B2 · فوق المتوسط فصل 4

Business and Legal Formalities

7 القواعد الإجمالية
72 أمثلة
5 دقيقة

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of professional communication with these essential formal Korean business structures.

  • Construct authoritative legal and business statements.
  • Navigate complex professional discussions with precision.
  • Deliver formal apologies and declarations with confidence.
Elevate your professional presence through formal Korean mastery.

ما ستتعلمه

Hey there, Korean language superstar! Ready to step beyond everyday chats and dive into the exciting world of formal and business Korean? In this chapter, you’re going to master some incredibly useful structures that will make you sound like a true professional in formal Korean settings. Don't worry, it's totally achievable, and we’ll learn it together! First up, you'll discover how to use '-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여' to make your statements sound precise and authoritative, just like a legal document – perfect for when you need to say 'according to this rule...'. Then, with '-는 데 있어서', you'll learn to speak with confidence and authority in specialized discussions, whether you're talking about a specific field or a complex process. Imagine you're in an important business meeting or need to issue a formal apology. You'll use '-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다' to craft impactful, official declarations, and with '-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다', you’ll learn the sophisticated way to apologize professionally in sensitive business or public situations. Plus, '-고자 하다' will empower you to express formal intentions or purposes, like 'we aim to achieve this.' Finally, you'll grasp '-에 의해' to formally identify the agent responsible for an action, such as 'this was done by the company.' By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand formal Korean documents and emails better; you'll be able to communicate with a new level of professionalism and confidence. These skills will seriously elevate your presence in any Korean business or academic environment. Get ready to shine like a true Korean pro!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Write a formal apology email and a project status report using professional grammar.

دليل الفصل

نظرة عامة

Hey there, Korean language superstar! Ready to step beyond everyday chats and dive into the exciting world of formal and business Korean? Welcome to a pivotal chapter designed to elevate your communication skills to a B2 Korean grammar level and beyond.
In this section, you’re going to master some incredibly useful structures that will make you sound like a true professional in formal Korean settings. This isn't just about sounding polite; it's about precision, authority, and conveying respect in environments like business meetings, legal discussions, or official correspondence. Understanding these nuances is crucial for anyone aiming to succeed in a Korean professional or academic context.
Don't worry, it's totally achievable, and we’ll learn it together! By the end, you won't just understand formal Korean documents and emails better; you'll be able to communicate with a new level of professionalism and confidence. These skills will seriously elevate your presence in any Korean business or academic environment.
Get ready to shine like a true Korean pro!

كيف تعمل هذه القاعدة

This chapter focuses on six powerful Korean grammar patterns essential for formal and business communication. First up, -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 translates to according to or
on the basis of,
perfect for precise, authoritative statements, much like legal language. For example, 법률에 의거하는 바에 의하여 이 계약은 유효합니다 (According to the law, this contract is valid).
Next, -는 데 있어서 means regarding or in terms of, allowing you to speak with confidence in specialized discussions. Think of it as setting the scope: 프로젝트 추진에 있어서 가장 중요한 것은 팀워크입니다 (Regarding project advancement, teamwork is the most important thing). When making impactful, official declarations, you'll use -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다.
This phrase adds gravitas, often used in public statements or formal reports. For instance, 저희는 이 문제에 대해 심각하게 고려하는 바입니다 (We are seriously considering this matter). For those sensitive business or public situations requiring a sophisticated apology, -ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다 is your go-to.
It translates to
we are extremely sorry for what has happened.
Example: 고객 여러분께 불편을 드린 바 대단히 죄송합니다 (We are extremely sorry for having caused inconvenience to our customers). To express formal intentions or purposes, like
we aim to achieve this,
use -고자 하다. As in, 저희는 고객 만족을 최우선으로 하고자 합니다 (We aim to prioritize customer satisfaction).
Finally, -에 의해 formally identifies the agent responsible for an action, similar to by in English passive constructions. For example, 이 보고서는 전문가 팀에 의해 작성되었습니다 (This report was prepared by a team of experts). Mastering these patterns will significantly enhance your B2 Korean proficiency.

الأخطاء الشائعة

  1. 1Wrong: 저는 친구에 의해 이 영화를 봤어요. (I saw this movie by my friend.)
Correct: 이 영화는 친구에 의해 추천되었습니다. (This movie was recommended by a friend.)
*Explanation:* -에 의해 is specifically used for formal, often inanimate agents or abstract entities in passive constructions, not typically for direct, active human agents in casual contexts. For a casual by a person, you'd usually use -이/가 or -에게서.
  1. 1Wrong: 내일 숙제를 끝내고자 해. (I intend to finish homework tomorrow.)
Correct: 저희는 새로운 목표를 달성하고자 합니다. (We aim to achieve new goals.)
*Explanation:* -고자 하다 is a highly formal expression of intention or purpose. Using it in casual, everyday contexts like talking about homework sounds unnatural and overly stiff. It's reserved for formal speeches, official documents, or business contexts.
  1. 1Wrong: 밥을 먹는 바입니다. (It is that I eat rice.)
Correct: 저희는 최선을 다했음을 말씀드리는 바입니다. (We declare that we have done our best.)
*Explanation:* -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 is a formal declarative ending used to state a fact or conclusion with emphasis and authority, often in official contexts. Using it for simple, everyday actions makes it sound awkward and pompous.

محادثات حقيقية

A

A

이번 신제품 출시에 있어서 가장 중요한 점은 무엇이라고 생각하십니까? (Regarding the launch of this new product, what do you think is the most important point?)
B

B

고객의 피드백을 적극적으로 반영하는 바, 이는 성공적인 출시를 위한 핵심 요소라고 생각합니다. (We are actively reflecting customer feedback, and we believe this is a key factor for a successful launch.)
A

A

지난번 발생했던 시스템 오류로 인해 고객 여러분께 불편을 드린 바 대단히 죄송합니다. (We are extremely sorry for having caused inconvenience to our customers due to the system error that occurred last time.)
B

B

저희는 이러한 문제가 재발하지 않도록 시스템 개선을 최우선으로 하고자 합니다. (We aim to prioritize system improvements to prevent such issues from recurring.)

أسئلة شائعة

Q

When should I use -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 instead of other 'according to' phrases in Korean?

Use -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 for formal, legal, or official contexts where precision and authority are paramount, like citing regulations or documents. For casual according to, use -에 따르면 or -에 의하면.

Q

Is -고자 하다 always formal, or can it be used casually?

-고자 하다 is exclusively formal. It expresses a strong, deliberate intention or aim, typically used in speeches, official statements, or business plans. Avoid it in casual conversations.

Q

What's the difference between -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 and just using a declarative ending like -습니다/ㅂ니다?

-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 adds a layer of formality, emphasis, and often a sense of declaration or conclusion to a statement, making it sound more official or impactful than a simple declarative ending. It implies

it is the case that...
or we state that....

السياق الثقافي

In Korean business and legal settings, formality is paramount. These grammar patterns are not merely stylistic choices; they reflect a deep-seated cultural emphasis on respect, hierarchy, and precision in communication. Using these structures demonstrates not only your linguistic proficiency at a B2 Korean level but also your understanding of appropriate conduct.
They are commonly found in official reports, contracts, public apologies, speeches, and formal emails, signifying the speaker's or writer's professionalism and serious intent. Mastering them allows you to navigate these environments with confidence and credibility.

أمثلة رئيسية (8)

1

이메일을 통하여 연락해 주세요.

يرجى التواصل معي عبر البريد الإلكتروني.

الوسيلة الرسمية: عبر أو من خلال (-을/를 통하여)
2

저는 유튜브를 통하여 한국어를 배워요.

أنا أتعلم اللغة الكورية عبر اليوتيوب.

الوسيلة الرسمية: عبر أو من خلال (-을/를 통하여)
3

강남역을 중심으로 친구들을 만나요.

بنتقابل أنا وأصحابي في المنطقة اللي حول محطة كانغنام.

التمحور حول: -을/를 중심으로
4

문법을 중심으로 한국어를 공부해요.

بدرس اللغة الكورية مع التركيز بشكل أساسي على القواعد.

التمحور حول: -을/를 중심으로
5

본인은 이번 결과에 대해 매우 유감스러운 바입니다.

أجد أن النتائج الحالية مؤسفة للغاية.

التصريحات الرسمية: إنه كذا (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)
6

새로운 정책을 다음과 같이 공지하는 바입니다.

نعلن بموجب هذا عن السياسة الجديدة كما يلي.

التصريحات الرسمية: إنه كذا (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)
7

불편을 끼쳐 드린 바 대단히 죄송합니다.

أعتذر بشدة عن الإزعاج الذي تسببت به.

الاعتذار الرسمي للأعمال (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)
8

기대를 저버린 바 진심으로 사과드립니다.

أعتذر بصدق لأنني خيبت آمالكم.

الاعتذار الرسمي للأعمال (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)

نصائح وحيل (4)

⚠️

ركز في المسافات

دايماً افتكر تسيب مسافة قبل كلمة . كتابة 정한바에 بتعتبر غلطة إملائية واضحة في الكورية الرسمية، الصح هو: «정한 바에».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: قواعد القانون الكوري: وفقاً لـ (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)
🎯

سلط الضوء على فعلك

استخدم هالقاعدة لما تبي تركز على عامل واحد محدد يخلي المهمة تنجح. هاد الأسلوب بيخلي حجتك تبدو أقوى بكتير، مثل: «성공하는 데 있어서 노력은 필수입니다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الكورية الرسمية: فيما يتعلق بـ (-는 데 있어서)
💡

لمسة رسمية

لو شفت الكلمة دي في كتاب أو موقع إخباري، فهي مجرد النسخة الرسمية من 통해서. لا تقلق من طولها! «책을 통하여 배워요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الوسيلة الرسمية: عبر أو من خلال (-을/를 통하여)
💬

معنى الكلمة الأصلي

كلمة 중심 بتتكون من حرفين صينيين معناهم (الوسط) و(القلب)، يعني كأنك بتحط الكلمة في 'نص قلب' الجملة! «사랑을 중심으로 이야기해요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التمحور حول: -을/를 중심으로

المفردات الرئيسية (6)

규정 (gyujeong) regulation 검토하다 (geomtohada) to review 진행하다 (jinhaenghada) to proceed 결과 (gyeol-gwa) result 오류 (oryu) error 승인 (seung-in) approval

Real-World Preview

message-square

Formal Project Update

Review Summary

  • Verb/Adj + -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여
  • Verb + -는 데 있어서
  • Verb + -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다
  • Verb + -ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다
  • Noun + -에 의해

أخطاء شائعة

Using colloquial verbs like '했다' ruins the formal tone. Use formal verbs like '진행하다'.

Wrong: 규정에 의하여 했다.
صحيح: 규정에 의하여 진행하였습니다.

Word order is crucial. The '바' structure must precede the apology phrase.

Wrong: 죄송합니다만 바에...
صحيح: 지연된 바 대단히 죄송합니다.

Avoid first-person pronouns in formal 'by' structures. Use '본인' or the team name.

Wrong: 나에 의해 완료되었다.
صحيح: 본인에 의해 완료되었습니다.

القواعد في هذا الفصل (7)

Next Steps

You've successfully mastered the most formal tier of Korean grammar! Keep applying these to your real-world emails and meetings.

Write a mock business apology email.

تدريب سريع (10)

املأ الفراغ بأكثر صيغة رسمية للفعل 'يعلن'.

새로운 업데이트 소식을 _____.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공지하는 바입니다
في سياق تحديث رسمي، الصيغة الرسمية للغاية '-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다' هي الخيار الأنسب.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التصريحات الرسمية: إنه كذا (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)

جد الخطأ وصححه في هذا التصريح الرسمي.

Find and fix the mistake:

본인은 이에 동의한 바입니다. (السياق: موافقة في الحاضر)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 본인은 이에 동의하는 바입니다.
للموافقة في زمن المضارع في إطار رسمي، نستخدم '-는' بدلاً من صيغة الماضي '-ㄴ'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: التصريحات الرسمية: إنه كذا (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)

املأ الفراغ بالصيغة الصحيحة.

유튜브(___) 한국 요리를 배웠어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 를 통하여
بما أن كلمة '유튜브' تنتهي بحرف متحرك، نستخدم '를 통하여'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الوسيلة الرسمية: عبر أو من خلال (-을/를 통하여)

أي جملة هي الأنسب لتقرير إخباري؟

اختر الجملة الرسمية:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 범인이 경찰에 의해 체포되었습니다.
صيغة المبني للمجهول مع '-에 의해' هي المعيار المتبع في التقارير الإخبارية الرسمية.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: فاعل 'بواسطة' الرسمي (-에 의해)

أي جملة تستخدم القاعدة بشكل صحيح لوسيلة رقمية؟

اختر الجملة الصحيحة:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: كلاهما صحيح، لكن '통하여' رسمية أكثر.
كلا الخيارين صحيح قواعدياً، لكن '통하여' هي المفضلة في السياقات الرسمية أو العمل.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الوسيلة الرسمية: عبر أو من خلال (-을/를 통하여)

أوجد الخطأ في المسافات أو القواعد في هذا الاعتذار.

Find and fix the mistake:

준비가 미흡한바대단히 죄송합니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 준비가 미흡한 바 대단히 죄송합니다.
لازم يكون فيه مسافة بعد '바' لأنه اسم معتمد مش حرف.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الاعتذار الرسمي للأعمال (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)

أي جملة تبدو طبيعية في الكلام اليومي العادي؟

اختر الطريقة الصحيحة لقول 'فعلت كما قال صديقي.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 친구가 말한 대로 했다.
صيغة -는 바에 의하여 رسمية جداً وجامدة بين الصحاب. -대로 (كما) هي الاختيار الطبيعي هنا.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: قواعد القانون الكوري: وفقاً لـ (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)

أي جملة هي الأنسب لاعتذار رسمي من شركة؟

اختر الاعتذار الأكثر رسمية:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 실수가 있었던 바 대단히 죄송합니다.
هيكل '-ㄴ/은 바' مع '대단히 죄송합니다' هو المعيار الذهبي للرسمية العالية.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الاعتذار الرسمي للأعمال (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)

املأ الفراغ بالتصريف الصحيح لفعل '끼치다' (يسبب/يلحق).

불편을 ___ 바 대단히 죄송합니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 끼친
لوصف 'حقيقة' التسبب في إزعاج كحدث وقع، بنستخدم صيغة الماضي '-ㄴ 바'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: الاعتذار الرسمي للأعمال (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)

جد الخطأ في هذا التصريح الرسمي.

결과는 운에 로 결정되었습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 결과는 운에 의해 결정되었습니다.
في السياقات الرسمية، نستخدم '-에 의해' لإظهار السبب أو الفاعل الذي أدى للنتيجة.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: فاعل 'بواسطة' الرسمي (-에 의해)

Score: /10

أسئلة شائعة (6)

أكيد لا! دي محصورة بس في القوانين والإجراءات الرسمية. خطط الويك إند مش عقد قانوني: «주말에 친구를 만날 거예요.»
مافيش فرق في المعنى. 의해 هي مجرد اختصار لـ 의하여. الاتنين رسميين وصح جداً: «합의한 바에 의해.»
'-는 데서' تميل لأن تكون حرفية أكثر، وغالباً تشير لمكان مادي أو مصدر معين. أما '-는 데 있어서' فهي مجردة ورسمية أكثر، وتركز على المفهوم أو العملية مثل: «성공하는 데 있어서».
ليس بشكل مباشر. تحتاج لتحويلها لفعل أولاً، مثل «행복하게 사는 데 있어서» (فيما يتعلق بالعيش بسعادة).
الاتنين ليهم نفس المعنى، بس -통하여 رسمية أكتر وبتستخدم في الكتابة والأخبار، أما -통해서 هي اللي بنسمعها في الكلام اليومي مع الصحاب. «친구를 통해서 들었어.»
طبعاً! مثالية جداً لو عايز تقول إنك لقيت حاجة 'عبر إنستغرام' أو 'عبر تيك توك'. بس اتأكد من إضافة -을 أو -를 صح. «틱톡을 통하여 봤어요.»