C1 Verb System 12 min read 보통

페르시아어 비인칭 동사: '~할 수 있다' 또는 '~해야 한다' 표현하기 (`mî-šavad`)

비인칭 구조를 마스터하면 내 주관적인 이야기를 넘어 객관적이고 전문적인 페르시아어를 구사할 수 있어요. mî-šavad, bāyad, mi-tavān 같은 표현들을 상황에 맞게 골라 써보세요!

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'mî-šavad' to express general truths, possibilities, or impersonal actions where the subject is unknown or irrelevant.

  • Use 'mî-šavad' for general facts: 'dar în šahr mî-šavad fârsi harf zad' (In this city, one can speak Persian).
  • Use it for possibility: 'mî-šavad raft?' (Is it possible to go?).
  • Combine with 'ke' for complex clauses: 'mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-âyand' (It is possible that they will come).
mî-šavad + (ke) + [Subjunctive Verb/Clause]

Overview

비인칭 구문은 동작을 수행하는 '누구'에 따라 동사가 변하지 않는 문장입니다. 페르시아어에서 이러한 동사들은 3인칭 단수 형태로 고정되어 있습니다. 가장 유명한 것은 mî-šavad로, 글자 그대로는 «~이 된다»는 뜻이지만 실제로는 «~이 가능하다» 또는 «~할 수 있다»는 뜻입니다.

How This Grammar Works

비인칭 동사의 마법은 그 안정성에 있습니다. 페르시아어에서 이러한 동사들은 거의 항상 3인칭 단수(ū 형태)로 쓰입니다. 그러나 일반 동사와 달리 주어와 일치하지 않습니다.

Formation Pattern

1
구어체 «가능» 패턴: mî-šavad + 짧은 부정사(과거 어간). 예: mî-šavad raft(갈 수 있다).
2
필요성 패턴: bāyad + 접속법 동사.
3
«~인 것 같다» 패턴: be nazar mî-rasad + 문장.

When To Use It

  • 일반 규칙: 지침이나 앱 사용 시.
  • 정중한 요청: 어조를 부드럽게 합니다.
  • 객관적 관찰: 사실 관계 표현 시.

Common Mistakes

  • bāyad 활용: 절대 변하지 않습니다.
  • 잘못된 어간 사용: mî-šavad에는 항상 과거 어간을 사용하세요.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

mi-tavānam과 같은 인칭 동사는 개인의 능력에 초점을 맞추지만, mî-šavad는 일반적인 가능성에 초점을 맞춥니다.

Quick FAQ

Q

특정 사람에게 mî-šavad를 사용할 수 있나요? A: 네, 접속법 절과 함께 사용하면 가능합니다.

Impersonal mî-šavad Structure

Form Structure Example
Affirmative
mî-šavad + [Infinitive/Subjunctive]
mî-šavad raft
Negative
ne-mî-šavad + [Infinitive/Subjunctive]
ne-mî-šavad raft
Interrogative
mî-šavad + [Infinitive/Subjunctive] + ?
mî-šavad raft?
Clause (Aff)
mî-šavad + ke + [Subjunctive Clause]
mî-šavad ke bi-ravand
Clause (Neg)
ne-mî-šavad + ke + [Subjunctive Clause]
ne-mî-šavad ke bi-ravand
Past (Impersonal)
mî-shod + [Infinitive/Subjunctive]
mî-shod raft

Meanings

The impersonal verb 'mî-šavad' functions as a modal or existential marker indicating possibility, permission, or general occurrence without a specific human agent.

1

Possibility

Expressing that an action is feasible.

“mî-šavad ân-râ anjâm dâd.”

“mî-šavad be in-jâ raft?”

2

Generalization

Describing what is generally done or happens.

“dar zemestân mî-šavad ski kard.”

“in-jâ mî-šavad ketâb-hâ-ye nâyâb yâft.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 페르시아어 비인칭 동사: '~할 수 있다' 또는 '~해야 한다' 표현하기 (`mî-šavad`)
동사 구조 의미 사용 맥락
`mî-šavad`
`mî-šavad` + 단거형 부정사
~할 수 있다 / 가능하다
구어체 / 일상 대화
`bāyad`
`bāyad` + 접속법
~해야 한다
일반적인 의무 / 규칙
`mi-tavān`
`mi-tavān` + 단거형 부정사
~할 수 있다
격식체 / 문어체
`šāyad`
`šāyad` + 접속법
아마도 ~일 것이다
확률 / 추측
`be nazar mî-rasad`
동사 + `ke` + 문장
~인 것처럼 보인다
관찰 / 의견
`mî-šod`
`mî-šod` + 단거형 부정사
~할 수 있었다
과거의 가능성

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
mî-šavad be in-jâ vared shod?

mî-šavad be in-jâ vared shod? (Asking for access)

중립
mî-šavad in-jâ raft?

mî-šavad in-jâ raft? (Asking for access)

비격식체
mî-she in-jâ raft?

mî-she in-jâ raft? (Asking for access)

속어
mî-she raft in-jâ?

mî-she raft in-jâ? (Asking for access)

비인칭 동사의 주요 기능

비인칭 동사

가능성

  • mî-šavad 할 수 있다
  • mi-tavān 가능하다 (격식)

필요성

  • bāyad 해야 한다

외견/추측

  • be nazar mî-rasad ~인 것 같다

구어체 vs 문어체 비인칭 표현

구어체 (일상 대화)
mî-šavad raft 갈 수 있다
ne-mî-šod xarid 살 수 없었다
문어체 (책/뉴스)
mi-tavān goft 말할 수 있다
bāyad dānest 알아야 한다

알맞은 비인칭 동사 선택하기

1

가능성에 대한 이야기인가요?

YES
mî-šavad 사용
NO
필요성 확인
2

의무나 규칙인가요?

YES
bāyad 사용
NO ↓

mî-šavad와 자주 쓰이는 단거형 부정사

🏠

일상 동작

  • raft (가다)
  • kard (하다)
  • xarid (사다)
📱

의사소통

  • goft (말하다)
  • nevešt (쓰다)
  • porsid (묻다)

수준별 예문

1

mî-šavad raft?

Is it possible to go?

2

mî-šavad in-jâ neshast?

Can one sit here?

3

mî-šavad ân-râ did?

Can one see that?

4

ne-mî-šavad raft.

It is not possible to go.

1

dar in bâzâr mî-šavad hame-chiz xarid.

In this market, one can buy everything.

2

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-âyand?

Is it possible that they come?

3

in-jâ mî-šavad fârsi harf zad.

Here, one can speak Persian.

4

ne-mî-šavad in kâr-râ anjâm dâd.

It is not possible to do this work.

1

mî-šavad ke prože-râ zud-tar tamâm konim.

It is possible that we finish the project earlier.

2

mî-šavad az in masir raft?

Is it possible to go via this route?

3

dar zemestân mî-šavad ski kard.

In winter, one can ski.

4

ne-mî-šavad be in soâl javâb dâd.

It is not possible to answer this question.

1

mî-šavad in-gune estedlâl kard ke...

It is possible to argue in this way that...

2

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ az in tasmim khosh-hâl na-bâshand.

It is possible that they are not happy with this decision.

3

mî-šavad in mas'ale-râ az zâviye-ye dīgari bar-rasi kard.

It is possible to examine this issue from another angle.

4

ne-mî-šavad in-râ be-unvân-e yek qâ'ede-ye kolli dar-nazar gereft.

It is not possible to consider this as a general rule.

1

mî-šavad in-tôr estenbât kard ke ân-hâ dârand az mas'uliyat farâr mî-konand.

It is possible to infer that they are evading responsibility.

2

mî-šavad ke in ruy-dâd-hâ neshân-e taqayyori dar ravand-e siyâsi bâshand.

It is possible that these events indicate a change in the political process.

3

ne-mî-šavad in-râ nâ-dide gereft.

It is not possible to ignore this.

4

mî-šavad in-râ be-sâdagi dar-k kard.

It is possible to understand this simply.

1

mî-šavad in-gune andishid ke ân-che mâ 'haqiqat' mî-nâmim, tanhâ yek bar-dâsht-e zihni-st.

It is possible to think that what we call 'truth' is merely a mental construct.

2

ne-mî-šavad in-râ juz dar qâleb-e yek tajrobe-ye ziste-ye khâs tafsir kard.

It is not possible to interpret this except within the framework of a specific lived experience.

3

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ dar in bâr-e khâs, hagh-e kâmel dâshte bâshand.

It is possible that they, in this specific instance, are completely right.

4

mî-šavad in-râ yek 'tâbâb-e nâ-gozir' nâmid.

It is possible to call this an 'inevitable consequence'.

혼동하기 쉬운

Persian Impersonal Verbs: Expressing 'One' or 'It' (`mî-šavad`) mî-šavad vs mî-tavân

Both translate to 'can' in English, leading learners to use them interchangeably.

Persian Impersonal Verbs: Expressing 'One' or 'It' (`mî-šavad`) mî-šavad vs mî-shod

Learners confuse present possibility with past possibility.

Persian Impersonal Verbs: Expressing 'One' or 'It' (`mî-šavad`) mî-šavad vs mî-bâshad

Both involve the verb 'to be/become'.

자주 하는 실수

man mî-šavad raft

mî-šavad raft

mî-šavad is impersonal; it does not take a subject.

mî-šavad raftam

mî-šavad raft

Must use the infinitive or subjunctive, not past tense.

mî-šavad ke man raft

mî-šavad ke bi-ravam

Must use subjunctive in the clause.

mî-šavad-am raft

mî-šavad raft

Do not conjugate mî-šavad.

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ mî-ravand

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-ravand

Subjunctive required after 'ke'.

ne-mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-ravand

ne-mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-ravand

Actually correct, but often learners avoid the 'ke' structure.

mî-šavad raftan

mî-šavad raft

Use the short infinitive (stem + d).

mî-tavân in-jâ raft

mî-šavad in-jâ raft

mî-tavân is for ability, mî-šavad for possibility.

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-âmadand

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-âyand

Wrong tense in the subjunctive clause.

mî-šavad ân-râ kâr kard

mî-šavad ân-râ anjâm dâd

Wrong verb choice.

mî-šavad in-râ nâ-dide gereftand

mî-šavad in-râ nâ-dide gereft

Impersonal verb must stay singular.

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-ravand-e

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-ravand

Spoken filler interference.

mî-šavad-esh kard

mî-šavad ân-râ kard

Avoid clitic attachment to impersonal verbs.

문장 패턴

mî-šavad ___ ___?

mî-šavad ke ___ ___.

ne-mî-šavad ___ ___.

mî-šavad ___ az zâviye-ye ___ bar-rasi kard.

Real World Usage

Travel/Tourism very common

mî-šavad in-jâ aks gereft?

Professional/Work common

mî-šavad ke prože-râ zud-tar tamâm konim?

Social Media occasional

mî-she in-jâ aks-hâ-ro edit kard.

Academic/Writing common

mî-šavad in mas'ale-râ bar-rasi kard.

Food Delivery Apps occasional

mî-šavad in qazâ-râ pas dâd?

Public Signage common

ne-mî-šavad in-jâ park kard.

🎯

단거형 부정사(Short Infinitive)의 비밀

비인칭 동사 뒤에 오는 단거형 부정사는 사실 과거 어간과 똑같아요! 'raftan'(가다)의 과거 어간인 'raft'만 알면 비인칭 문장 완성이에요. «می‌شد زودتر رفت.»
⚠️

주어는 과감히 생략하세요

mî-šavad 앞에 'man'(나)이나 'to'(너) 같은 인칭 대명사를 주어로 쓰지 마세요. 매우 어색하게 들릴 수 있거든요. «می‌شود بروم.»
💬

비인칭으로 표현하는 예의

이란의 '타아로프' 문화에서는 직접적인 명령보다 비인칭 형태를 써서 부드럽게 제안하는 것이 훨씬 세련된 방식이에요. «باید دید چه می‌شود.»

Smart Tips

Use mî-šavad to sound polite.

man in-jâ neshastam? mî-šavad in-jâ neshast?

Use mî-šavad to be objective.

shomâ in-jâ park nemi-konid. ne-mî-šavad in-jâ park kard.

Use mî-šavad ke to introduce possibilities.

ân-hâ bi-âyand. mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-âyand.

Avoid personal pronouns.

man mî-tavânam in-râ bar-rasi konam. mî-šavad in-râ bar-rasi kard.

발음

mee-sha-vad

mî-šavad

The 'š' is like the 'sh' in 'shoe'. The 'v' is soft.

Question

mî-šavad raft ↗?

Rising intonation at the end indicates a question.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'mî-šavad' as 'The Situation Happens'. If the situation allows it, 'mî-šavad'!

시각적 연상

Imagine a door that opens automatically when you approach it. The door represents 'mî-šavad'—it is possible to pass through, no specific person needed to open it.

Rhyme

mî-šavad is the key, for what is possible for you and me.

Story

A traveler arrives in a new city. They see a sign: 'mî-šavad in-jâ aks gereft' (It is possible to take photos here). They feel relieved. They ask a local: 'mî-šavad ke in-jâ qazâ xord?' (Is it possible to eat here?). The local nods. The traveler realizes that 'mî-šavad' is the magic word for navigating the city's rules.

Word Web

mî-šavadne-mî-šavadmî-shodkeraftkârdidyâft

챌린지

For the next 5 minutes, look around your room and describe 3 things you can do using 'mî-šavad' (e.g., 'mî-šavad in-jâ ketâb khând').

문화 노트

In Tehran, 'mî-šavad' is frequently shortened to 'mî-she' in daily speech. It is the most common way to ask for permission.

In formal writing, the full 'mî-šavad' is strictly maintained to ensure an objective, professional tone.

Dialects may use different auxiliary verbs, but 'mî-šavad' remains universally understood as the standard for impersonal possibility.

Derived from the verb 'šodan' (to become), which evolved from Middle Persian 'šudan'.

대화 시작하기

mî-šavad dar in-jâ aks gereft?

mî-šavad ke mâ prože-râ zud-tar tamâm konim?

mî-šavad in-râ yek qâ'ede-ye kolli dānest?

mî-šavad in mas'ale-râ az zâviye-ye dīgari bar-rasi kard?

일기 주제

Describe a place you visited. What could one do there?
Discuss a rule in your workplace or school.
Write a short analysis of a recent news event.
Reflect on a philosophical question using impersonal structures.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

'~할 수 있다'는 의미의 올바른 비인칭 형태를 빈칸에 채우세요.

از این راه ______ به مرکز شهر رفت.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: می‌شود
mî-šavad 같은 비인칭 동사는 주어와 상관없이 항상 3인칭 단수 형태를 유지합니다.
일반적인 규칙을 나타내는 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

가장 적절한 비인칭 문장을 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: باید در کتابخانه سکوت کرد.
bāyad는 비인칭으로 쓰일 때 별도의 주어나 인칭 어미를 취하지 않습니다.
다음 구어체 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

من می‌شود این فیلم را ببینم؟

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: می‌شود این فیلم را ببینم؟
비인칭 동사 mî-šavad의 주어로 'man'을 쓰지 않습니다. 주어 정보는 뒤의 'bebinam'에 이미 포함되어 있어요.

Score: /3

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form.

mî-šavad in-jâ ___ (raft)?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: raft
Use the short infinitive after mî-šavad.
Choose the correct sentence. 객관식

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mî-šavad raft
mî-šavad is impersonal.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ mî-ravand.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mî-šavad ke ân-hâ bi-ravand
Subjunctive is required after 'ke'.
Transform to negative. Sentence Transformation

mî-šavad in-jâ neshast.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ne-mî-šavad in-jâ neshast
Negate the main verb.
Match the sentence to its meaning. Match Pairs

mî-šavad raft? / ne-mî-šavad raft.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Can we go? / We cannot go.
mî-šavad is possibility.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

mî-šavad / in-jâ / aks / gereft

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mî-šavad in-jâ aks gereft
Standard word order.
Select the correct modal. 객관식

___ in-jâ fârsi harf zad.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mî-šavad
Situational possibility.
Fill in the blank.

mî-šavad ke ân-hâ ___ (bi-âyand/mi-ayand).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bi-âyand
Subjunctive mood.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

6 exercises
비인칭 구조에 맞게 단어를 올바른 순서로 배열하세요. Sentence Reorder

[kard] [aks] [mi-shavad] [in-ja]

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: in-ja mi-shavad aks kard
이 격식 있는 문장을 페르시아어로 번역하세요. 번역

결과가 긍정적이라고 결론지을 수 있습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mi-tavan natije gereft ke pasokh-ha mosbat hastand
과거 비인칭 형태를 사용하여 문장을 완성하세요. 빈칸 채우기

دیروز ______ به پارک رفت چون باران می‌آمد.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نمی‌شد
비인칭 동사와 그에 해당하는 의미를 매칭하세요. Match Pairs

알맞은 쌍을 연결하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bāyad:Must, šāyad:Perhaps, mî-šavad:One can, be nazar mî-rasad:It seems
문어체 비인칭 형태의 오류를 수정하세요. Error Correction

می‌تواند رفت به آنجا.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: می‌توان رفت به آنجا.
일반적인 가능성을 나타내는 문장은 무엇인가요? 객관식

올바른 옵션을 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: می‌شود اینجا پارک کرد.

Score: /6

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

Yes, as long as it makes sense in an impersonal context.

It is neutral, but used in formal writing.

Because English uses 'can' for both.

It is 'mî-shod'.

Yes, it is very common for asking permission.

Yes, in spoken Persian it is often dropped.

No, it remains singular.

Adding a subject pronoun.

Scaffolded Practice

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4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English partial

It is possible to / One can

Persian mî-šavad is strictly impersonal.

Spanish high

Se puede

Spanish uses a reflexive pronoun; Persian uses an impersonal verb.

French high

On peut

French uses a pronoun; Persian uses a verb form.

German moderate

Man kann

German requires a subject pronoun; Persian does not.

Japanese low

~koto ga dekiru

Japanese is agglutinative; Persian is analytic.

Arabic high

yumkin

Arabic 'yumkin' is a particle/verb; Persian 'mî-šavad' is a fully conjugated verb.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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