A1 · 初級 チャプター 14

Identity and Personal States

6 トータルルール
62 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the essential verbs of Portuguese identity and daily existence with confidence.

  • Distinguish between permanent and temporary states using Ser and Estar.
  • Calculate and state your age using the verb Ter.
  • Express physical sensations and current time with natural phrases.
Define yourself and connect with the world.

学べること

Ready to unlock the essentials of Portuguese and truly connect? In this exciting chapter, you're going to master the building blocks of personal expression. We'll dive into the fascinating world of Portuguese verbs, learning how to tell people who you are, how you're feeling, and even what time it is! You'll discover the core difference between Ser and Estar, both meaning 'to be' but used in distinct ways. Ser will become your go-to for permanent identity – your name, nationality, or profession (I am Brazilian,

I am a student
). Estar, on the other hand, is perfect for those temporary states, like telling someone you're happy, tired, or where you currently are (I am tired,
I am at home
). It might feel a little tricky at first, but you'll quickly get the hang of when to use each, making your sentences sound natural and fluent. Then, we'll introduce the versatile verb Ter ('to have'), which surprisingly also helps you talk about your age and even express physical sensations like hunger or thirst (
I am 25 years old
becomes I have 25 years, and I am hungry becomes I have hunger). You'll also learn the easy way to tell time, using Ser correctly for hours. Imagine yourself ordering a pastel de nata in a bustling Lisbon café, introducing yourself to a new friend, confidently stating your age, or simply saying you're hungry after a long day of exploring. By the end of this chapter, you won't just know grammar rules; you'll be able to do all these things, laying a solid foundation for real-life conversations. It's much easier than you think, and we're going to have a lot of fun mastering these crucial phrases together!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Introduce yourself and describe your current state or location.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to your essential guide for mastering A1 Portuguese grammar! In this exciting chapter,
Identity and Personal States,
you're about to unlock the foundational verbs that will allow you to express yourself and understand others in Portuguese. This isn't just about memorizing rules; it's about gaining the confidence to introduce yourself, share your feelings, and navigate everyday situations, making real connections from day one.
These core verbs are the building blocks for countless sentences, and understanding them is crucial for anyone starting their Portuguese language journey.
By the end of this guide, you’ll confidently use the two verbs for 'to be' – Ser and Estar – and the versatile verb Ter ('to have'). We'll demystify their distinct uses, helping you sound natural whether you're stating your nationality, describing your current mood, or even telling someone your age. This foundational knowledge in Portuguese verb conjugation is key to progressing smoothly through A1 Portuguese and beyond.
This chapter directly addresses common challenges faced by beginners, particularly the nuances of Ser vs. Estar. We'll break down how to use Ser for permanent characteristics like identity and profession, and Estar for temporary states and locations.
You'll also discover how Ter is used not just for possession, but surprisingly, for age and physical sensations. Get ready to build a solid base for your Portuguese communication skills!

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the core mechanics of this chapter's essential verbs. First up are Ser and Estar, both meaning 'to be' but used in very different contexts. Ser is used for permanent or inherent qualities, identity, profession, nationality, and time.
Think of it as what something *is*. For example: Eu sou Maria (I am Maria), Ela é brasileira (She is Brazilian), Nós somos estudantes (We are students). For telling time, we use Ser: É uma hora (It is one o'clock) or São três horas (It is three o'clock).
On the other hand, Estar is for temporary states, locations, and conditions. It describes how something *is*. If you're feeling happy, tired, or located somewhere, you'll use Estar. For instance: Eu estou cansado (I am tired), Ela está feliz (She is happy), Nós estamos em casa (We are at home).
Mastering the distinction between Ser and Estar is a cornerstone of A1 Portuguese grammar.
Next, we have the incredibly useful verb Ter ('to have'). While its primary meaning is 'to have' or 'to possess', it also plays a crucial role in expressing age and certain physical sensations. For age, you literally have years: Eu tenho vinte anos (I am twenty years old / I have twenty years).
For hunger or thirst, you have them: Eu tenho fome (I am hungry / I have hunger), Nós temos sede (We are thirsty / We have thirst). This unique usage of Ter is a key feature of Portuguese verb usage that beginners need to grasp early on.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu sou cansado.
✓ Correct: Eu estou cansado.
*Explanation:* 'Cansado' (tired) describes a temporary state, so you must use Estar, not Ser. Ser is for permanent characteristics.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Ela está médica.
✓ Correct: Ela é médica.
*Explanation:* 'Médica' (doctor) describes a profession, which is considered a permanent identity, thus requiring Ser.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu sou 30 anos.
✓ Correct: Eu tenho 30 anos.
*Explanation:* In Portuguese, you don't 'be' an age; you 'have' an age. Always use the verb Ter when talking about how old someone is.

Real Conversations

A

A

Olá, eu sou a Ana. (Hello, I am Ana.)
B

B

Prazer! Eu sou o Pedro. De onde és? (Nice to meet you! I am Pedro. Where are you from?)
A

A

Eu sou do Brasil. E tu? (I am from Brazil. And you?)
B

B

Eu sou de Portugal. (I am from Portugal.)
A

A

Como estás hoje? (How are you today?)
B

B

Estou bem, obrigada! Mas estou um pouco cansado. (I'm good, thank you! But I am a little tired.)
A

A

Ah, sim. E onde estás agora? (Oh, yes. And where are you now?)
B

B

Estou no trabalho. (I am at work.)
A

A

Quantos anos tens? (How old are you? / How many years do you have?)
B

B

Eu tenho vinte e cinco anos. (I am twenty-five years old.)
A

A

Eu também tenho fome! (I am hungry too!)
B

B

Vamos comer! (Let's eat!)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between Ser and Estar in A1 Portuguese grammar?

Ser is for permanent attributes, identity, and time (what something *is*), while Estar is for temporary states, emotions, and locations (how something *is*).

Q

How do you say I am hungry in Portuguese using the verb Ter?

You say Eu tenho fome (I have hunger), using the verb Ter ('to have').

Q

When do I use É versus São when telling time in Portuguese?

You use É for one o'clock (É uma hora) and São for all other hours (São duas horas, São três horas, etc.).

Q

Can I use Ser to describe my current mood?

No, for current moods or temporary feelings, you must use Estar. For example, Eu estou feliz (I am happy).

Cultural Context

These three verbs – Ser, Estar, and Ter – are incredibly pervasive in daily Portuguese conversation. Mastering their nuances is not just about grammar; it's about communicating naturally and politely. Native speakers use these distinctions instinctively, and correctly applying them shows respect and fluency.
For instance, asking Como estás? (How are you?) with Estar is common and friendly, reflecting a temporary state. While there aren't significant regional grammatical differences for these A1 concepts, understanding their core usage is universal across Portuguese-speaking countries.

重要な例文 (2)

1

Eu tenho muita fome agora.

今、とてもお腹が空いています。

空腹とのどの渇き：動詞 'Ter' の使い方
2

Você tem sede? Quer água?

喉が渇いていますか？お水はいかが？

空腹とのどの渇き：動詞 'Ter' の使い方

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

職業に「a/an」は不要！

「私は医者です」と言うとき、
Eu sou um médico
とは言いません。シンプルに
Eu sou médico
と言うのが自然です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の動詞 SER：あなたの正体（永続的な be動詞）
🎯

「Tá」という短縮形

ブラジルの日常会話では、está を «tá»、estou を «tô» と短く言うのが超リアルです！
Tudo tá bem agora.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動詞 ESTAR：一時的な「～です」(estou, está)
⚠️

アクセントの罠

一人のときは 'tem' ですが、二人のときは 'têm' になります。書き分けに注意しましょう！
Eles têm uma casa.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の動詞「Ter」（持つ/年齢）
💡

「時」は言わなくても伝わる！

カジュアルな会話では 'horas' を省略して数字だけで言うのが自然だよ: São nove.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語で時間を言おう：É それとも São？

重要な語彙 (6)

ser to be (permanent) estar to be (temporary) ter to have anos years fome hunger sede thirst

Real-World Preview

coffee

Cafe Conversation

Review Summary

  • Subject + sou/é/são + identity
  • Subject + estou/está + state
  • Subject + tenho/tem + object

よくある間違い

Tired is a temporary state, so use Estar, not Ser.

Wrong: Eu sou cansado.
正解: Eu estou cansado.

In Portuguese, you don't need to add 'de idade'.

Wrong: Eu tenho 25 anos de idade.
正解: Eu tenho 25 anos.

Hunger is a physical sensation possessed, so use Ter.

Wrong: Eu sou fome.
正解: Eu tenho fome.

このチャプターのルール (6)

1

ポルトガル語の動詞 SER：あなたの正体（永続的な be動詞）

A1
「SER」は、名前、仕事、出身など、あなたの「核」となる正体を定義する sou や «é» などの魔法の言葉です。
Eu sou estudante de medicina.
10 例文
2

動詞 ESTAR：一時的な「～です」(estou, está)

A1
一時的な状態や場所には estar、性格や国籍などのずっと変わらないことには ser を使いましょう！
Eu estou muito cansado hoje.
10 例文
3

ポルトガル語の動詞「Ter」（持つ/年齢）

A1
「持っている」だけでなく、年齢や「お腹が空いた」などの感覚にも ter を使いましょう。tenho や tem が会話の鍵です。
Eu tenho muita fome agora.
11 例文
4

ポルトガル語で時間を言おう：É それとも São？

A1
1時、正午、真夜中なら «é»、それ以外の時間は全部 são を使えばバッチリだよ！
São duas e meia.
10 例文
5

年齢の表現：私は年を「持つ」（Ter + Anos）

A1
ポルトガル語では年齢を「です」ではなく「持っている」と表現します。魔法の言葉 ter と anos を使いましょう。
Eu tenho vinte e cinco anos.
11 例文
6

空腹とのどの渇き：動詞 'Ter' の使い方

A1
ポルトガル語では「お腹が空いている状態」ではなく、動詞 ter を使って「空腹を持っている」と表現します。 ter と fome がセットです。
Eu tenho muita fome agora.
10 例文

Next Steps

You have done amazing work in this chapter! Keep practicing these core verbs, and you'll be speaking like a local in no time.

Describe your family members using Ser and Ter.

Continue to: Mastering Regular Actions

クイック練習 (9)

文の間違いを直してね

Find and fix the mistake:

Nós é amigos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós somos amigos.
「Nós（私たち）」に対応する形は「somos」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の動詞 SER：あなたの正体（永続的な be動詞）

2:00 を表す正しい文章を選んでね。

文法的に正しいのはどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: São duas horas.
2時以上は複数形の動詞 'são' と、女性形の数字 'duas' を使うのが正解だよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語で時間を言おう：É それとも São？

職業を正しく説明しているのはどっち？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu sou professor.
ポルトガル語では職業はアイデンティティの一部なので、SER を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の動詞 SER：あなたの正体（永続的な be動詞）

午後1時を表す空欄を埋めてね。

___ uma da tarde.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: É
1時は単数なので、動詞も単数形の 'é' を使うんだよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語で時間を言おう：É それとも São？

文法的に正しい文はどれですか？

「彼女はお腹が空いています」をポルトガル語で言うと？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela tem fome.
ポルトガル語では「空腹を持つ」という表現にするため、'ter' + 'fome' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 空腹とのどの渇き：動詞 'Ter' の使い方

空欄に動詞 'ter' の正しい形を入れてください。

Eu ___ muita sede agora.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tenho
主語が 'Eu' (私) の場合、動詞 'ter' の活用は 'tenho' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 空腹とのどの渇き：動詞 'Ter' の使い方

間違いを見つけて直してください。

Nós tem muita fome.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós temos muita fome.
主語が 'Nós' (私たち) の場合、動詞は 'temos' に一致させる必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 空腹とのどの渇き：動詞 'Ter' の使い方

正午（12:00）の言い方の間違いを直してね。

Find and fix the mistake:

São meio-dia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: É meio-dia.
正午は単数扱いで、'dia' は男性名詞だから 'meio' を使うよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語で時間を言おう：É それとも São？

正しい SER の形を選んでね

Eu ___ de Portugal.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sou
主語が「Eu（私）」のとき、動詞 SER は「sou」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の動詞 SER：あなたの正体（永続的な be動詞）

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

いいえ、場所には ESTAR を使います。例えば
Eu estou no shopping
（私はモールにいます）と言います。
sou, é, somos のように、元の形から予想できない変わり方をするからです。丸暗記しちゃいましょう！
ser は名前や国籍などの「永続的な性質」、estar は気分や場所などの「一時的な状態」に使います。
Eu estou feliz hoje.
いいえ、職業や身分は ser を使うのが普通です。 Eu sou estudante.
ポルトガル語では、空腹や喉の渇きは体の中にある「物」として扱います。 Tenho fome.
発音はほぼ同じですが、'tem' は単数、'têm' は複数を表す書き分けのルールです。 Eles têm.
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