Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Complex prepositions in Persian use the Ezafe (-e) to link a noun or adverb to a prepositional function.
- Always connect the base noun to the preposition with the Ezafe: 'به وسیلهی' (by means of).
- These phrases function as a single unit to express complex relationships like 'in contrast to' or 'in spite of'.
- The object of the preposition follows the phrase, often requiring the Ezafe link.
Overview
Complex Preposition Formation
| Base Noun | Ezafe | Preposition | Full Phrase |
|---|---|---|---|
|
وسیله
|
ی
|
به
|
به وسیلهی
|
|
برابر
|
ِ
|
در
|
در برابرِ
|
|
کنار
|
ِ
|
در
|
در کنارِ
|
|
میان
|
ِ
|
در
|
در میانِ
|
|
جهت
|
ِ
|
در
|
در جهتِ
|
|
خاطر
|
ِ
|
به
|
به خاطرِ
|
Meanings
Complex prepositions are multi-word units that function as a single preposition to express nuanced spatial, logical, or causal relationships.
Instrumental
Indicating the means or method by which an action is performed.
“او به وسیلهی نامه خبر داد.”
“این کار به وسیلهی ربات انجام شد.”
Contrastive
Expressing opposition or comparison.
“در برابرِ این مشکل، ما ساکت نماندیم.”
“او در برابرِ سختیها ایستادگی کرد.”
Locative/Relational
Describing relative position or state.
“در کنارِ خانه ایستاد.”
“در میانِ جمعیت گم شد.”
Reference Table
| 페르시아어 표현 | 직역 의미 | 사용 상황 | 한국어 대응어 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
`be vasile-ye`
|
~라는 도구에 의해
|
특정 도구나 기술적 방법 명시
|
~을 이용하여 / ~으로
|
|
`dar barâbar-e`
|
~의 얼굴 앞에서
|
추상적인 저항이나 대조
|
~에 맞서 / ~에 비해
|
|
`be dalil-e`
|
~라는 이유 때문에
|
격식 있는 원인 설명
|
~로 인해 / ~ 때문에
|
|
`dar rabte bâ`
|
~와의 관계 안에서
|
특정 주제나 안건 논의
|
~와 관련하여
|
|
`az tariq-e`
|
~의 길을 통하여
|
과정이나 디지털 채널 강조
|
~을 통해 / ~ 경유
|
|
`be jây-e`
|
~의 장소에
|
대체물이나 선택지 제시
|
~ 대신에
|
|
`dar mored-e`
|
~의 사례 안에서
|
일반적인 주제에 대한 언급
|
~에 관하여
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
به وسیلهی این روش (Methodology)
با این روش (Methodology)
با این کار (Methodology)
با این (Methodology)
복합 전치사 구성 요소
수단/도구
- be vasile-ye by means of
- az tariq-e via / through
이유/원인
- be dalil-e due to
- be xâter-e for the sake of
대조와 반대 표현
올바른 'By' 선택하기
사람이나 행위자입니까?
도구나 이동 수단입니까?
현대적 사용 맥락
테크/디지털
- • az tariq-e app
- • be vasile-ye internet
- • dar rabte bâ post
격식/법률
- • be dalil-e qânun
- • dar barâbar-e dâdgâh
- • dar mored-e parvandeh
수준별 예문
او در کنارِ من است.
He is next to me.
من به وسیلهی ماشین آمدم.
I came by car.
او در برابرِ من نشست.
He sat in front of me.
کتاب در میانِ میز است.
The book is in the middle of the table.
او به وسیلهی این نامه تشکر کرد.
He thanked by means of this letter.
در برابرِ این تصمیم چه میکنی؟
What will you do in the face of this decision?
او در جهتِ شمال حرکت کرد.
He moved in the direction of the north.
در کنارِ درس خواندن، کار هم میکنم.
Besides studying, I also work.
به وسیلهی تکنولوژی، دنیا کوچکتر شده است.
By means of technology, the world has become smaller.
او در برابرِ مشکلات تسلیم نشد.
He did not give up in the face of problems.
در میانِ همهی گزینهها، این بهتر است.
Among all the options, this is better.
در جهتِ بهبودِ کیفیت، تلاش میکنیم.
In the direction of improving quality, we are trying.
این پروژه به وسیلهی تیمِ متخصص اجرا میشود.
This project is executed by means of a specialized team.
در برابرِ استدلالِ او، پاسخی نداشتم.
In the face of his argument, I had no answer.
در کنارِ مزایا، معایبی هم وجود دارد.
Along with the advantages, there are also disadvantages.
در جهتِ منافعِ ملی، باید همکاری کنیم.
In the direction of national interests, we must cooperate.
به وسیلهی تحلیلِ دادهها، به نتایجِ جدیدی رسیدیم.
By means of data analysis, we reached new results.
در برابرِ هجمهی انتقادات، او سکوت کرد.
In the face of the barrage of criticism, he remained silent.
در میانِ هیاهوی شهر، آرامش یافتم.
Amidst the city's hustle, I found peace.
در جهتِ تحققِ اهداف، گامهای مؤثری برداشتیم.
In the direction of realizing the goals, we took effective steps.
به وسیلهی این ابزارِ بلاغی، او مخاطب را مسحور کرد.
By means of this rhetorical device, he captivated the audience.
در برابرِ عظمتِ کوه، انسان ناچیز است.
In the face of the mountain's grandeur, man is insignificant.
در میانِ سطورِ این کتاب، حقیقتی نهفته است.
Between the lines of this book, a truth is hidden.
در جهتِ اعتلای فرهنگ، باید کوشید.
In the direction of cultural elevation, one must strive.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners often use simple prepositions where complex ones are needed for formal tone.
Learners forget the Ezafe link.
They look similar but function differently.
자주 하는 실수
وسیله به
به وسیلهی
در برابر
در برابرِ
به خاطر
به خاطرِ
در کنار
در کنارِ
به وسیلهیِ ماشین
به وسیلهی ماشین
در جهتِ به شمال
در جهتِ شمال
در میانِ از مردم
در میانِ مردم
به وسیلهی که او گفت
به وسیلهی آنچه او گفت
در برابرِ به مشکلات
در برابرِ مشکلات
در کنارِ از آن
در کنارِ آن
به وسیلهیِ آنکه
به وسیلهی آنچه
در برابرِ به این
در برابرِ این
در جهتِ به سوی
در جهتِ
در میانِ در خانه
در میانِ خانه
문장 패턴
___ به وسیلهی ___ انجام شد.
او در برابرِ ___ ایستادگی کرد.
در جهتِ ___ باید تلاش کرد.
در میانِ ___، او بهترین بود.
Real World Usage
به وسیلهی تحلیلِ دادهها...
در برابرِ چالشها...
در جهتِ صلح...
به خاطرِ تو...
در جهتِ شمال...
در کنارِ غذا...
에자페 'Ye'의 법칙
vasile-ye가 된답니다.행위자 혼동 주의
tavasot-e(누구에 의해)를 쓰는 것이 훨씬 자연스러워요.격식과 교양의 상징
Smart Tips
Use 'به وسیلهی' instead of 'با' to sound more professional.
Use 'در برابرِ' to clearly contrast them.
Use 'در کنارِ' for precision.
Use 'در جهتِ' to show direction.
발음
Ezafe Link
The Ezafe is a short 'e' or 'ye' sound that links the noun to the preposition.
Emphasis
به وسیلهی ↗ ماشین
Emphasizing the instrument.
암기하기
기억법
Remember 'Ezafe' is the glue. Without it, the preposition and noun won't stick together.
시각적 연상
Imagine a tiny 'E' shaped bridge connecting a noun block to a preposition block.
Rhyme
Noun plus Ezafe, then the preposition, makes the phrase a perfect mission.
Story
Ali wanted to go to the city. He chose a car (the noun). He added the glue (Ezafe). He used the preposition (be). Now he has 'be vasile-ye' to describe his journey.
Word Web
챌린지
Write three sentences about your day using a different complex preposition in each.
문화 노트
In spoken Tehrani, complex prepositions are often simplified to basic ones.
In academic Persian, these are used extensively to maintain a formal, objective tone.
Poets use these to create rhythm and maintain the meter.
These constructions evolved from classical Persian where nouns were linked to prepositions to specify spatial or logical relations.
대화 시작하기
به وسیلهی چه چیزی به اینجا آمدید؟
در برابرِ مشکلاتِ کاری چه واکنشی نشان میدهید؟
در جهتِ رسیدن به اهدافِ خود چه برنامهای دارید؟
به نظرِ شما در میانِ روشهای آموزشی، کدام بهتر است؟
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
من این محصول را ___ وبسایت خریدم.
Az tariq-e는 웹사이트나 앱 같은 채널을 통한다는 의미로 완벽한 표현이에요.Choose the formal sentence for 'I was late due to work'.
Be dalil-e는 '~로 인하여'라는 뜻의 격식 있는 원인 표현입니다.ما به وسیله اینترنت تماس گرفتیم.
vasile가 'he' 소리로 끝나기 때문에 반드시 'ye' 에자페를 붙여야 합니다.Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesاو ___ وسیلهی ماشین آمد.
___ مشکلات ایستادگی کرد.
Find and fix the mistake:
او به وسیله ماشین رفت.
ماشین / به / وسیلهی / آمد / او
He stood in front of the house.
به وسیلهی
___ جهتِ شمال حرکت کرد.
او ___ میانِ جمعیت گم شد.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
6 exercisesخوابیدن / ورزش / به جای / کردم / من
Regarding the interview...
알맞게 짝지어 보세요:
سربازان ___ دشمن جنگیدند.
من توسط ماشین رفتم.
뉴스 보도처럼 들리는 세련된 문장은 무엇일까요?
Score: /6
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
It is a linking sound (-e or -ye) that connects a noun to its modifier or a preposition.
Usually no, they are too formal. Use simple prepositions instead.
It is more precise and formal, suitable for professional contexts.
No, you must add the Ezafe: 'در برابرِ'.
Yes, there are several common ones used in daily life and academic writing.
No, Persian does not have grammatical gender for these.
Yes, but the phrase itself remains the same.
Yes, poets use them to maintain rhythm.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
por medio de
Spanish uses 'por' instead of 'be'.
au moyen de
French uses 'au' and 'de'.
mittels
German is a single word.
〜によって
Japanese is a suffix.
بواسطة
Arabic is often a single word.
通过
Chinese is a verb.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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