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B1 pronoun #5,000 가장 일반적인 12분 분량

éstos

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 éstos 30초 만에
설명 éstos in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners are just beginning to grasp basic Spanish. Demonstrative pronouns like 'éstos' are typically beyond the scope of A1 vocabulary. The focus is on essential greetings, personal information, and simple questions and answers. Understanding the concept of pronouns and their specific forms, especially those with accents that differentiate their function, is too complex for this stage. Learners at A1 would likely encounter and need to understand basic articles like 'los' and perhaps the adjective 'estos' in very simple contexts, but the pronoun 'éstos' would not be a target word.
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By the A2 level, learners have a foundational understanding of Spanish grammar and vocabulary. They can handle simple, routine tasks and communicate basic needs. While they might recognize 'estos' as an adjective referring to 'these' things, the distinction between 'estos' and 'éstos' as a pronoun would likely be a source of confusion. The concept of a pronoun replacing a noun, especially with the added complexity of an accent mark changing its grammatical role, is typically introduced at higher levels. A2 learners might be able to understand 'éstos' when it's used in very clear, simple sentences where the noun is obvious, but producing it accurately would be challenging.
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At the B1 level, learners can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters. They can produce simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. 'Éstos' fits perfectly into the B1 curriculum. Learners at this stage are ready to grasp grammatical nuances like the difference between demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. They can understand that 'éstos' replaces a masculine plural noun and that the accent mark is crucial for this function. They will begin to encounter and use 'éstos' in contexts that involve comparison, selection, and avoiding repetition, making their speech and writing more sophisticated and natural. This is the level where mastering such distinctions significantly enhances communication.
B2 learners can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics. They can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. At B2, 'éstos' is a fully integrated part of their vocabulary. They use it confidently and accurately, understanding its role in constructing nuanced sentences. They can differentiate it from similar demonstratives ('ésos', 'aquellos') based on context and proximity, and they naturally employ it to add precision and avoid repetition in more complex arguments and discussions. They are also aware of the occasional omission of the accent in informal digital contexts but maintain its correct usage in formal settings.
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C1 learners can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning. They can express themselves fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. At the C1 level, 'éstos' is used with great proficiency. Learners understand its subtle implications and can employ it in sophisticated literary or academic contexts. They can analyze its function in different registers and appreciate how it contributes to the stylistic effectiveness of a text. They might discuss the historical evolution of accent usage or its role in distinguishing meaning in ambiguous sentences, demonstrating a deep understanding of the word's grammatical and semantic power.
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C2 learners have an 'as good as native' command of the language. They can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. They can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. For C2 learners, 'éstos' is second nature. They use it instinctively and with perfect accuracy in all contexts. They have a complete mastery of its grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic functions, and can even comment on its usage from a linguistic perspective, comparing it to similar constructions in other Romance languages or discussing its historical roots with expert knowledge.
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연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

éstos 30초 만에

  • Pronoun 'éstos' means 'these ones' (masculine plural).
  • Used for things/people near the speaker.
  • Replaces masculine plural nouns.
  • Crucial accent mark differentiates it from adjective 'estos'.
Meaning
'Éstos' is a demonstrative pronoun in Spanish that means 'these ones' when referring to masculine nouns. It is used to point out or identify specific masculine items or people that are close to the speaker, either physically or in context. It's the masculine plural form of 'este' (this).
Usage
It replaces a masculine plural noun to avoid repetition. For example, if you are talking about books ('libros', masculine plural) and you want to say 'These books are interesting', you could say 'Estos libros son interesantes'. However, if the context is clear, you can use 'éstos' to stand for 'libros': 'Éstos son interesantes'. It's crucial to remember that 'éstos' is a pronoun and stands alone, whereas 'estos' (without the accent) is a demonstrative adjective and must be followed by a noun. The accent mark on 'éstos' distinguishes it as a pronoun. This distinction is vital for clarity in Spanish. You will hear 'éstos' frequently in everyday conversations, especially when people are comparing or selecting items. Think about a situation where you are at a market, and the vendor asks if you prefer certain fruits. If they are masculine plural fruits, you might say, 'Me gustan más éstos' (I like these ones more). It's a very common way to be specific without repeating the noun. The pronoun 'éstos' helps to streamline sentences and make them more concise and natural-sounding. It's important to note that the accent mark is sometimes omitted in informal digital communication, but in formal writing and for grammatical correctness, it is essential. The plural nature of 'éstos' means it always refers to more than one masculine item or person. If you were referring to feminine items, you would use 'éstas'. The demonstrative pronouns in Spanish are 'este', 'esta', 'estos', 'estas' (near the speaker), 'ese', 'esa', 'esos', 'esas' (near the listener), and 'aquel', 'aquella', 'aquellos', 'aquellas' (far from both). 'Éstos' falls into the first category, indicating proximity.

Cuando hay muchos libros en la mesa, éstos son los que más me gustan.

¿Ves esos coches? Éstos son los nuevos modelos.

Grammatical Role
Demonstrative Pronoun (Masculine Plural)
Forms
Singular: éste (masculine), ésta (feminine). Plural: éstos (masculine), éstas (feminine).
Basic Replacement
The most common use of 'éstos' is to replace a masculine plural noun that has already been mentioned or is understood from the context. This avoids repetition and makes the sentence flow more naturally. For instance, if you're discussing different types of jackets and have established that 'chaquetas' (jackets) are masculine plural in this context (though 'chaqueta' is feminine, let's imagine a specific classification or a hypothetical masculine item for demonstration), and you want to point out a specific group, you would use 'éstos'.

Tengo dos teléfonos. Éstos son los más nuevos.

Comparison
'Éstos' is often used in comparisons, contrasting one group of masculine items with another. This could involve situations like choosing between two sets of items, or differentiating between things that are similar but distinct. For example, when presented with multiple options, you might use 'éstos' to refer to the ones you are currently considering or have selected.

Prefiero los coches rojos. ¿Y tú? Éstos (los rojos) son más bonitos que aquellos (los azules).

Listing and Selection
When listing items or making a selection from a group, 'éstos' helps to specify which ones are being referred to. This is particularly useful in a shopping context, in a classroom setting when pointing to students, or when discussing different options in a meeting. The proximity implied by 'éstos' makes it suitable for referring to items that are physically close or have just been presented.

De todos los candidatos, éstos son los más calificados para el puesto.

Emphasis
Using 'éstos' can add a subtle emphasis to the items being referred to, drawing the listener's attention to them. This is achieved by explicitly pointing them out as distinct from others. This emphasis is particularly effective when you want to highlight the importance or relevance of a specific group of masculine plural things.

No olvides estos puntos importantes. Éstos son cruciales para el éxito del proyecto.

Everyday Conversations
You'll hear 'éstos' frequently in casual conversations among native Spanish speakers. Imagine a scenario where friends are discussing music. One might say, "Me gustan mucho estos nuevos álbumes. ¿Has escuchado las canciones?" (I really like these new albums. Have you heard the songs?). If the context has already established that they are referring to specific masculine plural albums, they might then say, "De todos, éstos son mis favoritos." This demonstrates how 'éstos' replaces 'estos nuevos álbumes' for conciseness. It's also common when people are pointing out items in a store, discussing their possessions, or making choices among several options. For example, while looking at a selection of fruits at a market: "¿Cuáles prefieres?" (Which ones do you prefer?) - "Mmm, creo que éstos se ven más frescos." (Mmm, I think these ones look fresher.)

En la tienda de ropa, la vendedora me preguntó: "¿Le gustan estos pantalones?" Y yo respondí: "Sí, éstos son perfectos."

Educational Settings
In classrooms, teachers often use demonstrative pronouns to refer to objects on a desk, on the board, or in textbooks. For instance, a teacher might be explaining grammar and say, "Aquí tenemos varios ejemplos de verbos. Éstos son los que vamos a conjugar hoy." (Here we have several examples of verbs. These ones are the ones we are going to conjugate today.) This helps students focus on specific examples without the teacher having to repeat the noun 'ejemplos' multiple times. It's a natural way to direct attention in a learning environment.

El profesor señaló varios diagramas en el libro de texto y dijo: "Observen estos dibujos. Éstos ilustran el ciclo del agua."

Media and Public Speaking
In news reports, documentaries, or presentations, 'éstos' is used to refer to specific items or groups being discussed. A journalist reporting on new technology might say, "Hemos visto varios prototipos, pero éstos son los que prometen revolucionar el mercado." (We have seen several prototypes, but these ones promise to revolutionize the market.) This usage adds clarity and directs the audience's focus to the relevant information. Similarly, in a political speech or a business presentation, 'éstos' can be used to highlight key points or specific proposals.

En el documental sobre animales, el narrador dijo: "Estos son los leones machos. Éstos son los que defienden el territorio."

Written Texts
In literature, articles, and other written materials, 'éstos' serves the same purpose of concise reference. Authors use it to avoid repeating nouns and to maintain a smooth narrative flow. For example, in a novel describing a collection of artifacts: "Había varios objetos antiguos sobre la mesa. Éstos parecían tener un gran valor histórico." (There were several ancient objects on the table. These ones seemed to have great historical value.) This makes the text more engaging and less cumbersome.

En el ensayo sobre arte, el autor mencionó: "Los impresionistas crearon obras innovadoras. Éstos cambiaron la forma en que se veía la pintura."

Confusing with 'estos' (adjective)
The most frequent error is the omission of the accent mark, leading to the use of 'estos' when 'éstos' is required. Remember, 'estos' is a demonstrative adjective and must be followed by a noun (e.g., 'estos libros'). 'Éstos', with the accent, is a pronoun and stands alone. Using 'estos' without a noun is grammatically incorrect in standard Spanish. For example, saying "estos son míos" instead of "éstos son míos" is a common mistake. The accent is the key differentiator.

Incorrecto: estos son los mejores.

Gender and Number Agreement
Another common pitfall is not ensuring that 'éstos' agrees in gender and number with the implied noun. 'Éstos' is specifically masculine plural. If you are referring to feminine plural items, you must use 'éstas'. For example, if discussing 'las sillas' (the chairs, feminine plural), you would say "éstas son más cómodas" (these ones are more comfortable), not 'éstos'. Using 'éstos' for feminine nouns is a clear grammatical error.

Incorrecto: Compré unas manzanas y éstos son muy dulces. (manzanas is feminine plural)

Overuse or Underuse
Learners might either overuse 'éstos' by using it where a simpler pronoun or even the noun itself would suffice, or underuse it by failing to employ it when it would naturally improve sentence flow and conciseness. Overuse can make speech sound unnatural, while underuse can lead to repetitive or awkward phrasing. Finding the right balance is key to sounding more like a native speaker. For example, instead of saying "Los perros que están aquí son míos. Los perros aquí son míos," a native speaker would more likely say "Estos perros son míos. Éstos son míos."

Natural: Tengo dos coches. Éstos son los que uso a diario.

Confusing Demonstratives
Sometimes learners confuse 'éstos' (these ones, near speaker) with other demonstratives like 'ésos' (those ones, near listener) or 'aquellos' (those ones, far away). The choice depends on the physical or contextual proximity. Using 'éstos' when the items are far from the speaker is incorrect. For instance, if you're pointing to items on the other side of the room, you should use 'aquellos' or 'ésos', not 'éstos'.

Incorrecto: Mira esos edificios allá lejos. Éstos son muy altos. (should be aquellos)

'estos' (Demonstrative Adjective)
This is the most common point of confusion. 'Estos' (without the accent) is a demonstrative adjective. It must always be followed by a masculine plural noun. 'Éstos' (with the accent) is a demonstrative pronoun and stands alone, replacing the noun.

Example:
- Adjective: 'Me gustan estos libros.' (I like these books.)
- Pronoun: 'De todos los libros, éstos son los más interesantes.' (Of all the books, these ones are the most interesting.)
'esos' / 'ésos' (Demonstrative)
'Esos' (adjective) and 'ésos' (pronoun) refer to items that are near the listener, or somewhat distant from both speaker and listener. 'Éstos' refers to items that are close to the speaker. The accent mark on 'ésos' also distinguishes it as a pronoun.

Example:
- 'Éstos' (near speaker): 'Tráeme estos documentos de mi escritorio.' (Bring me these documents from my desk.)
- 'Ésos' (near listener/slightly distant): '¿Puedes pasarme ésos de tu mesa?' (Can you pass me those ones from your table?)
'aquellos' / 'aquellos' (Demonstrative)
'Aquellos' (adjective) and 'aquellos' (pronoun) refer to items that are far from both the speaker and the listener. They indicate a greater distance than 'ésos' or 'éstos'.

Example:
- 'Éstos' (near speaker): 'Me gustan éstos.' (I like these ones.)
- 'Aquellos' (far away): 'Pero aquellos edificios son mucho más grandes.' (But those buildings over there are much bigger.)
'los' (Definite Article)
'Los' is the masculine plural definite article ('the'). While 'éstos' is a pronoun that replaces a noun, 'los' is used before a noun to specify it. Sometimes, 'éstos' can be used in contrast to 'los' when referring to a specific group.

Example:
- 'Los libros de texto son caros.' (The textbooks are expensive.)
- 'Éstos son los libros de texto.' (These ones are the textbooks.) - Here, 'éstos' refers to a specific set of books being presented.
'unos' (Indefinite Article)
'Unos' is the masculine plural indefinite article ('some'). While 'éstos' refers to specific items, 'unos' refers to unspecified items.

Example:
- 'Compré unos bolígrafos.' (I bought some pens.)
- 'Éstos son los bolígrafos que compré.' (These ones are the pens that I bought.) - Here, 'éstos' refers to a specific set previously mentioned or implied.
Personal Pronouns (e.g., 'ellos')
'Ellos' is the masculine plural personal pronoun ('they'). While both can refer to masculine plural entities, 'éstos' specifically points out or identifies them as being near or currently relevant, whereas 'ellos' is a more general reference to a group.

Example:
- 'Ellos vinieron a la fiesta.' (They came to the party.)
- 'Éstos son mis amigos de la fiesta.' (These ones are my friends from the party.) - Here, 'éstos' identifies specific individuals within the group of attendees.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The distinction between demonstrative adjectives (like 'estos') and demonstrative pronouns (like 'éstos') using an accent mark is a feature that has been standardized over time. In older Spanish texts, you might find the accent mark omitted even when it functions as a pronoun, but modern standard Spanish requires it for clarity.

발음 가이드

UK /ˈɛstɔs/
US /ˈɛstos/
First syllable: ÉSTOS
라임이 맞는 단어
prestos gestos restos celestes forestas protestas modestos compuestos
자주 하는 실수
  • Omitting the accent mark, making it 'estos' (adjective).
  • Pronouncing the 'é' as a diphthong like 'ay'.
  • Pronouncing the 'o' as a diphthong like 'ow'.

난이도

독해 3/5

At B1 level, reading comprehension of 'éstos' is generally good. Learners can understand its meaning when it replaces a masculine plural noun, especially if the context is clear. The main challenge is distinguishing it from 'estos' (adjective) and other demonstratives like 'ésos' and 'aquellos' based on proximity.

쓰기 3/5

Writing 'éstos' correctly requires attention to the accent mark and agreement. Learners at B1 might still make errors by omitting the accent or confusing it with 'estos'. Consistent practice is needed to ensure accurate usage in avoiding noun repetition and specifying proximity.

말하기 3/5

Speaking with 'éstos' involves recalling the correct form and pronunciation, including the accent. Learners need to consciously apply the rule of proximity and the pronoun function. Practice in conversational settings helps build fluency and accuracy.

듣기 3/5

Understanding 'éstos' in spoken Spanish is generally straightforward at B1, as native speakers use it frequently. The key is to infer the antecedent (the noun being replaced) from the context and to recognize the implied proximity.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

este estos libros coches amigos cosas plural masculine pronoun adjective

다음에 배울 것

ésos aquellos ese aquel pronombres demostrativos concordancia gramatical

고급

distinción entre pronombre y adjetivo uso de pronombres en diferentes registros evolución histórica de los demostrativos españoles

알아야 할 문법

Demonstrative Adjectives vs. Pronouns

'Estos libros son míos' (adjective). 'Éstos son míos' (pronoun).

Agreement in Gender and Number

'Éstos' refers to masculine plural nouns. For feminine plural, use 'éstas'.

Proximity in Demonstratives

'Éstos' (near speaker), 'ésos' (near listener), 'aquellos' (far from both).

Accent Mark Usage

The accent on 'é' in 'éstos' is crucial to distinguish it as a pronoun.

Replacing Nouns

'Tengo dos coches. Éstos son nuevos.' ('Éstos' replaces 'coches').

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수준별 예문

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1

Mira esos perros. ¿Son tuyos?

Look at those dogs. Are they yours?

'Esos' is used here because the dogs are near the listener or at a moderate distance, not close to the speaker.

2

Tengo dos libros. ¿Quieres leer estos?

I have two books. Do you want to read these?

'Estos' is used as an adjective here, modifying the implied noun 'libros' which are close to the speaker.

3

Esos coches son rápidos.

Those cars are fast.

'Esos' refers to cars that are not close to the speaker.

4

Estos zapatos son cómodos.

These shoes are comfortable.

'Estos' is used as an adjective here, modifying 'zapatos' which are worn by the speaker.

5

¿Ves esos árboles? Son muy altos.

Do you see those trees? They are very tall.

'Esos' is used for trees that are at a distance from the speaker.

6

Estos son mis cuadernos.

These are my notebooks.

'Éstos' is used as a pronoun here, replacing 'cuadernos', and indicating they are close to the speaker.

7

Me gustan esos pantalones.

I like those pants.

'Esos' is used as an adjective for pants that are not close to the speaker.

8

Estos son los regalos para la fiesta.

These are the gifts for the party.

'Éstos' is used as a pronoun, referring to gifts that are near the speaker.

1

Tengo dos teléfonos móviles. ¿Cuál prefieres? Yo prefiero éstos.

I have two mobile phones. Which do you prefer? I prefer these ones.

'Éstos' is used as a pronoun to refer to 'teléfonos móviles' which are implied to be close to the speaker.

2

Hay muchos exámenes este mes. Éstos son los más difíciles.

There are many exams this month. These ones are the most difficult.

'Éstos' replaces 'exámenes' and refers to specific, difficult exams that are contextually present.

3

Me compré unos zapatos nuevos. ¿Te gustan éstos?

I bought myself some new shoes. Do you like these ones?

'Éstos' is used as a pronoun referring to the newly purchased 'zapatos' which are close to the speaker.

4

Observa estos dos edificios. Éstos son los más antiguos del barrio.

Observe these two buildings. These ones are the oldest in the neighborhood.

'Éstos' replaces 'edificios' and specifies which ones are the oldest.

5

Tenemos varios candidatos para el puesto. Éstos son los que tienen más experiencia.

We have several candidates for the position. These ones are the ones with the most experience.

'Éstos' refers to a subset of 'candidatos' who are being highlighted for their experience.

6

Estos son mis bolígrafos. ¿Dónde están éstos?

These are my pens. Where are these ones?

The first 'estos' is an adjective. The second 'éstos' is a pronoun, referring back to the pens.

7

Mira estos cuadros. Éstos son de mi colección privada.

Look at these paintings. These ones are from my private collection.

'Éstos' refers to specific 'cuadros' that the speaker owns.

8

He leído estos libros y me han gustado mucho. Éstos son los mejores que he encontrado.

I have read these books and I liked them a lot. These ones are the best I have found.

'Éstos' replaces 'libros' to emphasize that they are the best among those read.

1

Hemos recibido varios correos electrónicos urgentes. De éstos, solo dos requieren mi atención inmediata.

We have received several urgent emails. Of these ones, only two require my immediate attention.

'Éstos' refers to 'correos electrónicos' and specifies a subset requiring immediate action.

2

Los estudiantes presentaron sus proyectos. Éstos serán evaluados la próxima semana.

The students presented their projects. These ones will be evaluated next week.

'Éstos' replaces 'proyectos' and indicates they are the ones to be evaluated.

3

Hay dos tipos de vino en la mesa. Éstos son los tintos, y aquellos son los blancos.

There are two types of wine on the table. These ones are the red ones, and those are the white ones.

'Éstos' refers to the red wines, positioned closer to the speaker, differentiating them from 'aquellos' (white wines).

4

Se discutieron varios planes de negocio. Éstos son los que consideramos más viables.

Several business plans were discussed. These ones are the ones we consider most viable.

'Éstos' replaces 'planes de negocio' to highlight the viable ones.

5

Los nuevos modelos de coche son impresionantes. Éstos representan un gran avance tecnológico.

The new car models are impressive. These ones represent a great technological advance.

'Éstos' refers to the 'modelos de coche' that are being presented as advanced.

6

De todos los candidatos, éstos son los que mejor se adaptan al perfil requerido.

Of all the candidates, these ones are the ones who best fit the required profile.

'Éstos' singles out specific candidates from a larger group.

7

Los informes que recibimos ayer son preliminares. Éstos solo dan una idea general.

The reports we received yesterday are preliminary. These ones only give a general idea.

'Éstos' refers to the 'informes' and describes their nature.

8

He revisado los documentos. Éstos necesitan ser firmados hoy mismo.

I have reviewed the documents. These ones need to be signed today.

'Éstos' replaces 'documentos' to specify an action required for them.

1

El debate se centró en las propuestas económicas. De las presentadas, éstas son las que generan mayor consenso.

The debate focused on the economic proposals. Of those presented, these ones are the ones that generate the most consensus.

'Éstas' (feminine, assuming 'propuestas' is feminine) refers to specific proposals out of a larger set discussed.

2

Los avances en inteligencia artificial son vertiginosos. Éstos, sin duda, redefinirán nuestro futuro.

The advances in artificial intelligence are dizzying. These ones, undoubtedly, will redefine our future.

'Éstos' refers to 'avances' and makes a strong statement about their future impact.

3

Se han analizado múltiples estrategias de marketing. Éstos son los enfoques que han demostrado ser más efectivos.

Multiple marketing strategies have been analyzed. These ones are the approaches that have proven most effective.

'Éstos' refers to specific 'enfoques' (approaches) derived from the 'estrategias'.

4

La novela presenta dos narradores principales. Éstos ofrecen perspectivas radicalmente distintas sobre los mismos eventos.

The novel presents two main narrators. These ones offer radically different perspectives on the same events.

'Éstos' refers to the 'narradores' and highlights their contrasting viewpoints.

5

Los resultados de la investigación son prometedores. Éstos sugieren nuevas vías de tratamiento para la enfermedad.

The research results are promising. These ones suggest new treatment avenues for the disease.

'Éstos' refers to the 'resultados' and indicates their implications.

6

Se propusieron varias soluciones al problema. Éstos son los que consideramos más factibles a corto plazo.

Several solutions to the problem were proposed. These ones are the ones we consider most feasible in the short term.

'Éstos' refers to the 'soluciones' and identifies the most feasible ones.

7

Las obras de arte expuestas son variadas. Éstos representan diferentes períodos y estilos.

The exhibited works of art are varied. These ones represent different periods and styles.

'Éstos' refers to the 'obras de arte' and describes their characteristics.

8

Los informes financieros revelan tendencias interesantes. Éstos merecen un análisis más profundo.

The financial reports reveal interesting trends. These ones deserve a deeper analysis.

'Éstos' refers to the 'tendencias' identified in the 'informes financieros'.

1

La literatura existencialista explora la condición humana. Éstos (los textos de Sartre y Camus) son ejemplos paradigmáticos de dicha corriente.

Existentialist literature explores the human condition. These ones (the texts of Sartre and Camus) are paradigmatic examples of that movement.

'Éstos' refers to specific 'textos' within the broader category of existentialist literature, used with academic precision.

2

Los debates sobre la ética de la edición genética son complejos. Éstos (los argumentos a favor y en contra) exigen una reflexión profunda.

The debates on the ethics of gene editing are complex. These ones (the arguments for and against) demand deep reflection.

'Éstos' refers to 'argumentos' and highlights their demanding nature.

3

La obra de Goya abarca diversas etapas. Éstos (sus pinturas negras) representan un punto de inflexión en su carrera.

Goya's work spans various periods. These ones (his black paintings) represent a turning point in his career.

'Éstos' refers to specific 'pinturas negras' within Goya's oeuvre, demonstrating nuanced art historical reference.

4

Los postulados de la física cuántica desafían la intuición clásica. Éstos (los principios de superposición y entrelazamiento) han sido confirmados experimentalmente.

The postulates of quantum physics challenge classical intuition. These ones (the principles of superposition and entanglement) have been experimentally confirmed.

'Éstos' refers to specific 'principios' within quantum physics, used with scientific accuracy.

5

La Revolución Francesa trajo consigo cambios sociales profundos. Éstos (los ideales de libertad, igualdad y fraternidad) resonaron en todo el mundo.

The French Revolution brought profound social changes. These ones (the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity) resonated worldwide.

'Éstos' refers to the 'ideales' and emphasizes their global impact.

6

Los textos filosóficos de Nietzsche son a menudo interpretados de forma polémica. Éstos (sus conceptos de voluntad de poder y eterno retorno) han generado debates interminables.

Nietzsche's philosophical texts are often interpreted polemically. These ones (his concepts of the will to power and eternal recurrence) have generated endless debates.

'Éstos' refers to specific 'conceptos' of Nietzsche, demonstrating advanced philosophical discourse.

7

Los movimientos artísticos del siglo XX fueron muy diversos. Éstos (el cubismo, el surrealismo, el dadaísmo) rompieron con las convenciones académicas.

The art movements of the 20th century were very diverse. These ones (cubism, surrealism, dadaism) broke with academic conventions.

'Éstos' refers to specific 'movimientos artísticos' and their impact.

8

Las leyes de la termodinámica rigen el comportamiento de la energía. Éstos (especialmente la segunda ley) tienen implicaciones cosmológicas.

The laws of thermodynamics govern the behavior of energy. These ones (especially the second law) have cosmological implications.

'Éstos' refers to 'leyes' and specifies their broader implications.

자주 쓰는 조합

éstos son
me gustan éstos
éstos de aquí
éstos y ésos
éstos son los que
de todos éstos
éstos parecen
¿Y éstos?
éstos representan
éstos, en cambio

자주 쓰는 구문

Éstos son los míos.

— These ones are mine. Used to claim ownership of specific items near the speaker.

Si buscas tus guantes, éstos son los míos.

¿Te gustan éstos?

— Do you like these ones? Used to ask for an opinion on items close to the speaker.

Mira estos cuadros. ¿Te gustan éstos?

Prefiero éstos.

— I prefer these ones. Used to express a preference for items near the speaker over others.

Entre el rojo y el azul, prefiero éstos.

Éstos son los mejores.

— These ones are the best. Used to declare a specific group of items near the speaker as superior.

He probado varias marcas, pero éstos son los mejores.

Éstos son para ti.

— These ones are for you. Used to present items near the speaker as a gift or for someone's use.

Te traje unos regalos. Éstos son para ti.

¿Y éstos qué?

— And what about these ones? Used to inquire about the status or nature of items near the speaker, often in contrast to others.

Tengo estos, ¿y éstos qué?

Éstos de aquí.

— These ones here. Used to explicitly point out items that are very close to the speaker.

No, no esos, éstos de aquí.

Éstos son los que buscaba.

— These ones are the ones I was looking for. Used when finding specific, previously sought items that are now nearby.

¡Ah, por fin! Éstos son los que buscaba.

Éstos, en cambio...

— These ones, on the other hand... Used to introduce a contrast with previously mentioned items.

Los primeros eran caros. Éstos, en cambio, son más asequibles.

Éstos no me gustan.

— I don't like these ones. Used to express dislike for items near the speaker.

He probado varios sabores, pero éstos no me gustan.

자주 혼동되는 단어

éstos vs estos

This is the most common confusion. 'Estos' (without accent) is a demonstrative adjective that must be followed by a noun (e.g., 'estos libros'). 'Éstos' (with accent) is a pronoun and stands alone, replacing the noun.

éstos vs ésos

'Éstos' refers to items near the speaker, while 'ésos' refers to items near the listener or at a moderate distance. They indicate different proximities.

éstos vs aquellos

'Éstos' refers to items near the speaker, while 'aquellos' refers to items far from both speaker and listener. They indicate different distances.

관용어 및 표현

"Ni éstos ni ésos"

— Neither these nor those. Used to express rejection or disapproval of both options presented.

No me gusta ni este coche ni ese otro. Ni éstos ni ésos me convencen.

"Esto y éstos"

— This and these. Refers to a singular item and a group of masculine plural items being discussed together.

Esto es importante, pero éstos son cruciales.

"Éstos son de los míos"

— These are from my group/kind. Used to indicate that the items being referred to are similar to things the speaker associates with or owns.

Veo que te gustan los cómics. Éstos son de los míos.

"Éstos son para que..."

— These ones are so that... Used to explain the purpose of a group of items near the speaker.

Te traigo estas herramientas. Éstos son para que puedas arreglar la bicicleta.

"Éstos no son tontos"

— These ones are not foolish/stupid. Used to imply that the people or things being referred to are intelligent or capable.

No subestimes a estos jugadores. Éstos no son tontos.

"Éstos son de primera"

— These ones are first-class/top-quality. Used to praise the quality of items near the speaker.

Mira qué vino. Éstos son de primera.

"Éstos son los que mandan"

— These ones are the ones in charge. Used to indicate that a particular group has authority or control.

En esta empresa, no te equivoques. Éstos son los que mandan.

"Éstos son para el camino"

— These ones are for the journey. Used to refer to provisions or items needed for travel.

Llevamos comida y agua. Éstos son para el camino.

"Éstos son de otro planeta"

— These ones are from another planet. Used to describe something extraordinarily good, strange, or advanced.

Su habilidad con la guitarra es increíble. Éstos son de otro planeta.

"Éstos son pan comido"

— These ones are a piece of cake. Used to say that something is very easy to do.

Resolver este problema para mí es pan comido.

혼동하기 쉬운

éstos vs estos

Both 'estos' and 'éstos' refer to masculine plural items near the speaker, but their grammatical function differs.

'Estos' is a demonstrative adjective and must precede a noun (e.g., 'estos bolígrafos'). 'Éstos' is a demonstrative pronoun and stands alone, replacing the noun (e.g., 'Éstos son mis bolígrafos'). The accent mark is the key differentiator.

Me gustan <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>estos</mark> bolígrafos. <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Éstos</mark> son los que compré.

éstos vs ésos

Both are demonstrative pronouns referring to masculine plural items, but they indicate different proximities.

'Éstos' refers to items close to the speaker. 'Ésos' refers to items close to the listener or at a moderate distance. The accent on 'ésos' also distinguishes it as a pronoun.

Tráeme <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark> (los que tengo aquí). Pásame <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ésos</mark> (los que tienes tú).

éstos vs aquellos

Both are demonstrative pronouns referring to masculine plural items, but they indicate different proximities.

'Éstos' refers to items close to the speaker. 'Aquellos' refers to items far from both the speaker and the listener. They are antonyms in terms of distance.

Me gustan <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark> (los de la mesa). Pero <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>aquellos</mark> (los de la ventana) son más grandes.

éstos vs ellos

Both can refer to masculine plural entities.

'Éstos' is a demonstrative pronoun that specifically points out items or people near the speaker or contextually relevant. 'Ellos' is a personal pronoun meaning 'they' and is a more general reference.

<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Ellos</mark> vinieron a la fiesta. <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Éstos</mark> son mis amigos de la fiesta.

éstos vs los

Both can refer to specific masculine plural items.

'Los' is the definite article ('the') and must precede a noun. 'Éstos' is a pronoun that replaces the noun entirely.

<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Los</mark> coches rojos son rápidos. <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Éstos</mark> son rápidos.

문장 패턴

A2

Éstos + ser + [adjective]

Éstos son bonitos.

B1

Me gustan éstos.

Me gustan éstos más.

B1

Éstos + ser + los/las + que...

Éstos son los que quiero.

B1

[Noun]. Éstos + ser + [description]

Tengo perros. Éstos son juguetones.

B2

De [group], éstos + ser + [specific characteristic]

De los libros, éstos son los más difíciles.

B2

Éstos, en cambio, + [verb phrase]

Éstos, en cambio, son más caros.

C1

Éstos + representar/indicar + [concept]

Éstos representan un gran avance.

C1

Señalando [items]. Éstos + ser + [classification]

Señalando los cuadros. Éstos son arte moderno.

어휘 가족

형용사

estos

관련

este
esta
estas
ese
eso
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사용법

frequency

Very High. 'Éstos' is a common pronoun used in everyday Spanish.

자주 하는 실수
  • Omitting the accent mark. → <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Éstos</mark>

    Using 'estos' instead of '<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark>' when it functions as a pronoun is a common error. The accent is crucial for its grammatical role.

  • Using 'éstos' for feminine nouns. → <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Éstas</mark>

    'Éstos' is masculine plural. If referring to feminine plural nouns (e.g., 'casas', 'flores'), the correct pronoun is '<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstas</mark>'.

  • Using 'éstos' when the noun is present. → Estos + [noun]

    'Éstos' is a pronoun and stands alone. If the noun is present, use the demonstrative adjective 'estos' (e.g., 'Éstos son mis libros' vs. 'Estos libros son míos').

  • Confusing proximity. → Use 'éstos' for near, 'ésos' for listener/moderate, 'aquellos' for far.

    Using '<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark>' when the items are not near the speaker is incorrect. The choice of demonstrative depends on the spatial relationship.

  • Incorrect plural agreement. → Éstos (plural)

    Ensuring that '<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark>' correctly refers to a plural noun is important. Using it for a singular noun would be an error.

팁

Accent is Key!

Always remember the accent mark on 'éstos'. It's the definitive feature that tells you it's a pronoun replacing a noun, not an adjective modifying one. Think of the accent as a pointer to the noun it represents.

Stress and Clarity

The stress falls on the first syllable: ÉSTOS. Pronounce the 'é' clearly, similar to the 'e' in 'bet'. This clear pronunciation helps distinguish it from other similar-sounding words and makes your Spanish sound more natural.

Proximity Rule

Use 'éstos' when the masculine plural items you're referring to are close to you, either physically or in the immediate context of the conversation. If they are further away, you'll need 'ésos' or 'aquellos'.

Practice Replacement

Take sentences with masculine plural nouns and try replacing them with 'éstos'. For example, 'Estos libros son míos' becomes 'Éstos son míos'. This exercise reinforces its function as a pronoun.

Listen and Observe

When listening to native speakers, pay attention to when they use 'éstos'. Try to infer what masculine plural noun they are referring to based on their gestures and the surrounding conversation. This will help you understand its natural usage.

Distinguish from Adjectives

Remember: 'estos' + noun (adjective), 'éstos' + verb (pronoun). This is a fundamental distinction for correct grammar.

Visual Associations

Create mental images. Picture a hand holding several masculine items right in front of it, with the word 'éstos' written on the palm. This visual cue links the word to proximity and plurality.

Write Your Own Sentences

Actively try to use 'éstos' in your own writing and speaking exercises. The more you use it, the more natural it will become. Start with simple sentences and gradually increase complexity.

Avoid Omitting the Accent

The most frequent error is forgetting the accent. Make it a habit to always include it when 'éstos' is used as a pronoun to avoid grammatical errors and ensure clarity.

Context is King

In Spanish culture, gestures often accompany speech. Notice how speakers might point or gesture when using 'éstos' to further emphasize the proximity and the items being referred to.

암기하기

기억법

Imagine you have a pile of masculine objects right in front of you. You point to them and say, "Éstos are mine!" The accent mark on 'É' looks like a little pointing finger, directing attention to the objects. The 's' at the end reminds you it's plural.

시각적 연상

Picture a hand holding several masculine items (e.g., apples, books, pens) very close to the palm. The word 'éstos' is written on the palm of the hand, emphasizing its proximity and plurality.

Word Web

éstos these ones masculine plural demonstrative pronoun near speaker replaces noun estos (adjective) ésos aquellos

챌린지

Try to describe three different groups of masculine objects you have in your immediate vicinity using 'éstos'. For example, 'Éstos son mis lápices', 'Éstos son mis libros de texto', 'Éstos son mis auriculares'.

어원

The word 'éstos' originates from Latin. It evolved from the Latin demonstrative pronoun 'istos', which itself is a variation of 'iste', meaning 'that (near you)'. Over time, through Vulgar Latin and into Old Spanish, 'iste' and its forms developed into the Spanish demonstratives we use today. The accent mark was later introduced to differentiate the pronoun from the adjective.

원래 의미: Originally, 'iste' referred to something near the person being addressed. The evolution led to 'éstos' specifically denoting something near the speaker, in contrast to 'ésos' (near listener) and 'aquellos' (far away).

Indo-European > Italic > Latin > Romance > Spanish

문화적 맥락

There are no particular sensitivities associated with the use of 'éstos'. It is a standard grammatical element used in everyday language.

In English, we often use phrases like 'these ones' or simply 'these' followed by context to convey a similar meaning. However, Spanish has a more nuanced system of demonstratives that incorporates gender, number, and precise degrees of proximity, making 'éstos' a more specific and grammatically defined term.

Literary works often use demonstratives to establish setting and character interaction. For example, a character might say, 'Éstos son los tesoros que he encontrado,' referring to objects near them. In historical accounts or documentaries, 'éstos' might be used to refer to specific artifacts or locations being discussed that are visually present or immediately relevant. Common phrases in songs or poems might employ 'éstos' to evoke a sense of personal connection or immediate experience.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

Shopping for items

  • ¿Me enseñas estos zapatos?
  • Prefiero éstos.
  • ¿Cuánto cuestan éstos?

Comparing options

  • Éstos son mejores que ésos.
  • ¿Cuál prefieres, éstos o aquellos?
  • Estos dos me gustan.

Identifying objects

  • Éstos son mis guantes.
  • ¿Dónde están estos libros? Ah, <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark> están aquí.
  • Éstos son los que te conté.

Discussing people (masculine group)

  • Estos son mis hermanos. <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Éstos</mark> son muy altos.
  • Los invitados han llegado. <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Éstos</mark> son los amigos de Juan.

Referring to items in a presentation or list

  • Estos puntos son importantes. <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>Éstos</mark> requieren atención especial.
  • De los candidatos, <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark> son los más calificados.

대화 시작하기

"¿Qué te parecen estos regalos? ¿Prefieres éstos o aquellos?"

"He estado leyendo estos libros recientemente. ¿Has leído alguno de éstos?"

"Mira estos nuevos edificios. ¿Crees que éstos cambiarán el paisaje urbano?"

"Tenemos varios planes para el fin de semana. ¿Cuáles de éstos te parecen más interesantes?"

"Estos son mis apuntes de clase. ¿Necesitas ver alguno de éstos para estudiar?"

일기 주제

Describe tres objetos que tienes cerca de ti en este momento, utilizando el pronombre '<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark>'.

Imagina que estás en una tienda y ves dos tipos de camisetas. Escribe una breve conversación donde comparas '<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark>' con otros.

Piensa en tus amigos masculinos. Escribe una frase utilizando '<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark>' para referirte a algunos de ellos.

Describe una situación en la que tuviste que elegir entre dos grupos de cosas. ¿Cómo usarías '<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark>' y 'ésos' o 'aquellos'?

Escribe una pequeña historia donde un personaje encuentra algo valioso. Utiliza '<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>éstos</mark>' para referirte a los objetos encontrados.

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

The primary difference lies in the accent mark. 'Estos' (without the accent) is a demonstrative adjective and must be followed by a masculine plural noun, like in 'estos libros'. 'Éstos' (with the accent) is a demonstrative pronoun and stands alone, replacing the noun, like in 'Me gustan éstos'. The accent is crucial for distinguishing their grammatical function.

The choice depends on proximity. Use 'éstos' for masculine plural items that are close to the speaker. Use 'ésos' for items near the listener or at a moderate distance. Use 'aquellos' for items far from both the speaker and the listener.

No, 'éstos' can refer to any masculine plural noun, including objects, concepts, or animals, as long as they are near the speaker or contextually relevant. For example, 'Éstos son mis cuadernos' (These are my notebooks).

In standard Spanish grammar, yes, the accent mark is essential to differentiate the demonstrative pronoun 'éstos' from the demonstrative adjective 'estos'. While you might see it omitted in very informal digital communication (like texts or social media), it is always correct and recommended to include it in formal writing and speech.

No, 'éstos' is exclusively masculine plural. If you are referring to feminine plural nouns that are near the speaker, you must use the feminine plural demonstrative pronoun 'éstas'.

You need to know the gender of the noun. For example, 'libro' (book) is masculine, so you would use 'estos libros' or 'éstos'. 'Mesa' (table) is feminine, so you would use 'estas mesas' or 'éstas'.

'Éstos' is a very common pronoun in Spanish. Native speakers use it frequently in everyday conversation to avoid repetition and to clearly indicate proximity. You will encounter it often when listening to or reading Spanish.

Yes, 'éstos' can be the subject of various verbs. For example: 'Éstos funcionan bien.' (These ones work well.) 'Éstos me gustan.' (I like these ones.) 'Éstos llegaron ayer.' (These ones arrived yesterday.)

'Éstos de aquí' literally means 'these ones here'. It's a phrase used to emphasize that the items being referred to are very close to the speaker, often in contrast to other items that might be further away.

Yes, but they are very different. 'Esto' (without an accent or 's') is a neuter singular demonstrative pronoun used for abstract ideas, situations, or when the gender of the noun is unknown or irrelevant. 'Éstos' is masculine plural. For example, 'Esto es interesante' (This is interesting - referring to a situation), versus 'Éstos son interesantes' (These ones are interesting - referring to masculine plural objects).

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