攻撃する
To try to hurt or defeat someone or something by using violence.
Explanation at your level:
Hello! The word attack means to try to hurt someone or something. Imagine a playful puppy trying to 'attack' your shoelaces – it's not really hurting them, but it's a fun, bouncy action! Or, if a big dog barks loudly, it might look like it's trying to attack. It's like a strong, fast movement towards something you want to interact with, maybe in a game or a little bit like fighting.
When we use the word attack, it means to act in a strong, aggressive way towards someone or something. For example, a lion might attack its prey in the wild. In sports, a player might attack the goal to score. Sometimes, people can attack each other with angry words. It's usually a quick and forceful action. We can also say someone is 'under attack' if someone else is being very critical of them.
To attack means to initiate a hostile action, often with force. This can be a physical assault, like soldiers attacking a fort, or a more figurative action, such as a politician attacking their opponent's ideas. In sports, teams attack to score points. It's the opposite of defending. We often hear about 'surprise attacks' where the target is not expecting it. You might also 'attack a problem' with great energy and determination.
The verb attack signifies the commencement of aggressive action. This encompasses physical assaults, military offensives, and even aggressive criticism or debate. For instance, a reviewer might 'attack' a film for its poor quality. In computing, malicious actors can 'attack' systems with viruses. The term implies a deliberate and often forceful move against a target, whether tangible or abstract. It's crucial to distinguish between a direct physical attack and a metaphorical one, like attacking a challenging task.
Attack denotes the initiation of hostile engagement, spanning physical aggression, military operations, and intense critique. It can also describe the onset of a disease or a strong emotional response. For example, 'The virus attacked his respiratory system.' In rhetoric, 'attacking' an opponent's argument involves dismantling it forcefully. The nuance lies in the context: a 'preemptive attack' differs significantly from a 'counter-attack'. The word carries connotations of directed force, intent, and often, a lack of restraint.
The semantic field of attack is rich, extending from overt physical confrontation and strategic military assaults to incisive intellectual critique and the insidious progression of pathology. Etymologically rooted in 'fastening', its evolution to 'assault' highlights a semantic drift towards forceful imposition. Consider its use in 'an attack on decency' or 'an attack on the senses', where the aggression is abstract or sensory overload. The term implies a directed force, often with strategic intent, whether in warfare, debate, or even the biological realm, where pathogens 'attack' host cells. Its polysemy allows for application across diverse registers, from the battlefield to the boardroom.
30초 단어
- Verb meaning to assault or act aggressively.
- Can be literal (military) or figurative (tackling a problem).
- Noun form also exists ('an attack').
- Pronounced uh-TACK, stress on the second syllable.
Hey there! Let's dive into the word attack. It's a super common word that means to act aggressively towards someone or something. Think of it as a forceful action, whether it's physical, like a soldier attacking an enemy, or even verbal, like someone attacking a bad idea with strong arguments.
The core idea behind 'attack' is initiating a hostile action. It's about being the one to start the fight or the offensive. This can happen in so many different situations! From a wolf attacking its prey to a politician attacking their opponent's policies, the word captures that moment of aggression and confrontation. It's a powerful word that describes a very direct and often confrontational action.
The word attack has a fascinating journey! It comes to us from the Old French word 'attacher', which means 'to fasten' or 'to attach'. Can you believe it? Something that started with 'sticking' or 'tying' evolved into meaning 'to assault'! This shift likely happened because attaching something could be seen as a preliminary action to holding it down or subduing it.
Over time, the meaning broadened. By the 14th century, 'attack' was being used in English to describe a physical assault or a military offensive. It's a great example of how language changes and adapts. Imagine a knight preparing to 'attach' himself to his opponent's shield, and then that action becoming the 'attack' itself! The word's roots remind us that even aggressive actions can have surprisingly gentle beginnings in language history.
So, when do we use attack? It's incredibly versatile! You can attack someone physically (The dog attacked the mailman), verbally (She attacked his argument with facts), or even metaphorically (The disease attacked his lungs). It's often used in contexts of warfare (The army launched a surprise attack), sports (The striker attacked the goal), and even in nature (The hawk attacked from above).
Common word combinations, or collocations, include: launch an attack, mount an attack, defend against an attack, surprise attack, direct attack, and verbal attack. You'll hear it used in both formal settings, like news reports about conflicts, and casual conversations about disagreements or even playful teasing. The intensity can range from a mild criticism to a full-blown military operation.
English is full of colorful phrases, and 'attack' is no exception! Here are a few:
- Attack of the killer tomatoes: A humorous, often B-movie style phrase referring to something unexpectedly and absurdly dangerous or overwhelming, usually food. Example: After baking 50 pies, I felt like I had an attack of the killer tomatoes in my kitchen!
- Attack the problem: To deal with a problem in a determined and energetic way. Example: We need to attack the problem of rising energy costs head-on.
- Attack is the best defense: A strategy where initiating an aggressive action is seen as the most effective way to prevent being attacked yourself. Example: The coach told the team, 'Remember, attack is the best defense!'
- Attack the senses: To be overwhelmingly strong or intense, affecting sight, sound, smell, etc. Example: The perfume was so strong it attacked the senses.
- Attack the charts: In music, this means to become very popular and successful, topping the music charts. Example: The new band's single is attacking the charts worldwide.
The verb 'attack' is regular. Its past tense is attacked, and the past participle is also attacked. The present participle is attacking. For example: 'He attacks the ball.' 'He attacked the ball yesterday.' 'He is attacking the ball now.'
Pronunciation is key! In British English, it's /əˈtæk/, with the stress on the second syllable. In American English, it's very similar: /əˈtæk/. Think of the 'a' in 'cat' for the stressed syllable. It rhymes with words like 'back', 'track', 'sack', and 'black'. When you say it, make sure that second syllable is the loudest and clearest part!
Fun Fact
The word 'attack' evolved from 'attacher' (to fasten). Imagine attaching yourself to an opponent to fight them!
Pronunciation Guide
Sounds like uh-TAK, with the stress on the second syllable. The first 'a' is a weak schwa sound, like the 'a' in 'about'.
Very similar to British pronunciation. Stress on the second syllable, with a short 'a' sound like in 'cat'.
Common Errors
- Pronouncing the first 'a' as a strong 'a' sound (like in 'apple').
- Putting the stress on the first syllable (AT-tack).
- Adding an extra syllable.
Rhymes With
Difficulty Rating
Can be challenging due to figurative uses and formal contexts.
Requires careful attention to context for correct usage.
Pronunciation is relatively straightforward.
Figurative and idiomatic uses can be tricky.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
고급
Grammar to Know
Verb Tenses
He attacks (present), He attacked (past), He is attacking (present continuous).
Active vs. Passive Voice
The army attacked the city. vs. The city was attacked by the army.
Prepositions after Nouns
An attack on the capital.
Examples by Level
The cat will attack the toy.
The / cat / will / attack / the / toy.
will + verb = future action
Don't attack the baby!
Don't / attack / the / baby!
Don't + verb = negative command
He likes to attack the ball.
He / likes / to / attack / the / ball.
likes to + verb = enjoys doing something
The dog will attack.
The / dog / will / attack.
Subject + will + verb
Attack the food!
Attack / the / food!
Imperative verb for emphasis
The bird attacks the worm.
The / bird / attacks / the / worm.
Present tense for general truth
She will attack the problem.
She / will / attack / the / problem.
Figurative use of 'attack'
The car attacked the hill.
The / car / attacked / the / hill.
Past tense verb
The soldiers prepared to attack the enemy camp.
The / soldiers / prepared / to / attack / the / enemy / camp.
prepare to + verb
The angry customer began to attack the manager with complaints.
The / angry / customer / began / to / attack / the / manager / with / complaints.
began to + verb
The football team attacked strongly in the second half.
The / football / team / attacked / strongly / in / the / second / half.
adverb 'strongly' modifying verb
He felt attacked by her harsh words.
He / felt / attacked / by / her / harsh / words.
Passive voice: felt + past participle
The virus can attack the lungs.
The / virus / can / attack / the / lungs.
can + verb = possibility
We must attack this problem with new ideas.
We / must / attack / this / problem / with / new / ideas.
must + verb = obligation
The attacker was quickly caught.
The / attacker / was / quickly / caught.
Noun form: attacker
Don't let fear attack your confidence.
Don't / let / fear / attack / your / confidence.
Figurative use: abstract noun attacking abstract noun
The rebels launched a surprise attack on the government building.
The / rebels / launched / a / surprise / attack / on / the / government / building.
Noun 'attack' used with 'surprise'
She decided to attack the difficult task with renewed vigor.
She / decided / to / attack / the / difficult / task / with / renewed / vigor.
Decided to + verb
The media tends to attack politicians when they make mistakes.
The / media / tends / to / attack / politicians / when / they / make / mistakes.
Tends to + verb
He felt personally attacked by the criticism in the review.
He / felt / personally / attacked / by / the / criticism / in / the / review.
Passive voice with adverb
The immune system attacks foreign invaders like bacteria.
The / immune / system / attacks / foreign / invaders / like / bacteria.
Present simple for scientific facts
The general ordered his troops to attack at dawn.
The / general / ordered / his / troops / to / attack / at / dawn.
Ordered someone to do something
They were forced to defend themselves against a sudden attack.
They / were / forced / to / defend / themselves / against / a / sudden / attack.
Noun 'attack' with adjective 'sudden'
His speech was an attack on the government's policies.
His / speech / was / an / attack / on / the / government's / policies.
Noun 'attack' followed by preposition 'on'
The company launched a hostile takeover bid, effectively attacking its rival's market position.
The / company / launched / a / hostile / takeover / bid, / effectively / attacking / its / rival's / market / position.
Present participle phrase modifying the main clause
Critics attacked the film for its perceived lack of originality and shallow character development.
Critics / attacked / the / film / for / its / perceived / lack / of / originality / and / shallow / character / development.
Using 'for' to explain the reason for the attack
In chess, a strong opening can put immediate pressure on the opponent, allowing you to attack key weaknesses.
In / chess, / a / strong / opening / can / put / immediate / pressure / on / the / opponent, / allowing / you / to / attack / key / weaknesses.
Modal verb 'can' + infinitive
The immune system's response can sometimes be so aggressive that it attacks the body's own healthy cells.
The / immune / system's / response / can / sometimes / be / so / aggressive / that / it / attacks / the / body's / own / healthy / cells.
Cause and effect structure
He felt his integrity was under attack due to the unfounded accusations.
He / felt / his / integrity / was / under / attack / due / to / the / unfounded / accusations.
Idiomatic phrase 'under attack'
The politician's speech was a direct attack on the opposition's economic policies.
The / politician's / speech / was / a / direct / attack / on / the / opposition's / economic / policies.
Noun 'attack' followed by preposition 'on'
The sudden onset of the illness felt like a vicious attack on his system.
The / sudden / onset / of / the / illness / felt / like / a / vicious / attack / on / his / system.
Figurative comparison using 'like'
Cybercriminals continue to attack financial institutions with increasingly sophisticated malware.
Cybercriminals / continue / to / attack / financial / institutions / with / increasingly / sophisticated / malware.
Continue to + verb
The investigative report launched a scathing attack on the company's environmental practices.
The / investigative / report / launched / a / scathing / attack / on / the / company's / environmental / practices.
Strong adjective 'scathing' modifying noun 'attack'
His impassioned defense was perceived by some as an aggressive attack on the jury's intelligence.
His / impassioned / defense / was / perceived / by / some / as / an / aggressive / attack / on / the / jury's / intelligence.
Complex sentence structure with passive voice
The novel's climax features a metaphorical attack on societal norms through its unconventional narrative.
The / novel's / climax / features / a / metaphorical / attack / on / societal / norms / through / its / unconventional / narrative.
Metaphorical use of 'attack' in literary context
The sudden resurgence of the disease represented a formidable attack on public health efforts.
The / sudden / resurgence / of / the / disease / represented / a / formidable / attack / on / public / health / efforts.
Formal vocabulary 'resurgence', 'formidable'
The artist's work is a relentless attack on consumer culture, using satire to expose its excesses.
The / artist's / work / is / a / relentless / attack / on / consumer / culture, / using / satire / to / expose / its / excesses.
Present participle phrase explaining the method
He felt his reputation was under sustained attack from anonymous online commentators.
He / felt / his / reputation / was / under / sustained / attack / from / anonymous / online / commentators.
Adjective 'sustained' modifying 'attack'
The military doctrine emphasizes preemptive strikes to neutralize potential threats before they can attack.
The / military / doctrine / emphasizes / preemptive / strikes / to / neutralize / potential / threats / before / they / can / attack.
Specialized vocabulary: 'doctrine', 'preemptive strikes'
The sheer volume of data threatened to attack the system's processing capabilities.
The / sheer / volume / of / data / threatened / to / attack / the / system's / processing / capabilities.
Figurative use in a technical context
The political rhetoric devolved into a vitriolic attack on the very foundations of democratic discourse.
The / political / rhetoric / devolved / into / a / vitriolic / attack / on / the / very / foundations / of / democratic / discourse.
Advanced vocabulary: 'devolved', 'vitriolic', 'discourse'
Her critique was not merely an attack, but a profound deconstruction of the author's underlying assumptions.
Her / critique / was / not / merely / an / attack, / but / a / profound / deconstruction / of / the / author's / underlying / assumptions.
Contrastive structure: 'not merely... but...'
The novel's narrative arc charts the psychological attack of grief on the protagonist's psyche.
The / novel's / narrative / arc / charts / the / psychological / attack / of / grief / on / the / protagonist's / psyche.
Abstract noun 'grief' personified as attacking
The economic sanctions represented a sustained attack on the nation's financial sovereignty.
The / economic / sanctions / represented / a / sustained / attack / on / the / nation's / financial / sovereignty.
Formal and specific terminology: 'sanctions', 'sovereignty'
His artistic oeuvre can be interpreted as a sustained, multifaceted attack on the prevailing bourgeois sensibilities.
His / artistic / oeuvre / can / be / interpreted / as / a / sustained, / multifaceted / attack / on / the / prevailing / bourgeois / sensibilities.
Literary/art criticism terms: 'oeuvre', 'bourgeois sensibilities'
The immune system's failure to distinguish self from non-self results in an autoimmune attack.
The / immune / system's / failure / to / distinguish / self / from / non-self / results / in / an / autoimmune / attack.
Specialized medical terminology
The hacker's exploit was a sophisticated zero-day attack designed to bypass all conventional security protocols.
The / hacker's / exploit / was / a / sophisticated / zero-day / attack / designed / to / bypass / all / conventional / security / protocols.
Technical jargon: 'exploit', 'zero-day', 'protocols'
The philosophical treatise mounted an incisive attack on the epistemological foundations of empiricism.
The / philosophical / treatise / mounted / an / incisive / attack / on / the / epistemological / foundations / of / empiricism.
Highly academic and abstract terminology
자주 쓰는 조합
Idioms & Expressions
"Attack is the best defense"
The most effective way to deal with a problem or threat is to take aggressive action yourself.
Instead of waiting for the critics, the director decided that attack is the best defense and released a statement defending his work.
neutral"Attack the senses"
To be extremely strong or overwhelming, affecting sight, sound, smell, taste, or touch.
The sheer volume of noise from the construction site attacked the senses.
neutral"Attack the problem"
To deal with a problem energetically and decisively.
We need to attack the problem of plastic waste with innovative solutions.
neutral"Attack the charts"
To become very popular and successful, especially in music or sales.
The new single is expected to attack the charts next week.
casual"Attack of the killer tomatoes"
A humorous, often absurdly dangerous or overwhelming situation, usually involving food.
After trying to make jam from 10 kilos of berries, I felt like I had an attack of the killer tomatoes in my kitchen.
casual"Sudden attack of..."
A quick, unexpected onset of a feeling or condition.
I had a sudden attack of dizziness and had to sit down.
neutralEasily Confused
Similar sound and spelling.
'Attack' means to assault or act aggressively. 'Attract' means to draw towards or cause interest.
The lion decided to attack the gazelle. / The bright colors of the flower attract bees.
Both relate to physical violence.
'Assault' often implies a physical attack, sometimes with legal connotations. 'Attack' is broader and can be physical, verbal, or figurative.
He was charged with assault. / The army launched an attack.
Can mean to hit forcefully, similar to attack.
'Strike' can be a single, sudden hit or a coordinated action (like a strike by workers). 'Attack' usually implies a more sustained or planned offensive action.
The snake struck quickly. / The union decided to strike for better wages.
Both can involve causing harm or displeasure.
'Offend' means to cause someone to feel hurt, angry, or upset by saying or doing something rude or insulting. 'Attack' is a more direct and aggressive action, often physical or strongly critical.
His comments were intended to offend. / The reviewer attacked the movie's plot.
Sentence Patterns
Subject + attack + Object
The dog attacked the stranger.
Subject + attack + Object + with + Noun
She attacked the problem with determination.
Subject + is/was/felt + attacked + by + Agent
The proposal was attacked by the opposition.
Subject + attack + preposition (e.g., on)
The army attacked on the city.
Subject + attack + Object + (figurative meaning)
He attacked the pizza greedily.
어휘 가족
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
관련
How to Use It
Formality Scale
자주 하는 실수
'Attack' can be both a verb (to assault) and a noun (an assault). Ensure you use it correctly as either the action or the event.
'Attack' implies a more forceful or aggressive form of criticism than simply 'criticize'. Use stronger verbs if the criticism is mild.
When 'attack' is a verb, it often takes a direct object (attack the city). When it's a noun, it's often followed by 'on' (an attack on the city).
While 'attack the problem' and 'attack the food' are common idioms, using 'attack' for regular actions can sound overly aggressive or strange.
'Attack' means to assault, while 'attract' means to draw towards. They sound similar but have completely different meanings.
Tips
Memory Palace Trick
Imagine a medieval castle under siege. The enemy soldiers are trying to 'attack' the walls. Picture them trying to 'attach' ladders to the castle – linking the sound 'attack' to the action of assaulting.
When Native Speakers Use It
Native speakers use 'attack' for everything from actual combat ('The army attacked the base') to strong criticism ('The critic attacked the film') and even enthusiastic eating ('He attacked the pizza'). Pay attention to context!
Cultural Insight
In many cultures, direct confrontation is avoided. However, in English, 'attacking' an idea or a problem is often seen as a sign of strength and decisiveness, especially in business or sports.
Grammar Shortcut
Remember 'attack' is a regular verb: attack, attacked, attacked, attacking. The noun form is also 'attack'. Easy to remember!
Say It Right
Focus on stressing the second syllable: a-TACK. The first 'a' is a soft 'uh' sound (schwa). Practice saying it with words like 'back', 'track', 'sack'.
Don't Make This Mistake
Avoid confusing 'attack' (to assault) with 'attract' (to draw towards). They sound similar but mean opposite things!
Did You Know?
The word 'attack' originally meant 'to fasten' or 'to attach' in Old French! This shows how meanings can dramatically shift over time.
Study Smart
Create flashcards with 'attack' on one side and different scenarios (military, verbal, figurative) on the other. Write a sentence for each.
Nuance in Intensity
The intensity of 'attack' varies. A 'surprise attack' is sudden and forceful, while 'attacking a problem' is determined. 'Attacking' food is usually enthusiastic, not violent.
Build Your Vocabulary
Learn related words like 'attacker', 'assault', 'defend', and 'aggression' to fully grasp the concept of conflict and confrontation.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'a tack'. If someone throws a sharp tack at you, you'd want to 'attack' back or dodge!
Visual Association
Imagine a fierce lion lunging forward to attack its prey in the savanna.
Word Web
챌린지
Try using 'attack' in three different sentences today: one literal, one figurative, and one in an idiom.
어원
Old French
Original meaning: 'to fasten', 'to attach'
문화적 맥락
While 'attack' can describe playful actions (like a child attacking a toy), it's generally a strong word. Using it for mild criticism or disagreements might be perceived as overly aggressive in some contexts.
The word 'attack' is used widely across English-speaking cultures in contexts ranging from news reports on conflicts to everyday descriptions of arguments or even playful actions.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Military/Warfare
- Launch an attack
- Surprise attack
- Defend against an attack
- Enemy attack
Sports
- Attack the goal
- Attack the opponent
- Strong attack
Criticism/Debate
- Verbal attack
- Attack someone's argument
- Direct attack on policies
Health/Biology
- Disease attacks the body
- Immune system attacks
- Virus attacks cells
Conversation Starters
"Did you see that news about the recent military attack?"
"How would you attack a problem like this one?"
"What's the craziest 'attack' you've ever seen, maybe in a movie?"
"If you could 'attack' any food right now, what would it be?"
"Do you think 'attack is the best defense' is good advice?"
Journal Prompts
Describe a time you had to 'attack' a difficult challenge.
Write about a fictional scenario involving a surprise attack.
Reflect on how you handle criticism – do you ever feel 'attacked'?
Imagine you are a soldier preparing for an attack. Describe your feelings.
자주 묻는 질문
8 질문Not always. While it often implies violence or aggression, it can be used figuratively to describe tackling a problem with great energy ('attack the problem') or eating something enthusiastically ('attack the cake').
'Assault' often refers to a physical attack, especially one that involves threats or causes fear of immediate harm. 'Attack' is broader and can include military actions, verbal criticism, or even the onset of a disease.
Yes, 'attack' is also a noun, meaning an act of assaulting or showing aggression. For example, 'The soldiers launched an attack.'
It means someone or something is being targeted, criticized, or subjected to aggression. For example, 'The company's reputation is under attack.'
As a verb, 'attack' often takes a direct object (attack the enemy). As a noun, it's frequently followed by 'on' (an attack on the city). Figurative uses vary.
It can be used in both formal and informal contexts. In military or news reporting, it's formal. In everyday conversation, it can be neutral or even casual depending on the situation.
Common phrases include 'launch an attack', 'surprise attack', 'verbal attack', 'defend against an attack', and 'attack the problem'.
Yes, absolutely. Diseases can attack the body, viruses can attack cells, and even abstract concepts like 'fear' can be described as attacking someone's confidence.
셀프 테스트
The cat likes to ______ the yarn.
The word 'attack' fits the context of a cat pouncing playfully on a toy like yarn.
Which sentence uses 'attack' correctly?
Option 2 describes a military action, which is a common use of 'attack'. The other options misuse the word.
The phrase 'attack the problem' means to ignore a problem.
To 'attack the problem' means to deal with it energetically and proactively, not ignore it.
Word
뜻
These pairs match common phrases with their meanings.
The correct sentence is 'They launched a surprise attack.'
The immune system ______ foreign bodies like viruses.
The immune system's function is to fight off harmful invaders, hence it 'attacks' them.
Which of the following is the most figurative use of 'attack'?
Option 2 uses 'attack' to describe eating enthusiastically, which is a figurative, non-hostile use.
The politician's speech was a direct ______ the government's new policy.
The phrase 'attack on' is commonly used to describe strong criticism directed at something.
The philosophical treatise mounted an incisive ______ the foundations of traditional logic.
In academic and philosophical contexts, 'attack on' signifies a rigorous critique or challenge to established ideas.
The phrase 'attack the charts' is typically used in formal academic writing.
'Attack the charts' is a colloquialism used in the music industry, not formal academic writing.
점수: /10
Summary
Attack is a versatile word for initiating hostile action, from physical combat to strong criticism.
- Verb meaning to assault or act aggressively.
- Can be literal (military) or figurative (tackling a problem).
- Noun form also exists ('an attack').
- Pronounced uh-TACK, stress on the second syllable.
Memory Palace Trick
Imagine a medieval castle under siege. The enemy soldiers are trying to 'attack' the walls. Picture them trying to 'attach' ladders to the castle – linking the sound 'attack' to the action of assaulting.
When Native Speakers Use It
Native speakers use 'attack' for everything from actual combat ('The army attacked the base') to strong criticism ('The critic attacked the film') and even enthusiastic eating ('He attacked the pizza'). Pay attention to context!
Cultural Insight
In many cultures, direct confrontation is avoided. However, in English, 'attacking' an idea or a problem is often seen as a sign of strength and decisiveness, especially in business or sports.
Grammar Shortcut
Remember 'attack' is a regular verb: attack, attacked, attacked, attacking. The noun form is also 'attack'. Easy to remember!
Related Content
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history 관련 단어
衰退
B1The process of a country, industry, or culture losing power, strength, or vigor and moving toward a decline.
中世
B1The Middle Ages, the period between ancient and modern times.
事柄
B2A matter, affair, or a specific historical event.
近代
B1Modern times, recent ages, often after the Middle Ages.
歴史家
B1A historian, a person who studies and writes about the past.
滅ぼす
A2To destroy, to ruin, or to annihilate (transitive form of 滅びる).
遺産
B2Heritage, legacy, or something inherited from the past.
征服する
A2To conquer, to subjugate, or to overcome.
神聖な
A2Sacred, holy, or divine.
一方で
A2On the other hand, meanwhile, or while.
