B1 · 중급 챕터 6

Nuanced Comparisons and Passive Actions

6 총 규칙
62 예문
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of nuance by distinguishing 'por' from 'para' and unlocking the elegance of passive voice.

  • Differentiate between 'por' and 'para' in daily exchanges and goals.
  • Express personal opinions and relative standards naturally.
  • Construct passive sentences to focus on actions rather than performers.
Precision in every word, elegance in every sentence.

배울 내용

Ready to level up your Portuguese? In this chapter, we're diving deep into the key differences between 'por' and 'para'. These two prepositions can be tricky, but don't worry! You'll learn how to use 'por' for reasons, exchanges (like

I bought this for ten euros
), or doing something on behalf of someone (
I did this for my friend
). 'Para', on the other hand, is for destinations, goals, or when you're giving something to someone; for example, "I'm going to Lisbon or This gift is for you." Mastering these distinctions will make your conversations sound incredibly natural. Next, you'll discover how to politely express your opinions with 'para mim' and make nuanced comparisons using 'para' – like saying
This is good for a beginner.
But that's not all! The next exciting part is learning passive sentences with 'ser' + past participle. This lets you focus on the action performed, like
The door was opened
or
The cake was baked,
without needing to state who did it. Finally, with 'estar' + past participle, you'll learn to describe the resulting state of an action; such as
The window is broken
or
The work is finished.
By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to express yourself more precisely and like a native Portuguese speaker, adding richer detail to your conversations. Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'por' for exchanges and 'para' for goals in a dialogue.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Describe a state or passive action using ser/estar + participle.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome, B1 Portuguese learners! Ready to really elevate your communication skills? This chapter is your key to unlocking more natural and precise expression in Portuguese grammar.
We're diving deep into some of the most nuanced aspects of the language, moving beyond basic sentence structures to truly master how native speakers convey meaning. Understanding these concepts will not only improve your fluency but also significantly enhance your comprehension in real-life conversations.
Our focus today is on two notoriously tricky prepositions, por and para, and then we'll explore the fascinating world of passive constructions. Mastering the distinctions between por and para is fundamental for conveying everything from reasons and exchanges to destinations and goals. You’ll learn how to express opinions politely with para mim and make nuanced comparisons.
Later, we'll unravel the secrets of the passive voice using ser + past participle to talk about actions, and estar + past participle to describe resulting states. By the end, you'll be able to add rich detail to your stories and sound more like a native, making your Portuguese grammar shine!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down these essential Portuguese grammar rules, focusing on how they help you express yourself with greater precision.
First, the dynamic duo: Por vs. Para. While both can often translate to for in English, their uses are distinct.
Por is used for reasons, duration, movement through, and exchanges. For example, when you're swapping or buying (in exchange for) something: Comprei o livro por dez euros (I bought the book for ten euros). It also covers doing favors: Fiz isso por você (I did this for you – on your behalf).
Para, on the other hand, indicates purpose, destination, recipient, or a deadline. Think of it as to, in order to, or
for a specific purpose.
For instance, Vou para Lisboa (I'm going to Lisbon) or Este presente é para você (This gift is for you).
Next, expressing Portuguese Opinions: To Me, To You (Para mim, Para você). When you want to state your personal opinion politely, you use para mim (for me/in my opinion). For example, Para mim, é um bom plano (For me, it's a good plan).
This is a common and natural way to introduce your perspective.
We also use para for a comparison standard. This means comparing something against a specific benchmark or group. For example, Ele fala bem para um iniciante (He speaks well for a beginner). This shows that his speaking ability is good when considering he's a beginner.
Now, let's move to passive actions. The passive voice with Ser: It was done focuses on the action itself, emphasizing what happened rather than who did it. We use the verb ser (to be) followed by a past participle.
For example, A porta foi aberta (The door was opened). This structure is crucial for formal writing or when the agent is unknown or unimportant.
Finally, we have describing results: Estar + Past Participle. While ser + past participle describes the action, estar + past participle describes the *state* resulting from an action. For instance, A porta está aberta (The door is open/has been opened – describing its current state).
This is vital for distinguishing between an action being performed and the resulting condition. Mastering these distinctions will significantly enhance your B1 Portuguese communication.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: Este presente é por você.
Correct: Este presente é para você. (This gift is for you.)
*Explanation:* Por implies exchange or acting on behalf of, while para indicates the recipient or purpose. A gift is *for* someone (recipient), not *in exchange for* them.
  1. 1Wrong: A janela está quebrada por uma criança.
Correct: A janela foi quebrada por uma criança. (The window was broken by a child.)
*Explanation:* Estar + past participle describes the resulting state (the window is broken). If you want to describe the *action* of breaking and mention the agent (the child), you need ser + past participle for the passive voice.
  1. 1Wrong: Para mim, é um bom preço. (meaning: "It's a good price because of me")
Correct: Por mim, é um bom preço. (It's a good price, as far as I'm concerned/from my perspective on the price itself.) OR Para mim, está bom. (For me, it's fine/good – expressing personal satisfaction.)
*Explanation:* This is subtle! While para mim expresses *personal opinion*, por mim can mean "as far as I'm concerned or by me in a from my side" sense. If you're stating your *opinion* about the price being good *in general*, you'd typically use Para mim, é um bom preço. However, if you're saying "it's a good price *from my perspective* (as someone who might pay it)
, por mim can be used. The common mistake is confusing the specific use of para mim for opinion with por for a more general
from my point of view" about a characteristic. For a direct opinion, stick to para mim.

Real Conversations

A

A

Quanto você pagou por este relógio? (How much did you pay for this watch?)
B

B

Paguei cem euros por ele. (I paid one hundred euros for it.)
A

A

Você acha que o projeto será entregue a tempo? (Do you think the project will be delivered on time?)
B

B

Para mim, sim. Foi bem planejado. (For me, yes. It was well-planned.)
A

A

A porta do carro está amassada! (The car door is dented!)
B

B

Sim, foi amassada no estacionamento. Mas já está sendo consertada. (Yes, it was dented in the parking lot. But it's already being fixed.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I choose between por and para when talking about duration?

Por is generally used for duration (por duas horas - for two hours). Para is used for a deadline or future point in time (para amanhã - for tomorrow).

Q

Can I always use ser + past participle to talk about something being done?

No, it depends on whether you mean the *action* of being done (ser) or the *resulting state* of being done/finished (estar). O trabalho foi feito (The work *was done* - the action). O trabalho está feito (The work *is finished* - the state).

Q

What's the most polite way to introduce my opinion in Portuguese grammar?

The most common and polite way is to use Para mim, ... (For me, ... or In my opinion, ...).

Cultural Context

In daily Portuguese, the distinction between por and para is deeply ingrained, reflecting subtle nuances in intention and relationship. Brazilians, for example, often use para mim as a standard polite way to express personal opinion, much like in my opinion in English. The passive constructions, especially estar + past participle, are widely used to describe situations and conditions without needing to assign blame or credit, making conversations smoother and more descriptive.
These structures are integral to sounding natural and sophisticated in any Portuguese-speaking context.

주요 예문 (6)

1

Para mim, o café brasileiro é o melhor do mundo.

내 생각에 브라질 커피는 세계 최고야.

포르투갈어 의견 표현: 나에게는, 너에게는 (Para mim, Para você)
2

Para ela, este filme é muito parado.

그녀에게 이 영화는 너무 지루해.

포르투갈어 의견 표현: 나에게는, 너에게는 (Para mim, Para você)
3

Este apartamento é barato para o Rio de Janeiro.

이 아파트는 리우데자네이루 물가치고 저렴해요.

비교의 기준 'Para' (~치고는)
4

Ele joga muito bem para quem começou ontem.

어제 시작한 사람치고는 정말 잘하는데요?

비교의 기준 'Para' (~치고는)
5

A conta já está paga.

계산은 이미 끝났어요.

결과 상태 표현하기: Estar + 과거분사
6

O meu celular está quebrado.

제 핸드폰이 고장 났어요.

결과 상태 표현하기: Estar + 과거분사

팁과 요령 (4)

🎯

'~때문에'라고 바꿔보세요

문장에서 'for'를 '~때문에'나 '~와 바꿔서'라고 해석했을 때 말이 된다면 'por'를 쓸 확률이 높아요:
Fiz isso por você.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 포르투갈어 'Por': 교환과 가격 표현하기
🎯

대신하기 테스트

한국어로 '~를 대신해서'라는 말을 넣었을 때 자연스럽다면 무조건 'por'를 선택하세요.
Eu assino por você.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Por 대 Para: 부탁 들어주기 & 교환하기
⚠️

'Para Eu' 함정 주의!

의견을 말할 때 'Para eu'라고 하면 문법적으로 틀린 느낌을 줘요. 반드시 Para mim을 사용해야 자연스러워요.
Para mim, isso é errado.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 포르투갈어 의견 표현: 나에게는, 너에게는 (Para mim, Para você)
💬

칭찬인 듯 아닌 듯?

브라질 사람들은 장난칠 때 이 표현을 자주 써요.
Você é pontual para um brasileiro
라고 하면 '브라질 사람치고는' 시간을 잘 지킨다는 뜻이에요.
Você é pontual para um brasileiro.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 비교의 기준 'Para' (~치고는)

핵심 어휘 (5)

trocar to exchange objetivo goal opinião opinion iniciante beginner concluído finished/completed

Real-World Preview

shopping-bag

At the Market

Review Summary

  • Por + valor
  • Por (motive) vs Para (goal)
  • Para mim/você
  • Para + substantivo
  • Ser + particípio
  • Estar + particípio

자주 하는 실수

You used 'por' for a goal (work). Always use 'para' when indicating purpose.

Wrong: Vou para Lisboa por trabalhar.
정답: Vou para Lisboa para trabalhar.

Passive voice requires the past participle, not the gerund.

Wrong: A casa foi construindo.
정답: A casa foi construída.

You are describing a resulting state, so you must use 'estar'.

Wrong: O trabalho é acabado.
정답: O trabalho está acabado.

이 챕터의 규칙 (6)

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job navigating these nuances. Keep practicing, and you'll soon be speaking with true Portuguese precision!

Write a diary entry using 5 passive sentences.

빠른 연습 (10)

괄호 안의 동사를 알맞은 불규칙 분사 형태로 채워보세요.

O trabalho de casa já está ___ (fazer).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: feito
'fazer'의 과거분사는 불규칙인 feito이며, 남성 단수 주어인 'O trabalho'와 일치합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 결과 상태 표현하기: Estar + 과거분사

의견을 나타내는 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Para eu, o Rio de Janeiro é a cidade mais linda.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Para mim, o Rio de Janeiro é a cidade mais linda.
포르투갈어에서 'para'와 같은 전치사 뒤에 오는 인칭 대명사는 'mim' 형태를 취해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 포르투갈어 의견 표현: 나에게는, 너에게는 (Para mim, Para você)

'대신' 하거나 '대행'하는 뉘앙스의 문장을 골라보세요.

어느 문장이 '그녀가 바빠서 내가 대신 이메일을 썼다'는 뜻일까요?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Escrevi o e-mail por ela.
Por ela는 그녀를 대신해서라는 뜻이에요. Para ela라고 하면 그녀에게 보내는 메일을 썼다는 뜻이 됩니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Por 대 Para: 부탁 들어주기 & 교환하기

성별 일치 오류를 찾아 수정하세요.

A carta foi escrito ontem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A carta foi escrita ontem.
'Carta'는 여성 명사이므로 과거분사도 여성형인 'escrita'가 되어야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ser를 사용한 수동태: "그것은 행해졌다" (Foi feito)

빈칸에 알맞은 Ser 동사의 형태를 고르세요.

Os carros ___ lavados ontem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: foram
'Ontem'(어제)은 과거를 나타내고, 'Carros'는 복수이므로 'foram'이 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ser를 사용한 수동태: "그것은 행해졌다" (Foi feito)

빈칸에 알맞은 'por'의 형태를 넣으세요.

Eu paguei dez euros ___ almoço.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pelo
'Almoço'는 남성 명사이므로 'por + o'가 합쳐진 'pelo'가 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 포르투갈어 'Por': 교환과 가격 표현하기

'나에게는'이라는 의미를 완성하기 위해 빈칸을 채우세요.

______, aprender português é um desafio divertido.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Para mim
의견을 나타낼 때는 'Para mim'을 사용합니다. 이 문맥에서 'Para eu'는 틀린 표현이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 포르투갈어 의견 표현: 나에게는, 너에게는 (Para mim, Para você)

단어들을 순서대로 배열하여 수동태 문장을 만드세요.

다음 단어들을 나열하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O bolo foi comido por mim
어순: 주어(O bolo) + Ser 동사(foi) + 과거분사(comido) + 행위자(por mim).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ser를 사용한 수동태: "그것은 행해졌다" (Foi feito)

틀린 전치사를 고쳐보세요.

Obrigado para o presente!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Obrigado pelo presente!
감사의 이유는 항상 'por'를 써요. presente는 남성형(o)이므로 por + o가 합쳐진 'pelo'가 정답입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Por 대 Para: 부탁 들어주기 & 교환하기

가격 표현에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Comprei a blusa para trinta reais.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Comprei a blusa por trinta reais.
가격을 말할 때는 정관사 없이 'por'만 사용하는 것이 일반적이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 포르투갈어 'Por': 교환과 가격 표현하기

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

무조건 'por'입니다. 돈을 주고 물건을 받는 '교환'의 개념이기 때문이에요.
Comprei por dez reais.
포르투갈어는 발음의 흐름을 중요하게 여겨서 por와 관사가 강제로 합쳐져요.
Paguei pelo almoço.
행복의 원인이 상대방이므로
Estou feliz por você
라고 하면 아주 자연스러워요.
네, 'por causa de'는 '~ 때문에'를 더 강조해서 길게 말하는 버전이에요.
Não fui por chuva
Não fui por causa da chuva
는 거의 같은 뜻이죠.
'Para mim'은 개인의 관점에 초점을 맞춘 전치사구이고, 'Eu acho'는 동사구예요. 둘 다 자주 쓰이지만 Para mim은 주관성을 더 강조할 때 좋아요.
가능하지만, 학술적이거나 아주 격식 있는 글에서는
Na minha opinião
이나 A meu ver를 더 선호해요.