturally and confidently.
We'll dive into essential Portuguese verbs like the regular -AR conjugations, which will unlock your ability to talk about daily actions with ease. You'll finally conquer the infamous Ser vs Estar dilemma, understanding when to use each to be verb to describe permanent characteristics versus temporary states.
Beyond individual words, we'll focus on how to connect your thoughts. Learn the versatile conjunctions e (and), mas (but), and ou (or) to build more complex and engaging sentences. We'll also tackle the nuances of Portuguese plurals, especially those tricky words ending in -ÃO, ensuring you can count and describe multiple items without a hitch.
Finally, discover how to express obligations using ter que plus an infinitive, a crucial phrase for discussing what you have to do. By the end of this guide, you’ll be linking ideas, describing situations, and expressing daily duties, significantly enhancing your A2 Portuguese fluency.

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the core components that will elevate your Portuguese grammar to the next level. First up are Regular -AR Verbs in the Present Tense. These are your workhorses, like falar (to speak) and trabalhar (to work).
The pattern is simple: drop the -AR and add specific endings for each subject pronoun. For example, falar: Eu falo (I speak), Tu falas (You speak), Ele/Ela/Você fala (He/She/You speak), Nós falamos (We speak), Eles/Elas/Vocês falam (They/You all speak). Master this, and you’ve unlocked a huge percentage of Portuguese verbs.
Next, we tackle the infamous Ser vs Estar. Remember: Ser is for permanent characteristics, identity, origin, and time (Eu sou português - I am Portuguese; Ela é médica - She is a doctor). Estar is for temporary states, locations, and feelings (Eu estou cansado - I am tired; Eles estão em casa - They are at home).
This distinction is fundamental for accurate Portuguese communication.
Then, let's make sense of Portuguese Plurals, specifically for words ending in -ÃO. There are three main ways:
  1. 1-ÃO becomes -ÕES: coração (heart) -> corações (hearts)
  2. 2-ÃO becomes -ÃOS: mão (hand) -> mãos (hands), irmão (brother) -> irmãos (brothers)
  3. 3-ÃO becomes -ÃES: pão (bread) -> pães (breads/loaves)
While some are irregular, these cover many common words.
To connect your thoughts, we introduce key Portuguese Conjunctions: e (and), mas (but), and ou (or). These are indispensable for building more complex sentences. For instance, Eu estudo e trabalho (I study and work).
Eu quero ir, mas não posso (I want to go, but I can't). Queres café ou chá? (Do you want coffee or tea?).
Finally, learn to express obligation with Ter Que. This structure is ter (conjugated) + que + infinitive verb. For example, Eu tenho que estudar (I have to study). Nós temos que trabalhar (We have to work). This is your go-to for all the things you have to do in Portuguese.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu sou feliz hoje. (I am happy today.)
✓ Correct: Eu estou feliz hoje. (I am happy today.)
*Explanation:* While 'ser' describes permanent characteristics, 'estar' describes temporary states or feelings. Happiness is generally a temporary state, so 'estar' is the correct verb to use here.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Nós fala português. (We speak Portuguese.)
✓ Correct: Nós falamos português. (We speak Portuguese.)
*Explanation:* The regular -AR verb ending for 'Nós' in the present tense is -amos (e.g., 'falar' becomes 'falamos'). Forgetting to conjugate for 'Nós' is a common error.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu quero dois pãos. (I want two breads.)
✓ Correct: Eu quero dois pães. (I want two breads/loaves.)
*Explanation:* The plural for words ending in -ÃO can be tricky. For 'pão', the correct plural form is 'pães', not 'pãos'.

Real Conversations

A

A

Olá, como estás? Tu trabalhas muito hoje? (Hi, how are you? Do you work a lot today?)
B

B

Estou bem, obrigada! Sim, eu trabalho muito, mas à noite eu quero relaxar e ver um filme. (I'm good, thank you! Yes, I work a lot, but tonight I want to relax and watch a movie.)
A

A

Onde está a Maria? Ela está em casa ou ela tem que ir ao supermercado? (Where is Maria? Is she at home or does she have to go to the supermarket?)
B

B

Ela não está em casa. Ela tem que comprar pães e algumas frutas. (She is not at home. She has to buy bread and some fruits.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know if an -ÃO word pluralizes to -ÕES, -ÃOS, or -ÃES?

Unfortunately, there isn't a single rule; it often comes down to memorization for high-frequency words. Many nouns form -ÕES (e.g., coração -> corações), while some common ones like mão (hand) and irmão (brother) form -ÃOS, and pão (bread) forms -ÃES.

Q

Is ter que the only way to express obligation in Portuguese?

No, while ter que is very common and versatile, you can also use dever (to owe/must) or precisar de (to need to). Ter que is generally more informal and frequent in daily conversation for expressing have to.

Q

What are some other common regular -AR verbs I should learn for A2 Portuguese?

Beyond falar and trabalhar, some essential -AR verbs include: estudar (to study), comprar (to buy), gostar (to like), morar (to live), ajudar (to help), and procurar (to look for). Mastering their conjugations will greatly expand your vocabulary.

Q

Can Ser or Estar ever be used interchangeably?

Rarely with the exact same meaning. While some adjectives can be used with both (e.g., ser bom - to be good by nature, estar bom - to be good/okay at the moment), the meaning always shifts. It's crucial to understand the permanent vs. temporary distinction to avoid miscommunication.

Cultural Context

In Portuguese-speaking cultures, particularly Brazil and Portugal, the clear distinction between Ser and Estar is deeply ingrained and crucial for conveying precise meaning. Misusing them can lead to amusing or confusing misunderstandings, so mastering this aspect of Portuguese grammar is highly valued. The use of conjunctions like e, mas, and ou is vital for natural conversation flow, mimicking how native speakers connect ideas seamlessly.
You'll hear ter que constantly in daily life, as it's the most common and direct way to express obligations, plans, and necessities, making it an indispensable part of your A2 Portuguese toolkit.

重要な例文 (6)

1

Eu falo português e inglês.

私はポルトガル語と英語を話します。

現在形の規則的な -AR 動詞 (falar, trabalhar)
2

Você trabalha de casa hoje?

今日は家で仕事をしているの？

現在形の規則的な -AR 動詞 (falar, trabalhar)
3

Eu comprei três pães na padaria.

パン屋さんでパンを3つ買いました。

ポルトガル語の複数形：-ÃOの3つの変化パターン
4

Eles são como irmãos para mim.

彼らは私にとって兄弟のような存在です。

ポルトガル語の複数形：-ÃOの3つの変化パターン
5

Eu tenho que acordar cedo amanhã.

I have to wake up early tomorrow.

義務の表現：ポルトガル語の「Ter Que」の使い方
6

A gente tem que conversar.

We have to talk.

義務の表現：ポルトガル語の「Ter Que」の使い方

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

「A Gente」の裏ワザ

「私たち」を意味する nós の活用 -amos が難しく感じたら、 a gente を使いましょう。動詞は ele/ela と同じ形でいいので、
A gente trabalha aqui.
のように楽に話せます。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在形の規則的な -AR 動詞 (falar, trabalhar)
🎯

「Estrela」で覚えるコツ

星を意味する「Estrela」を思い出して！EはEstado（状態）、LはLocal（場所）。どちらも Estar を使いますよ。
Estou em São Paulo.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: SerとEstar：ポルトガル語の2つの「be動詞」
🎯

70%の法則

もし会話の途中で度忘れしちゃったら、とりあえず «-ões» と言ってみて！統計的に一番多い形なんだ。例えば
As minhas opções são limitadas.
のようにね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の複数形：-ÃOの3つの変化パターン
⚠️

MAS と MAIS の落とし穴

「でも」と言いたい時に 'mais' を使わないで！ 'mais' は「もっと（量）」という意味です。
Eu quero mais café, mas não agora.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 思考をつなぐ：ポルトガル語の接続詞 (e, mas, ou)

重要な語彙 (6)

falar to speak trabalhar to work pão bread mão hand hoje today feliz happy

Real-World Preview

coffee

Cafe Conversation

Review Summary

  • Root + o/as/a/amos/am
  • Ser (Permanent) vs Estar (Temporary/Location)
  • -ão -> -ães/-ãos/-ões
  • Idea 1 + conj + Idea 2
  • Ter + que + Infinitive

よくある間違い

Tiredness is a temporary state, not a permanent trait. Use 'estar'.

Wrong: Eu sou cansado.
正解: Eu estou cansado.

The plural of pão follows the -ães irregular pattern.

Wrong: Eu falo pãos.
正解: Eu falo pães.

You must include 'que' when expressing obligation.

Wrong: Eu tenho trabalhar.
正解: Eu tenho que trabalhar.

Next Steps

You've built a fantastic foundation! Keep practicing, and don't be afraid to make mistakes.

Write a 5-sentence daily log

Continue to: Essential Irregular Verbs

クイック練習 (10)

文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

A gente trabalhamos no Google.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A gente trabalha no Google.
「a gente」は「私たち」という意味ですが、動詞は常に単数形（3人称単数）を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在形の規則的な -AR 動詞 (falar, trabalhar)

「彼らは働く」という意味で正しい文はどれですか？

文法的に正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eles trabalham muito.
「Eles/Elas」の時の語尾は -am になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在形の規則的な -AR 動詞 (falar, trabalhar)

最も適切な翻訳を選んでください。

彼は（性格が）退屈な人だ。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele é chato.
Ser chato は性格を表し、 Estar chato は今だけうっとうしく振る舞っている状態を指します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: SerとEstar：ポルトガル語の2つの「be動詞」

Fill in the blank with the correct form of 'ter'.

Eu ___ que estudar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tenho
First person singular requires 'tenho'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 義務の表現：ポルトガル語の「Ter Que」の使い方

空欄に正しい動詞の形（Sou または Estou）を入れてください。

Eu ___ brasileiro, mas ___ nos Estados Unidos agora.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sou / estou
国籍は変わらないので Ser (Sou)、今の場所は一時的なので Estar (Estou) を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: SerとEstar：ポルトガル語の2つの「be動詞」

この文章の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Nós estamos amigos da escola.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós somos amigos da escola.
友達関係はアイデンティティの一部なので、 Estar ではなく Ser (Nós somos) を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: SerとEstar：ポルトガル語の2つの「be動詞」

Correct the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Nós tem que ir.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós temos que ir
Subject-verb agreement.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 義務の表現：ポルトガル語の「Ter Que」の使い方

「falar」の正しい形を空欄に入れてください。

Eu ___ com o meu chefe agora.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: falo
主語が「Eu」の時は、-ar を取って -o を付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在形の規則的な -AR 動詞 (falar, trabalhar)

Select the best fit.

___ que terminar o projeto.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós temos
Agreement with 'Nós'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 義務の表現：ポルトガル語の「Ter Que」の使い方

Choose the correct sentence.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tenho que estudar
Must use infinitive after 'que'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 義務の表現：ポルトガル語の「Ter Que」の使い方

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

活用する前の動詞の基本の形のことです。例えば falar（話す）がそうで、ポルトガル語では必ず «-r» で終わります。
ほとんど使えます！ただし、 dar（与える）や estar（〜である）のように、独自のルールを持つ不規則動詞も少しだけあります。
ポルトガル語では、その人の「本質（どんな人か）」と「状態（どんな様子か）」をハッキリ区別するからなんです。表現がとっても豊かになりますよ！ Eu sou feliz（私は幸せな人間だ）
イベントの時だけ特別です！「パーティーは私の家だよ」と言う時は Ser を使います。
A festa é na minha casa.
歴史のせいなんだ！もともとのラテン語での形が違ったから、今のポルトガル語でも区別されているんだよ。例えば
Os cães são animais leais.
のように cão が cães になるのもその名残だね。
実は女性名詞なんだ！a mão（手）となって、複数形も as mãos になるよ。語尾が -o なのに女性名詞なのは珍しいから覚えておこう。
次のチャプター
Essential Irregular Verbs
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