Business and Legal Formalities
Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of professional communication with these essential formal Korean business structures.
- Construct authoritative legal and business statements.
- Navigate complex professional discussions with precision.
- Deliver formal apologies and declarations with confidence.
What You'll Learn
Hey there, Korean language superstar! Ready to step beyond everyday chats and dive into the exciting world of formal and business Korean? In this chapter, you’re going to master some incredibly useful structures that will make you sound like a true professional in formal Korean settings. Don't worry, it's totally achievable, and we’ll learn it together! First up, you'll discover how to use '-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여' to make your statements sound precise and authoritative, just like a legal document – perfect for when you need to say 'according to this rule...'. Then, with '-는 데 있어서', you'll learn to speak with confidence and authority in specialized discussions, whether you're talking about a specific field or a complex process. Imagine you're in an important business meeting or need to issue a formal apology. You'll use '-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다' to craft impactful, official declarations, and with '-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다', you’ll learn the sophisticated way to apologize professionally in sensitive business or public situations. Plus, '-고자 하다' will empower you to express formal intentions or purposes, like 'we aim to achieve this.' Finally, you'll grasp '-에 의해' to formally identify the agent responsible for an action, such as 'this was done by the company.' By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand formal Korean documents and emails better; you'll be able to communicate with a new level of professionalism and confidence. These skills will seriously elevate your presence in any Korean business or academic environment. Get ready to shine like a true Korean pro!
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Korean Legal Grammar: According To (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)Use
-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여to sound like a legal document stating actions based on established rules or agreements. -
Business Formal: Regarding (-는 데 있어서)Use
-는 데 있어서to sound professional and authoritative when discussing specific fields, tasks, or processes. -
Formal 'Through' or 'Via' (-을/를 통하여)Use -을/를 통하여 to formally describe the medium or channel used to achieve a specific result.
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Centered Around: -을/를 중심으로Use
-을/를 중심으로to make a noun the absolute central focus or core of your sentence's action. -
Formal Declarations: It Is That (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)Use -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 to turn your statements into authoritative, professional declarations in high-stakes formal settings.
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Formal Business Apology (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)Use this formal pattern to acknowledge mistakes professionally in business or official public statements.
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Formal 'By' Agent (-에 의해)Use
-에 의해to formally identify the person, organization, or cause responsible for an action.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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By the end you will be able to: Write a formal apology email and a project status report using professional grammar.
Chapter Guide
Overview
How This Grammar Works
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong: 저는 친구에 의해 이 영화를 봤어요. (I saw this movie by my friend.)
- 1✗ Wrong: 내일 숙제를 끝내고자 해. (I intend to finish homework tomorrow.)
- 1✗ Wrong: 밥을 먹는 바입니다. (It is that I eat rice.)
Real Conversations
A
B
A
B
Quick FAQ
When should I use -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 instead of other 'according to' phrases in Korean?
Use -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 for formal, legal, or official contexts where precision and authority are paramount, like citing regulations or documents. For casual "according to," use -에 따르면 or -에 의하면.
Is -고자 하다 always formal, or can it be used casually?
-고자 하다 is exclusively formal. It expresses a strong, deliberate intention or aim, typically used in speeches, official statements, or business plans. Avoid it in casual conversations.
What's the difference between -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 and just using a declarative ending like -습니다/ㅂ니다?
-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 adds a layer of formality, emphasis, and often a sense of declaration or conclusion to a statement, making it sound more official or impactful than a simple declarative ending. It implies "it is the case that..." or "we state that...".
Cultural Context
Key Examples (8)
계약서에 명시된 바에 의하여 처리될 것입니다.
It will be processed in accordance with what is specified in the contract.
Korean Legal Grammar: According To (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 권리를 보장받습니다.
Rights are guaranteed in accordance with what the law determines.
Korean Legal Grammar: According To (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)건강을 유지하는 데 있어서 운동은 필수적입니다.
Exercise is essential in terms of maintaining health.
Business Formal: Regarding (-는 데 있어서)취업을 준비하는 데 있어서 자기소개서가 큰 비중을 차지해요.
A self-introduction letter carries a lot of weight in terms of preparing for employment.
Business Formal: Regarding (-는 데 있어서)Tips & Tricks (4)
Context is Key
Sound Professional
Formal vs Informal
Particle Check
Key Vocabulary (6)
Real-World Preview
Formal Project Update
Review Summary
- Verb/Adj + -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여
- Verb + -는 데 있어서
- Verb + -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다
- Verb + -ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다
- Noun + -에 의해
Common Mistakes
Using colloquial verbs like '했다' ruins the formal tone. Use formal verbs like '진행하다'.
Word order is crucial. The '바' structure must precede the apology phrase.
Avoid first-person pronouns in formal 'by' structures. Use '본인' or the team name.
Rules in This Chapter (7)
Next Steps
You've successfully mastered the most formal tier of Korean grammar! Keep applying these to your real-world emails and meetings.
Write a mock business apology email.
Quick Practice (10)
Find and fix the mistake:
그는 나에 의해 갔다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal 'By' Agent (-에 의해)
본인은 이 계약에 동의___ 바입니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Declarations: It Is That (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)
불편을 ___ 바 대단히 죄송합니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Business Apology (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)
Which is correct?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Business Apology (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)
Find and fix the mistake:
친구에게: 동의하는 바입니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Declarations: It Is That (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)
Find and fix the mistake:
그가 동의하는 바입니다 (reporting).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Declarations: It Is That (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)
Find and fix the mistake:
회의를 중심 진행합니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Centered Around: -을/를 중심으로
Which is correct?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal 'By' Agent (-에 의해)
일정이 ___ 바 대단히 죄송합니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Business Apology (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)
그 책은 작가___ 쓰였다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal 'By' Agent (-에 의해)
Score: /10