B2 · Upper Intermediate Chapter 4

Business and Legal Formalities

7 Total Rules
72 examples
5 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of professional communication with these essential formal Korean business structures.

  • Construct authoritative legal and business statements.
  • Navigate complex professional discussions with precision.
  • Deliver formal apologies and declarations with confidence.
Elevate your professional presence through formal Korean mastery.

What You'll Learn

Hey there, Korean language superstar! Ready to step beyond everyday chats and dive into the exciting world of formal and business Korean? In this chapter, you’re going to master some incredibly useful structures that will make you sound like a true professional in formal Korean settings. Don't worry, it's totally achievable, and we’ll learn it together! First up, you'll discover how to use '-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여' to make your statements sound precise and authoritative, just like a legal document – perfect for when you need to say 'according to this rule...'. Then, with '-는 데 있어서', you'll learn to speak with confidence and authority in specialized discussions, whether you're talking about a specific field or a complex process. Imagine you're in an important business meeting or need to issue a formal apology. You'll use '-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다' to craft impactful, official declarations, and with '-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다', you’ll learn the sophisticated way to apologize professionally in sensitive business or public situations. Plus, '-고자 하다' will empower you to express formal intentions or purposes, like 'we aim to achieve this.' Finally, you'll grasp '-에 의해' to formally identify the agent responsible for an action, such as 'this was done by the company.' By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand formal Korean documents and emails better; you'll be able to communicate with a new level of professionalism and confidence. These skills will seriously elevate your presence in any Korean business or academic environment. Get ready to shine like a true Korean pro!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Write a formal apology email and a project status report using professional grammar.

Chapter Guide

Overview

Hey there, Korean language superstar! Ready to step beyond everyday chats and dive into the exciting world of formal and business Korean? Welcome to a pivotal chapter designed to elevate your communication skills to a B2 Korean grammar level and beyond. In this section, you’re going to master some incredibly useful structures that will make you sound like a true professional in formal Korean settings. This isn't just about sounding polite; it's about precision, authority, and conveying respect in environments like business meetings, legal discussions, or official correspondence. Understanding these nuances is crucial for anyone aiming to succeed in a Korean professional or academic context. Don't worry, it's totally achievable, and we’ll learn it together! By the end, you won't just understand formal Korean documents and emails better; you'll be able to communicate with a new level of professionalism and confidence. These skills will seriously elevate your presence in any Korean business or academic environment. Get ready to shine like a true Korean pro!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on six powerful Korean grammar patterns essential for formal and business communication. First up, -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 translates to "according to" or "on the basis of," perfect for precise, authoritative statements, much like legal language. For example, 법률에 의거하는 바에 의하여 이 계약은 유효합니다 (According to the law, this contract is valid). Next, -는 데 있어서 means "regarding" or "in terms of," allowing you to speak with confidence in specialized discussions. Think of it as setting the scope: 프로젝트 추진에 있어서 가장 중요한 것은 팀워크입니다 (Regarding project advancement, teamwork is the most important thing). When making impactful, official declarations, you'll use -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다. This phrase adds gravitas, often used in public statements or formal reports. For instance, 저희는 이 문제에 대해 심각하게 고려하는 바입니다 (We are seriously considering this matter). For those sensitive business or public situations requiring a sophisticated apology, -ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다 is your go-to. It translates to "we are extremely sorry for what has happened." Example: 고객 여러분께 불편을 드린 바 대단히 죄송합니다 (We are extremely sorry for having caused inconvenience to our customers). To express formal intentions or purposes, like "we aim to achieve this," use -고자 하다. As in, 저희는 고객 만족을 최우선으로 하고자 합니다 (We aim to prioritize customer satisfaction). Finally, -에 의해 formally identifies the agent responsible for an action, similar to "by" in English passive constructions. For example, 이 보고서는 전문가 팀에 의해 작성되었습니다 (This report was prepared by a team of experts). Mastering these patterns will significantly enhance your B2 Korean proficiency.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: 저는 친구에 의해 이 영화를 봤어요. (I saw this movie by my friend.)
Correct: 이 영화는 친구에 의해 추천되었습니다. (This movie was recommended by a friend.)
*Explanation:* -에 의해 is specifically used for formal, often inanimate agents or abstract entities in passive constructions, not typically for direct, active human agents in casual contexts. For a casual "by a person," you'd usually use -이/가 or -에게서.
  1. 1Wrong: 내일 숙제를 끝내고자 해. (I intend to finish homework tomorrow.)
Correct: 저희는 새로운 목표를 달성하고자 합니다. (We aim to achieve new goals.)
*Explanation:* -고자 하다 is a highly formal expression of intention or purpose. Using it in casual, everyday contexts like talking about homework sounds unnatural and overly stiff. It's reserved for formal speeches, official documents, or business contexts.
  1. 1Wrong: 밥을 먹는 바입니다. (It is that I eat rice.)
Correct: 저희는 최선을 다했음을 말씀드리는 바입니다. (We declare that we have done our best.)
*Explanation:* -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 is a formal declarative ending used to state a fact or conclusion with emphasis and authority, often in official contexts. Using it for simple, everyday actions makes it sound awkward and pompous.

Real Conversations

A

A

이번 신제품 출시에 있어서 가장 중요한 점은 무엇이라고 생각하십니까? (Regarding the launch of this new product, what do you think is the most important point?)
B

B

고객의 피드백을 적극적으로 반영하는 바, 이는 성공적인 출시를 위한 핵심 요소라고 생각합니다. (We are actively reflecting customer feedback, and we believe this is a key factor for a successful launch.)
A

A

지난번 발생했던 시스템 오류로 인해 고객 여러분께 불편을 드린 바 대단히 죄송합니다. (We are extremely sorry for having caused inconvenience to our customers due to the system error that occurred last time.)
B

B

저희는 이러한 문제가 재발하지 않도록 시스템 개선을 최우선으로 하고자 합니다. (We aim to prioritize system improvements to prevent such issues from recurring.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 instead of other 'according to' phrases in Korean?

Use -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 for formal, legal, or official contexts where precision and authority are paramount, like citing regulations or documents. For casual "according to," use -에 따르면 or -에 의하면.

Q

Is -고자 하다 always formal, or can it be used casually?

-고자 하다 is exclusively formal. It expresses a strong, deliberate intention or aim, typically used in speeches, official statements, or business plans. Avoid it in casual conversations.

Q

What's the difference between -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 and just using a declarative ending like -습니다/ㅂ니다?

-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 adds a layer of formality, emphasis, and often a sense of declaration or conclusion to a statement, making it sound more official or impactful than a simple declarative ending. It implies "it is the case that..." or "we state that...".

Cultural Context

In Korean business and legal settings, formality is paramount. These grammar patterns are not merely stylistic choices; they reflect a deep-seated cultural emphasis on respect, hierarchy, and precision in communication. Using these structures demonstrates not only your linguistic proficiency at a B2 Korean level but also your understanding of appropriate conduct. They are commonly found in official reports, contracts, public apologies, speeches, and formal emails, signifying the speaker's or writer's professionalism and serious intent. Mastering them allows you to navigate these environments with confidence and credibility.

Key Examples (8)

1

계약서에 명시된 바에 의하여 처리될 것입니다.

It will be processed in accordance with what is specified in the contract.

Korean Legal Grammar: According To (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)
2

법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 권리를 보장받습니다.

Rights are guaranteed in accordance with what the law determines.

Korean Legal Grammar: According To (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)
3

건강을 유지하는 데 있어서 운동은 필수적입니다.

Exercise is essential in terms of maintaining health.

Business Formal: Regarding (-는 데 있어서)
4

취업을 준비하는 데 있어서 자기소개서가 큰 비중을 차지해요.

A self-introduction letter carries a lot of weight in terms of preparing for employment.

Business Formal: Regarding (-는 데 있어서)
5

이메일을 통하여 연락해 주세요.

Please contact me via email.

Formal 'Through' or 'Via' (-을/를 통하여)
6

저는 유튜브를 통하여 한국어를 배워요.

I learn Korean through YouTube.

Formal 'Through' or 'Via' (-을/를 통하여)
7

강남역을 중심으로 친구들을 만나요.

I meet friends centered around Gangnam Station.

Centered Around: -을/를 중심으로
8

문법을 중심으로 한국어를 공부해요.

I study Korean focusing on grammar.

Centered Around: -을/를 중심으로

Tips & Tricks (4)

💡

Context is Key

Only use this in writing. If you say it to a friend, they will think you are joking or being sarcastic.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Korean Legal Grammar: According To (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)
🎯

Sound Professional

Use this grammar to instantly sound more like a native professional.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Business Formal: Regarding (-는 데 있어서)
💡

Formal vs Informal

Use '통하여' in writing, '통해' in speech.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal 'Through' or 'Via' (-을/를 통하여)
💡

Particle Check

Always check if your noun ends in a consonant or vowel to choose between 을 and 를.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Centered Around: -을/를 중심으로

Key Vocabulary (6)

규정 (gyujeong) regulation 검토하다 (geomtohada) to review 진행하다 (jinhaenghada) to proceed 결과 (gyeol-gwa) result 오류 (oryu) error 승인 (seung-in) approval

Real-World Preview

message-square

Formal Project Update

Review Summary

  • Verb/Adj + -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여
  • Verb + -는 데 있어서
  • Verb + -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다
  • Verb + -ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다
  • Noun + -에 의해

Common Mistakes

Using colloquial verbs like '했다' ruins the formal tone. Use formal verbs like '진행하다'.

Wrong: 규정에 의하여 했다.
Correct: 규정에 의하여 진행하였습니다.

Word order is crucial. The '바' structure must precede the apology phrase.

Wrong: 죄송합니다만 바에...
Correct: 지연된 바 대단히 죄송합니다.

Avoid first-person pronouns in formal 'by' structures. Use '본인' or the team name.

Wrong: 나에 의해 완료되었다.
Correct: 본인에 의해 완료되었습니다.

Rules in This Chapter (7)

Next Steps

You've successfully mastered the most formal tier of Korean grammar! Keep applying these to your real-world emails and meetings.

Write a mock business apology email.

Quick Practice (10)

Fix the error.

Find and fix the mistake:

그는 나에 의해 갔다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 그는 나에 의해 보내졌다.
Must be passive.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal 'By' Agent (-에 의해)

Fill in the blank.

본인은 이 계약에 동의___ 바입니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 하는
Present tense agreement.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Declarations: It Is That (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)

Fill in the blank.

불편을 ___ 바 대단히 죄송합니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 끼친
Past tense.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Business Apology (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)

Choose the correct form.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 실수한 바 죄송합니다
Past tense is correct.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Business Apology (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)

Fix the error.

Find and fix the mistake:

친구에게: 동의하는 바입니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 동의해.
Register mismatch.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Declarations: It Is That (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)

Fix the error.

Find and fix the mistake:

그가 동의하는 바입니다 (reporting).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 그가 동의한다고 합니다.
Use quotation for others.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Declarations: It Is That (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)

Fix the error.

Find and fix the mistake:

회의를 중심 진행합니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Missing particle.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Centered Around: -을/를 중심으로

Choose the correct sentence.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 그는 나에 의해 먹혔다.
Passive verb required.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal 'By' Agent (-에 의해)

Fill in the blank.

일정이 ___ 바 대단히 죄송합니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 지연된
Past tense needed.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal Business Apology (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)

Fill in the blank.

그 책은 작가___ 쓰였다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 에 의해
Passive agent marker.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formal 'By' Agent (-에 의해)

Score: /10

Common Questions (6)

Only if you are being very formal or sarcastic.
No, it must be attached to a verb stem.
Yes, it is very formal.
No, use -으로/로 for vehicles.
Yes, e.g., '학생을 중심으로' (focusing on the student).
Mostly, yes. It sounds a bit stiff in casual talk.