Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of nuance by distinguishing 'por' from 'para' and unlocking the elegance of passive voice.
- Differentiate between 'por' and 'para' in daily exchanges and goals.
- Express personal opinions and relative standards naturally.
- Construct passive sentences to focus on actions rather than performers.
Precision in every word, elegance in every sentence.
学べること
Ready to level up your Portuguese? In this chapter, we're diving deep into the key differences between 'por' and 'para'. These two prepositions can be tricky, but don't worry! You'll learn how to use 'por' for reasons, exchanges (like
I bought this for ten euros), or doing something
on behalf of someone (I did this for my friend). 'Para', on the other hand, is for destinations, goals, or when you're giving something to someone; for example, "I'm going to Lisbon
or This gift is for you." Mastering these distinctions will make your conversations sound incredibly natural.
Next, you'll discover how to politely express your opinions with 'para mim' and make nuanced comparisons using 'para' – like saying This is good for a beginner.But that's not all! The next exciting part is learning passive sentences with 'ser' + past participle. This lets you focus on the action performed, like
The door was openedor
The cake was baked,without needing to state who did it. Finally, with 'estar' + past participle, you'll learn to describe the resulting state of an action; such as
The window is brokenor
The work is finished.By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to express yourself more precisely and like a native Portuguese speaker, adding richer detail to your conversations. Let's go!
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ポルトガル語の 'Por': 交換と支払いの使い方「理由」や「交換」のニュアンスなら
por、目的地や最終的なゴールならparaと覚えれば完璧です！ -
Por と Para: 代わりに行動する・交換する「交換」や「身代わり」、あるいは「感謝の理由」を伝えたい時は
porを使いましょう。目的地のparaとは使い分けが肝心です！ -
ポルトガル語の意見：私にとって、あなたにとって (Para mim, Para você)自分の視点を伝える時は
Para mimを使って、角を立てずに「私にとっては〜」と自然に表現しましょう。 -
基準を表す 'Para'（～にしては）「〜にしては」と基準を立てる時は
paraを使いましょう。初心者にしては上手、といったpara um inicianteのような表現が便利です。 -
Serを使った受動態：「それは行われた」 (Foi feito)「何がされたか」を強調したい時は
Ser+ 過去分詞を使いましょう。主語に合わせて語尾を変える «性数一致» が一番のポイントです。 -
結果を表す状態: Estar + 過去分詞
estarと「過去分詞」を組み合わせて、完了したアクションの結果（今の状態）を表します。形容詞と同じように «-o, -a, -os, -as» を使い分けるのがコツ！
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
-
1
By the end you will be able to: Use 'por' for exchanges and 'para' for goals in a dialogue.
-
2
By the end you will be able to: Describe a state or passive action using ser/estar + participle.
チャプターガイド
Overview
Welcome, B1 Portuguese learners! Ready to really elevate your communication skills? This chapter is your key to unlocking more natural and precise expression in Portuguese grammar.
We're diving deep into some of the most nuanced aspects of the language, moving beyond basic sentence structures to truly master how native speakers convey meaning. Understanding these concepts will not only improve your fluency but also significantly enhance your comprehension in real-life conversations.
Our focus today is on two notoriously tricky prepositions, por and para, and then we'll explore the fascinating world of passive constructions. Mastering the distinctions between por and para is fundamental for conveying everything from reasons and exchanges to destinations and goals. You’ll learn how to express opinions politely with para mim and make nuanced comparisons.
Later, we'll unravel the secrets of the passive voice using ser + past participle to talk about actions, and estar + past participle to describe resulting states. By the end, you'll be able to add rich detail to your stories and sound more like a native, making your Portuguese grammar shine!
How This Grammar Works
Let's break down these essential Portuguese grammar rules, focusing on how they help you express yourself with greater precision.
First, the dynamic duo: Por vs. Para. While both can often translate to
for in English, their uses are distinct.Por is used for reasons, duration, movement through, and exchanges. For example, when you're swapping or buying (in exchange for) something: Comprei o livro por dez euros (I bought the book for ten euros). It also covers doing favors: Fiz isso por você (I did this for you – on your behalf).
Para, on the other hand, indicates purpose, destination, recipient, or a deadline. Think of it as
to, in order to, or for a specific purpose.For instance, Vou para Lisboa (I'm going to Lisbon) or Este presente é para você (This gift is for you).
Next, expressing Portuguese Opinions: To Me, To You (Para mim, Para você). When you want to state your personal opinion politely, you use para mim (for me/in my opinion). For example, Para mim, é um bom plano (For me, it's a good plan).
This is a common and natural way to introduce your perspective.
We also use para for a comparison standard. This means comparing something against a specific benchmark or group. For example, Ele fala bem para um iniciante (He speaks well for a beginner). This shows that his speaking ability is good when considering he's a beginner.
Now, let's move to passive actions. The passive voice with Ser:
It was done focuses on the action itself, emphasizing what happened rather than who did it. We use the verb ser (to be) followed by a past participle.For example, A porta foi aberta (The door was opened). This structure is crucial for formal writing or when the agent is unknown or unimportant.
Finally, we have describing results: Estar + Past Participle. While ser + past participle describes the action, estar + past participle describes the *state* resulting from an action. For instance, A porta está aberta (The door is open/has been opened – describing its current state).
This is vital for distinguishing between an action being performed and the resulting condition. Mastering these distinctions will significantly enhance your B1 Portuguese communication.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong: Este presente é por você.
✓ Correct: Este presente é para você. (This gift is for you.)
*Explanation:* Por implies exchange or acting on behalf of, while para indicates the recipient or purpose. A gift is *for* someone (recipient), not *in exchange for* them.
- 1✗ Wrong: A janela está quebrada por uma criança.
✓ Correct: A janela foi quebrada por uma criança. (The window was broken by a child.)
*Explanation:* Estar + past participle describes the resulting state (the window is broken). If you want to describe the *action* of breaking and mention the agent (the child), you need ser + past participle for the passive voice.
- 1✗ Wrong: Para mim, é um bom preço. (meaning: "It's a good price because of me")
✓ Correct: Por mim, é um bom preço. (It's a good price, as far as I'm concerned/from my perspective on the price itself.) OR Para mim, está bom. (For me, it's fine/good – expressing personal satisfaction.)
*Explanation:* This is subtle! While para mim expresses *personal opinion*, por mim can mean "as far as I'm concerned
or by me in a from my side" sense. If you're stating your *opinion* about the price being good *in general*, you'd typically use Para mim, é um bom preço. However, if you're saying "it's a good price *from my perspective* (as someone who might pay it), por mim can be used. The common mistake is confusing the specific use of para mim for opinion with por for a more generalfrom my point of view" about a characteristic. For a direct opinion, stick to para mim.
Real Conversations
A
A
Quanto você pagou por este relógio? (How much did you pay for this watch?)
B
B
Paguei cem euros por ele. (I paid one hundred euros for it.)
A
A
Você acha que o projeto será entregue a tempo? (Do you think the project will be delivered on time?)
B
B
Para mim, sim. Foi bem planejado. (For me, yes. It was well-planned.)
A
A
A porta do carro está amassada! (The car door is dented!)
B
B
Sim, foi amassada no estacionamento. Mas já está sendo consertada. (Yes, it was dented in the parking lot. But it's already being fixed.)
Quick FAQ
Q
How do I choose between por and para when talking about duration?
Por is generally used for duration (por duas horas - for two hours). Para is used for a deadline or future point in time (para amanhã - for tomorrow).
Q
Can I always use ser + past participle to talk about something being done?
No, it depends on whether you mean the *action* of being done (ser) or the *resulting state* of being done/finished (estar). O trabalho foi feito (The work *was done* - the action). O trabalho está feito (The work *is finished* - the state).
Q
What's the most polite way to introduce my opinion in Portuguese grammar?
The most common and polite way is to use Para mim, ... (For me, ... or In my opinion, ...).
Cultural Context
In daily Portuguese, the distinction between por and para is deeply ingrained, reflecting subtle nuances in intention and relationship. Brazilians, for example, often use para mim as a standard polite way to express personal opinion, much like
in my opinion in English. The passive constructions, especially estar + past participle, are widely used to describe situations and conditions without needing to assign blame or credit, making conversations smoother and more descriptive.These structures are integral to sounding natural and sophisticated in any Portuguese-speaking context.
重要な例文 (2)
1
2
ヒントとコツ (4)
🎯
「〜の代わりに」の裏技
英語の 'because of' や 'in exchange for' に置き換えられるなら、ポルトガル語では
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の 'Por': 交換と支払いの使い方
por を使うのが正解ですよ。Eu trabalho por você hoje.
🎯
「代役」チェックをしてみよう
もしその文が「〜の代わりに」や「〜を代表して」と言い換えられるなら、必ず
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Por と Para: 代わりに行動する・交換する
por を使ってください。 Falei por ela.
⚠️
「Para Eu」の罠に注意！
意見を言う時に
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の意見：私にとって、あなたにとって (Para mim, Para você)
para eu と言うと、少し幼く聞こえてしまいます。正解は Para mim です。
💬
ちょっとした皮肉のスパイス
ブラジル人は冗談でよくこの表現を使います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 基準を表す 'Para'（～にしては）
Você é pontual... para um brasileiro（ブラジル人にしては時間に正確だね）は、普段はみんな遅れるという前提があります。
重要な語彙 (5)
trocar
to exchange
objetivo
goal
opinião
opinion
iniciante
beginner
concluído
finished/completed
Real-World Preview
shopping-bag
At the Market
Review Summary
- Por + valor
- Por (motive) vs Para (goal)
- Para mim/você
- Para + substantivo
- Ser + particípio
- Estar + particípio
よくある間違い
You used 'por' for a goal (work). Always use 'para' when indicating purpose.
Wrong:
Vou para Lisboa por trabalhar.
正解:
Vou para Lisboa para trabalhar.
Passive voice requires the past participle, not the gerund.
Wrong:
A casa foi construindo.
正解:
A casa foi construída.
You are describing a resulting state, so you must use 'estar'.
Wrong:
O trabalho é acabado.
正解:
O trabalho está acabado.
このチャプターのルール (6)
Next Steps
You have done an amazing job navigating these nuances. Keep practicing, and you'll soon be speaking with true Portuguese precision!
Write a diary entry using 5 passive sentences.
クイック練習 (10)
正しい不規則過去分詞を選んで空欄を埋めてみて。
O trabalho de casa já está ___ (fazer).
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: feito
動詞 'fazer' の過去分詞は不規則な 'feito' だよ。男性名詞の 'O trabalho' と一致させてね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 結果を表す状態: Estar + 過去分詞
意見を表現する文として、文法的に正しいものはどれですか？
正しい文を選んでください：
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Para mim, esta música é chata.
'Para mim' が正しい視点のマーカーで、形容詞の 'chata' も名詞の 'música' と正しく一致しています。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の意見：私にとって、あなたにとって (Para mim, Para você)
意見を言う文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。
Find and fix the mistake:
Para eu, o Rio de Janeiro é a cidade mais linda.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Para mim, o Rio de Janeiro é a cidade mais linda.
ポルトガル語では、前置詞 'para' の後の代名詞は（後ろに動詞の原形が続かない限り）'mim' の形をとります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の意見：私にとって、あなたにとって (Para mim, Para você)
空欄に正しい 'por' の形を入れてください。
Eu paguei dez euros ___ almoço.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pelo
'Almoço' は男性名詞なので、 'por + o' が合体して 'pelo' になります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の 'Por': 交換と支払いの使い方
「私にとって」を表す正しい形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。
______, aprender português é um desafio divertido.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Para mim
意見を述べる時は 'Para mim' を使います。'Para eu' はこの文脈では間違いです。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の意見：私にとって、あなたにとって (Para mim, Para você)
性別の一致のミスを見つけて修正してね。
Find and fix the mistake:
A porta da casa está trancado.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A porta da casa está trancada.
'porta' は女性名詞・単数なので、分詞は '-a' で終わる 'trancada' になるんだよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 結果を表す状態: Estar + 過去分詞
「この場所のコーヒーはいつもは美味しくない」というニュアンスを含む文はどれ？
正しいニュアンスを選んでください：
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O café está bom para este lugar.
'Para este lugar' と言うことで、「この場所（の低い基準）にしては」という含みが出ます。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 基準を表す 'Para'（～にしては）
値段の表現にある間違いを直してください。
Comprei a blusa para trinta reais.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Comprei a blusa por trinta reais.
特定の金額を指さない一般的な値段には、冠詞なしの 'por' を使います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の 'Por': 交換と支払いの使い方
空欄に正しい前置詞を入れてください。
Ele fala muito bem português ___ um americano.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: para
「アメリカ人にしては」という比較の基準を作っているので、 'para' が正解です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 基準を表す 'Para'（～にしては）
「交換」を表す正しい文を選んでください。
正しい文はどれ？
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Obrigado pela ajuda.
'Ajuda' は女性名詞なので、 'pela' (por + a) を使うのが正解です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の 'Por': 交換と支払いの使い方
Score: /10
よくある質問 (6)
常に
por です！交換だと考えてください。お金を出す代わりに（por）商品を受け取るからです。 Comprei por dez reais.
これは必須の短縮形なんです。ポルトガル語は音の流れを大事にするので、くっついて
pelo になります。これは特別なケースですね！「あなたの存在が私の喜びの理由」なので、
Estou feliz por vocêと言うのが一般的です。
はい、
por causa de （〜のせいで）は、 por をより強調した言い方です。 Não fui por chuvaも
Não fui por causa da chuvaもほぼ同じです。
Para mim は自分の世界観や視点に焦点を当てた表現で、Eu acho は「〜と思う」という動詞の表現です。どちらも一般的ですが、Para mim の方が主観性を強調します。間違いではありませんが、アカデミックな場や非常にフォーマルな文脈では
Na minha opiniãoや
A meu ver が好まれます。
