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B1 verb 중립 #5,000 가장 일반적인 2분 분량

憎む

/nikumu/
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Overview

The Japanese verb '憎む' (nikumu) is a powerful and deeply emotional term that translates to 'to hate,' 'to detest,' or 'to abhor.' It signifies a strong feeling of aversion, animosity, or intense dislike towards a person, group, or even an abstract concept. Unlike milder forms of dislike, '憎む' implies a profound and often lasting emotional response.

Nuances and Usage:

  1. 1Intensity: '憎む' is a very strong verb, indicating a high degree of negative emotion. It goes beyond simple dislike ('嫌う' - kirau) or annoyance. When someone '憎む' something or someone, it suggests a visceral and deeply seated resentment.
  1. 1Object of Hatred: While often directed towards people, '憎む' can also be used for abstract ideas, actions, or circumstances. For example, one might '憎む' injustice (不正を憎む - fusei o nikumu) or one's own fate (運命を憎む - unmei o nikumu).
  1. 1Transitive Verb: '憎む' is a transitive verb, meaning it requires a direct object, usually marked by the particle 'を' (o). For instance, '私は彼を憎む' (Watashi wa kare o nikumu) means 'I hate him.'
  1. 1Conjugation: Like most Japanese verbs, '憎む' conjugates to express different tenses, moods, and politeness levels. Some common forms include:
  • Present/Future (Dictionary form): 憎む (nikumu)
  • Masu form (Polite present/future): 憎みます (nikumimasu)
  • Te form: 憎んで (nikunde)
  • Past tense: 憎んだ (nikunda)
  • Negative: 憎まない (nikumanai)
  • Passive: 憎まれる (nikumareru) - to be hated
  1. 1Contextual Differences: The specific shade of meaning can vary with context. While 'hatred' is the primary meaning, in some literary or dramatic contexts, it might convey a sense of deep bitterness or even a tragic sense of being bound by a negative emotion.

Related Terms:

  • 嫌う (kirau): To dislike. This is a milder form of '憎む.'
  • 恨む (uramu): To resent; to bear a grudge. This focuses more on harboring ill feelings due to past wrongs.
  • 憎悪 (zōo): Hatred (noun). This is the nominal form of the emotion.
  • 憎い (nikui): Hateful; detestable (adjective). Describes something that is the object of hatred.

Example Sentences:

  • 彼は嘘をつく人を憎む。 (Kare wa uso o tsuku hito o nikumu.) - He hates people who lie.
  • 戦争を憎む気持ちは世界共通です。 (Sensō o nikumu kimochi wa sekai kyōtsū desu.) - The feeling of hating war is universal.
  • 彼女は自分の過ちを憎んだ。 (Kanojo wa jibun no ayamachi o nikunda.) - She hated her own mistakes.

In summary, '憎む' is a powerful Japanese verb expressing profound hatred or detestation, reserved for strong negative emotions directed towards individuals, groups, or abstract concepts.

예시

1

憎むべき犯罪だ。

Crime/Justice

It is a detestable crime.

2

彼は自分を憎むようになった。

Self-reflection/Psychology

He came to hate himself.

3

私は嘘つきを憎む。

Personal feelings/Morality

I hate liars.

4

彼の敵に対する憎む気持ちは深かった。

Conflict/Emotion

His hatred towards his enemy was deep.

5

世の中から争いがなくなり、憎む気持ちもなくなればいいのに。

Philosophy/Sociology

I wish conflicts would disappear from the world, and feelings of hatred would also vanish.

자주 쓰는 조합

人を憎む (hito o nikumu - to hate a person)
憎むべき敵 (nikumu beki teki - a detestable enemy)
深く憎む (fukaku nikumu - to deeply hate)
憎んでも憎みきれない (nikundemo nikumikirenai - cannot hate enough)

자주 혼동되는 단어

憎む 대 恨む

Both 憎む and 恨む can be translated as 'to hate' or 'to resent'. However, 憎む (nikumu) generally implies a stronger, more active sense of hatred or detestation towards someone or something, often wishing harm or ill will upon them. It focuses on the intense negative emotion itself. On the other hand, 恨む (uramu) suggests a more lingering feeling of resentment, bitterness, or grudges, often arising from a past injustice or wrongdoing. It implies a desire for revenge or to see the other party suffer for their actions, but it's not always as intensely active as 憎む. While 憎む is often about the current, strong feeling of dislike, 恨む is more about holding a grudge for something that happened.

문법 패턴

Aを憎む (A o nikumu): To hate A (A is the object of hatred). Aが憎い (A ga nikui): A is hateful/detestable (A is the subject, often used when expressing that something is inherently hateful or when the feeling of hatred is strong). 憎んでも憎みきれない (nikundemo nikumikirenai): No matter how much one hates, one cannot hate enough; to be unable to fully express one's hatred.

사용법

사용 참고사항

'憎む' (nikumu) is a transitive verb meaning 'to hate,' 'to detest,' or 'to abhor.' It is generally used to describe a deep-seated and strong feeling of antipathy towards a person, group, or sometimes an abstract concept. It is a very strong word, conveying a more intense emotion than simply '嫌い' (kirai), which means 'to dislike.' For example, one might say '戦争を憎む' (sensou o nikumu - to hate war) or '嘘をつく人を憎む' (uso o tsuku hito o nikumu - to hate people who lie). It can also be used in more literary or dramatic contexts to express profound animosity. While grammatically straightforward, its emotional weight means it's used carefully in everyday conversation due to its intensity.

자주 하는 실수

A common mistake is confusing 憎む (nikumu) with 嫌う (kirau), which also means 'to dislike' or 'to hate.' While both express negative feelings, 憎む implies a stronger, deeper hatred or detestation, often with a sense of malice or strong animosity. 嫌う can be used for general dislike, like disliking a certain food. Also, make sure to use the correct particle: 〇〇を憎む (〇〇 o nikumu - to hate 〇〇).

팁

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Word Choice

'憎む' (nikumu) is a strong verb indicating a deep-seated hatred or detestation. It's often used for abstract concepts or people one feels a profound animosity towards. For less intense dislike, consider words like '嫌う' (kirau - to dislike) or '苦手' (nigate - to be bad at, to have a苦手意識 (nigate ishiki - a feeling of inadequacy/dislike) for).

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Conjugation & Usage

'憎む' is a regular 'mu' ending verb. Its dictionary form is '憎む'. Some common conjugations include '憎みます' (polite form), '憎まない' (negative form), '憎んだ' (past form), '憎めば' (conditional form). It's typically used with the particle 'を' (o) to mark the object of hatred, e.g., '彼は嘘を憎む' (Kare wa uso o nikumu - He hates lies).

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Nuance & Context

While '憎む' directly translates to 'to hate,' its usage can sometimes carry a more serious and profound implication than 'hate' in English. It can suggest a moral or emotional condemnation. Context is key to understanding the full weight of '憎む' in a given sentence.

어원

The word '憎む' (nikumu) has a long history in the Japanese language, tracing back to Old Japanese. Its roots can be found in the classic literature of the Heian period (794-1185), where variations of the character and its associated meaning of strong dislike or animosity were present. The kanji 憎 itself is a phono-semantic compound, meaning it combines a semantic component (a radical that gives a hint about the meaning) and a phonetic component (a part that suggests the pronunciation). The radical 忄 (ritsu or kokoro hen), on the left, represents 'heart' or 'mind,' indicating that the emotion is internal and deeply felt. The right side, 曽 (so or zō), acts as the phonetic component, although its direct phonetic contribution to 'niku' might not be immediately obvious in modern Japanese. Historically, the sound shifts and phonetic evolutions have led to the current pronunciation. In early forms of Japanese, the concept of 'hatred' was often expressed through various verbs and expressions, but '憎む' became a prominent and widely used term to describe a profound sense of aversion or animosity towards a person, object, or situation. It is a strong verb that implies a deep-seated negative emotion, often stemming from personal experience, injustice, or moral outrage. Over centuries, the usage and nuance of '憎む' have remained relatively consistent. It continues to convey a powerful sentiment of loathing, often more intense than simply 'disliking.' In contemporary Japanese, it is used in both formal and informal contexts to express strong negative feelings. For example, one might '憎む' a criminal for their actions, a rival for their betrayal, or even a difficult circumstance for the hardship it causes. There are also related words that share the kanji 憎, such as '憎しみ' (nikushimi, hatred, animosity – the noun form) and '憎い' (nikui, hateful, detestable – the adjective form). These related terms further illustrate the centrality of the concept of hatred within the Japanese lexicon and its consistent representation through the kanji 憎. The evolution of '憎む' reflects the enduring human experience of strong negative emotions and the linguistic tools developed to express them with precision and intensity. Its continued use in modern Japanese literature, media, and everyday conversation underscores its importance in conveying deep-seated animosity.

문화적 맥락

In Japanese culture, expressing strong negative emotions like '憎む' (nikumu) directly can be seen as impolite or confrontational. While the feeling of hatred exists, its overt expression is often suppressed or communicated through more subtle means. This contrasts with some Western cultures where direct emotional expression is more common. Historically, concepts like 'gaman' (endurance/patience) and maintaining social harmony ('wa') have influenced how negative emotions are handled. Therefore, while '憎む' accurately describes the emotion, its public or casual use might be considered too harsh or extreme in many social situations. It's often reserved for very deep-seated feelings or literary contexts.

암기 팁

The kanji for 'nikumu' (憎む) combines the radicals for 'heart' (心) and 'increase/many' (曽), suggesting a heart full of negative feelings, or an increasing amount of hatred.

셀프 테스트

fill blank

彼は不正を___。

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
fill blank

戦争は誰もが___べきものだ。

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
fill blank

彼女は嘘をつく人を___。

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:

점수: /3

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