B2 · Intermédiaire supérieur Chapitre 4

Business and Legal Formalities

7 Règles totales
72 exemples
5 min
Règles dans ce chapitre Pratique rapide

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of professional communication with these essential formal Korean business structures.

  • Construct authoritative legal and business statements.
  • Navigate complex professional discussions with precision.
  • Deliver formal apologies and declarations with confidence.
Elevate your professional presence through formal Korean mastery.

Ce que tu vas apprendre

Hey there, Korean language superstar! Ready to step beyond everyday chats and dive into the exciting world of formal and business Korean? In this chapter, you’re going to master some incredibly useful structures that will make you sound like a true professional in formal Korean settings. Don't worry, it's totally achievable, and we’ll learn it together! First up, you'll discover how to use '-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여' to make your statements sound precise and authoritative, just like a legal document – perfect for when you need to say 'according to this rule...'. Then, with '-는 데 있어서', you'll learn to speak with confidence and authority in specialized discussions, whether you're talking about a specific field or a complex process. Imagine you're in an important business meeting or need to issue a formal apology. You'll use '-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다' to craft impactful, official declarations, and with '-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다', you’ll learn the sophisticated way to apologize professionally in sensitive business or public situations. Plus, '-고자 하다' will empower you to express formal intentions or purposes, like 'we aim to achieve this.' Finally, you'll grasp '-에 의해' to formally identify the agent responsible for an action, such as 'this was done by the company.' By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand formal Korean documents and emails better; you'll be able to communicate with a new level of professionalism and confidence. These skills will seriously elevate your presence in any Korean business or academic environment. Get ready to shine like a true Korean pro!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Write a formal apology email and a project status report using professional grammar.

Guide du chapitre

Overview

Hey there, Korean language superstar! Ready to step beyond everyday chats and dive into the exciting world of formal and business Korean? Welcome to a pivotal chapter designed to elevate your communication skills to a B2 Korean grammar level and beyond.
In this section, you’re going to master some incredibly useful structures that will make you sound like a true professional in formal Korean settings. This isn't just about sounding polite; it's about precision, authority, and conveying respect in environments like business meetings, legal discussions, or official correspondence. Understanding these nuances is crucial for anyone aiming to succeed in a Korean professional or academic context.
Don't worry, it's totally achievable, and we’ll learn it together! By the end, you won't just understand formal Korean documents and emails better; you'll be able to communicate with a new level of professionalism and confidence. These skills will seriously elevate your presence in any Korean business or academic environment.
Get ready to shine like a true Korean pro!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on six powerful Korean grammar patterns essential for formal and business communication. First up, -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 translates to according to or
on the basis of,
perfect for precise, authoritative statements, much like legal language. For example, 법률에 의거하는 바에 의하여 이 계약은 유효합니다 (According to the law, this contract is valid).
Next, -는 데 있어서 means regarding or in terms of, allowing you to speak with confidence in specialized discussions. Think of it as setting the scope: 프로젝트 추진에 있어서 가장 중요한 것은 팀워크입니다 (Regarding project advancement, teamwork is the most important thing). When making impactful, official declarations, you'll use -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다.
This phrase adds gravitas, often used in public statements or formal reports. For instance, 저희는 이 문제에 대해 심각하게 고려하는 바입니다 (We are seriously considering this matter). For those sensitive business or public situations requiring a sophisticated apology, -ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다 is your go-to.
It translates to
we are extremely sorry for what has happened.
Example: 고객 여러분께 불편을 드린 바 대단히 죄송합니다 (We are extremely sorry for having caused inconvenience to our customers). To express formal intentions or purposes, like
we aim to achieve this,
use -고자 하다. As in, 저희는 고객 만족을 최우선으로 하고자 합니다 (We aim to prioritize customer satisfaction).
Finally, -에 의해 formally identifies the agent responsible for an action, similar to by in English passive constructions. For example, 이 보고서는 전문가 팀에 의해 작성되었습니다 (This report was prepared by a team of experts). Mastering these patterns will significantly enhance your B2 Korean proficiency.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 저는 친구에 의해 이 영화를 봤어요. (I saw this movie by my friend.)
✓ Correct: 이 영화는 친구에 의해 추천되었습니다. (This movie was recommended by a friend.)
*Explanation:* -에 의해 is specifically used for formal, often inanimate agents or abstract entities in passive constructions, not typically for direct, active human agents in casual contexts. For a casual by a person, you'd usually use -이/가 or -에게서.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 내일 숙제를 끝내고자 해. (I intend to finish homework tomorrow.)
✓ Correct: 저희는 새로운 목표를 달성하고자 합니다. (We aim to achieve new goals.)
*Explanation:* -고자 하다 is a highly formal expression of intention or purpose. Using it in casual, everyday contexts like talking about homework sounds unnatural and overly stiff. It's reserved for formal speeches, official documents, or business contexts.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 밥을 먹는 바입니다. (It is that I eat rice.)
✓ Correct: 저희는 최선을 다했음을 말씀드리는 바입니다. (We declare that we have done our best.)
*Explanation:* -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 is a formal declarative ending used to state a fact or conclusion with emphasis and authority, often in official contexts. Using it for simple, everyday actions makes it sound awkward and pompous.

Real Conversations

A

A

이번 신제품 출시에 있어서 가장 중요한 점은 무엇이라고 생각하십니까? (Regarding the launch of this new product, what do you think is the most important point?)
B

B

고객의 피드백을 적극적으로 반영하는 바, 이는 성공적인 출시를 위한 핵심 요소라고 생각합니다. (We are actively reflecting customer feedback, and we believe this is a key factor for a successful launch.)
A

A

지난번 발생했던 시스템 오류로 인해 고객 여러분께 불편을 드린 바 대단히 죄송합니다. (We are extremely sorry for having caused inconvenience to our customers due to the system error that occurred last time.)
B

B

저희는 이러한 문제가 재발하지 않도록 시스템 개선을 최우선으로 하고자 합니다. (We aim to prioritize system improvements to prevent such issues from recurring.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 instead of other 'according to' phrases in Korean?

Use -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여 for formal, legal, or official contexts where precision and authority are paramount, like citing regulations or documents. For casual according to, use -에 따르면 or -에 의하면.

Q

Is -고자 하다 always formal, or can it be used casually?

-고자 하다 is exclusively formal. It expresses a strong, deliberate intention or aim, typically used in speeches, official statements, or business plans. Avoid it in casual conversations.

Q

What's the difference between -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 and just using a declarative ending like -습니다/ㅂ니다?

-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다 adds a layer of formality, emphasis, and often a sense of declaration or conclusion to a statement, making it sound more official or impactful than a simple declarative ending. It implies

it is the case that...
or we state that....

Cultural Context

In Korean business and legal settings, formality is paramount. These grammar patterns are not merely stylistic choices; they reflect a deep-seated cultural emphasis on respect, hierarchy, and precision in communication. Using these structures demonstrates not only your linguistic proficiency at a B2 Korean level but also your understanding of appropriate conduct.
They are commonly found in official reports, contracts, public apologies, speeches, and formal emails, signifying the speaker's or writer's professionalism and serious intent. Mastering them allows you to navigate these environments with confidence and credibility.

Exemples clés (8)

1

계약서에 명시된 바에 의하여 처리될 것입니다.

Ce sera traité conformément à ce qui est spécifié dans le contrat.

Grammaire Juridique Coréenne : Conformément À (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)
2

법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 권리를 보장받습니다.

Les droits sont garantis conformément à ce que la loi détermine.

Grammaire Juridique Coréenne : Conformément À (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)
3

이메일을 통하여 연락해 주세요.

Veuillez me contacter par e-mail.

'À travers' ou 'Via' formel (-을/를 통하여)
4

저는 유튜브를 통하여 한국어를 배워요.

J'apprends le coréen via YouTube.

'À travers' ou 'Via' formel (-을/를 통하여)
5

강남역을 중심으로 친구들을 만나요.

Je vois mes amis autour de la station Gangnam.

Centré sur : -을/를 중심으로
6

문법을 중심으로 한국어를 공부해요.

J'étudie le coréen en me concentrant sur la grammaire.

Centré sur : -을/를 중심으로
7

본인은 이번 결과에 대해 매우 유감스러운 바입니다.

Je trouve les résultats actuels très regrettables.

Déclarations Formelles : C'est le fait que (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)
8

새로운 정책을 다음과 같이 공지하는 바입니다.

Nous annonçons par la présente la nouvelle politique comme suit.

Déclarations Formelles : C'est le fait que (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)

Conseils et astuces (4)

⚠️

Attention à l'espace

N'oublie jamais l'espace avant le mot 바. Écrire 정한바에 est une faute de frappe flagrante en coréen formel : «정한 바에».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Grammaire Juridique Coréenne : Conformément À (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)
🎯

Mets le paquet sur un facteur clé

Utilise cette grammaire quand tu veux isoler UN élément crucial pour la réussite d'une action. Ça donne beaucoup de poids à ton argument, par exemple : «성공하는 데 있어서 인맥이 중요해요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Coréen des Affaires : En ce qui concerne (-는 데 있어서)
💡

La vibe 'écrite'

Si tu vois ça dans un livre ou sur un site d'infos, c'est juste la version formelle de -통해서. Ne panique pas devant les syllabes en plus ! «책을 통하여 지식을 얻어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'À travers' ou 'Via' formel (-을/를 통하여)
💬

Le sens caché du Hanja

Le mot 중심 vient de deux caractères chinois : 中 (Milieu) et 心 (Cœur). En utilisant cette règle, tu places littéralement le mot au cœur de ta phrase ! «가족을 중심으로 살아요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Centré sur : -을/를 중심으로

Vocabulaire clé (6)

규정 (gyujeong) regulation 검토하다 (geomtohada) to review 진행하다 (jinhaenghada) to proceed 결과 (gyeol-gwa) result 오류 (oryu) error 승인 (seung-in) approval

Real-World Preview

message-square

Formal Project Update

Review Summary

  • Verb/Adj + -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여
  • Verb + -는 데 있어서
  • Verb + -ㄴ/은/는 바입니다
  • Verb + -ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다
  • Noun + -에 의해

Erreurs courantes

Using colloquial verbs like '했다' ruins the formal tone. Use formal verbs like '진행하다'.

Wrong: 규정에 의하여 했다.
Correct: 규정에 의하여 진행하였습니다.

Word order is crucial. The '바' structure must precede the apology phrase.

Wrong: 죄송합니다만 바에...
Correct: 지연된 바 대단히 죄송합니다.

Avoid first-person pronouns in formal 'by' structures. Use '본인' or the team name.

Wrong: 나에 의해 완료되었다.
Correct: 본인에 의해 완료되었습니다.

Règles dans ce chapitre (7)

1

Grammaire Juridique Coréenne : Conformément À (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)

B2
Utilise «-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여» pour sonner comme un document officiel ou un contrat. C'est l'outil parfait pour citer des règles, des accords ou des lois.
계약서에 명시된 바에 의하여 처리될 것입니다.
10 exemples
2

Coréen des Affaires : En ce qui concerne (-는 데 있어서)

B2
Utilise cette structure pour booster ton niveau de langue en contexte pro ou académique. C'est l'outil parfait pour parler d'un processus précis avec autorité. «는 데 있어서» Expertise Processus
건강을 유지하는 데 있어서 운동은 필수적입니다.
11 exemples
3

'À travers' ou 'Via' formel (-을/를 통하여)

B2
Utilise «-을/를 통하여» pour indiquer un canal ou un moyen formel comme via ou
par le biais de
.
이메일을 통하여 연락해 주세요.
10 exemples
4

Centré sur : -을/를 중심으로

B2
Utilise «-을/를 중심으로» pour transformer un nom en cœur ou en sujet central de ton action.
강남역을 중심으로 친구들을 만나요.
11 exemples
5

Déclarations Formelles : C'est le fait que (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)

B2
Utilise cette structure pour transformer tes affirmations en déclarations solennelles et professionnelles. C'est l'outil parfait pour la Déclaration, le style Formel et l'expression de l' Autorité.
본인은 이번 결과에 대해 매우 유감스러운 바입니다.
10 exemples
6

Excuses professionnelles formelles (-ㄴ/은/는 바 대단히 죄송합니다)

B2
Utilise cette structure ultra-formelle pour reconnaître tes erreurs professionnellement avec les mots-clés «바» pour le fait et «대단히 죄송합니다» pour l'excuse.
불편을 끼쳐 드린 바 대단히 죄송합니다.
10 exemples
7

Agent formel 'Par' (-에 의해)

B2
Utilise «-에 의해» pour désigner formellement le responsable ou la cause d'une action, comme un par ou en raison de très soutenu.
이 건물은 유명한 건축가에 의해 설계되었습니다.
10 exemples

Next Steps

You've successfully mastered the most formal tier of Korean grammar! Keep applying these to your real-world emails and meetings.

Write a mock business apology email.

Continue to: Advanced Contrast and Concession

Pratique rapide (10)

Quelle phrase semble naturelle pour une conversation décontractée ?

Choisis la bonne façon de dire 'J'ai fait ce que mon ami m'a dit.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 친구가 말한 대로 했다.
-는 바에 의하여 est trop robotique pour parler avec des amis. -대로 (comme/selon) est le choix naturel ici.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Grammaire Juridique Coréenne : Conformément À (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)

Complète la phrase en utilisant le marqueur formel 'par'.

이 소설은 김 작가___ 쓰였습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 에 의해
On utilise '-에 의해' pour l'agence formelle, comme un auteur écrivant un livre.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Agent formel 'Par' (-에 의해)

Quelle phrase est la plus appropriée pour un reportage télévisé ?

Choisis la phrase formelle :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 범인이 경찰에 의해 체포되었습니다.
La forme passive avec '-에 의해' est le standard pour le journalisme formel.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Agent formel 'Par' (-에 의해)

Trouve l'erreur dans cette déclaration formelle.

결과는 운에 로 결정되었습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 결과는 운에 의해 결정되었습니다.
Dans les contextes formels, '-에 의해' est utilisé pour montrer l'agent ou la cause d'un résultat.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Agent formel 'Par' (-에 의해)

Complète la phrase avec la bonne expression.

가족___ 주말을 보냈어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 을 중심으로
가족 finit par une consonne (ㄱ), donc on utilise '을 중심으로'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Centré sur : -을/를 중심으로

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans cette déclaration formelle.

본인은 이에 동의한 바입니다. (Contexte : Accord au présent)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 본인은 이에 동의하는 바입니다.
Pour un accord au présent dans un cadre formel, utilise '-는' au lieu du passé '-ㄴ'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Déclarations Formelles : C'est le fait que (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)

Complète avec la bonne particule.

K팝___ 중심으로 이야기했어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 을
K팝 se termine par une consonne (ㅂ), donc on doit utiliser '을'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Centré sur : -을/를 중심으로

Quelle phrase est correctement formatée pour un discours formel ?

Choisis la phrase la plus professionnelle :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 여러분의 도움에 감사하는 바입니다.
La première option suit correctement la structure 'Radical + 는 바입니다' pour le présent.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Déclarations Formelles : C'est le fait que (-ㄴ/은/는 바입니다)

Complète la phrase avec la grammaire formelle correcte.

계약서에 명시된 ___ 의하여 처리될 것입니다. (Ce sera traité conformément à ce qui est spécifié dans le contrat.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 바에
On a besoin du nom dépendant 바 pour compléter la structure juridique -ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Grammaire Juridique Coréenne : Conformément À (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)

Trouve et corrige l'erreur d'espacement dans cette phrase formelle.

Find and fix the mistake:

법률이 정하는바에 의하여 권리를 보장받습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 권리를 보장받습니다.
바 est un nom et doit être précédé d'un espace. 정하는 바에 est la forme correcte.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Grammaire Juridique Coréenne : Conformément À (-ㄴ/은/는 바에 의하여)

Score: /10

Questions fréquentes (6)

Absolument pas. C'est strictement réservé aux règles, lois et procédures officielles. Tes projets du week-end ne sont pas un contrat légal : «주말에 쉴 거예요» est bien mieux.
Il n'y a aucune différence de sens. 의해 est juste une contraction de 의하여. Les deux sont formels et corrects : «합의한 바에 의해».
Pas tout à fait. '-는 데서' est plus littéral et désigne souvent un lieu physique ou une source précise. '-는 데 있어서' est plus abstrait et formel, il se concentre sur le concept ou le processus : «성공하는 데 있어서 중요한 것은...»
Pas directement. Tu dois transformer l'adjectif en action, par exemple : «행복하게 사는 데 있어서» (En ce qui concerne le fait de vivre heureux).
C'est la même chose ! Mais -통하여 est plus formel et utilisé à l'écrit. «뉴스를 통하여 알게 되었어요.»
Oui ! C'est parfait pour dire que tu as trouvé un truc 'via Instagram'. «인스타그램을 통하여 찾았어요.»
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