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A1 noun 10 min de leitura

坚硬

jianying

Pratique Exemplos Notas e dicas 坚硬 em 30 segundos

Explicação 坚硬 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you should learn '坚硬' (jiānyìng) as a basic descriptive word for things that are very hard to the touch. Think of it as a step up from the word '硬' (hard). At this stage, you only need to use it for physical objects like stones (石头), diamonds (钻石), or the ground (地面). A simple way to remember it is by looking at the characters. '坚' means strong or firm, and '硬' means hard. Together, they describe something that is 'strongly hard.' You will mostly use it in simple sentences like 'The stone is hard' (石头很坚硬) or 'The ground is hard' (地面很坚硬). It's a useful word for describing the world around you and basic science facts. Don't worry about metaphorical meanings yet; just focus on the physical sensation of something that doesn't bend or break when you press it. Remember to use '很' (hěn) before '坚硬' when it's at the end of a sentence! This makes your Chinese sound much more natural. You might also see it in picture books describing animals with shells, like turtles. It's a foundational adjective that helps you build a more descriptive vocabulary beyond just the most basic words.

At the A2 level, you can start using '坚硬' (jiānyìng) in more varied sentence structures and contexts. You might use it to describe food that is difficult to eat because it's too hard, like '坚硬的坚果' (hard nuts) or '坚硬的糖果' (hard candy). You will also learn to use it with the particle '的' (de) to modify nouns in more complex ways, such as '他踩在坚硬的冰面上' (He stepped on the hard ice). At this level, you should understand the difference between '坚硬' and '硬'. While '硬' is general, '坚硬' sounds more descriptive and is often used in written stories or more formal descriptions. You might encounter this word when talking about nature, construction, or even sports (like a hard court). It's also a good time to learn its opposite, '柔软' (róuruǎn - soft). Being able to contrast these two words will greatly improve your descriptive abilities. Practice using it to describe the materials of things in your house—for example, a wooden table might be '坚硬' compared to a soft sofa. This level is about expanding the range of objects you can describe with this word and starting to recognize it in short reading passages.

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At the B1 level, '坚硬' (jiānyìng) moves beyond simple descriptions into more technical and slightly abstract realms. You should be able to use it in comparative sentences, such as '这种合金比普通的钢还要坚硬' (This alloy is even harder than ordinary steel). You will also start to see it used in metaphorical contexts, though still primarily relating to physical properties. For example, '坚硬的目光' (a hard stare) or '坚硬的表情' (a stiff/hard expression) to describe someone who looks unfriendly or unyielding. You should also be able to distinguish '坚硬' from related words like '坚固' (jiāngù - sturdy) and '坚实' (jiānshí - solid/firm). Understanding these nuances is key to reaching intermediate proficiency. At B1, you might encounter '坚硬' in news articles about science, technology, or the environment. For instance, a report on a new building material or a discovery in geology. You should also be comfortable using it in your own writing to add detail and precision. Instead of just saying a wall is '硬', calling it '坚硬' gives the reader a stronger sense of its durability and strength. It's a word that adds a professional and descriptive 'polish' to your Chinese.

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At the B2 level, you are expected to understand the use of '坚硬' (jiānyìng) in formal, academic, and literary contexts. You should recognize its role in scientific descriptions of minerals, where it might be used to discuss the Mohs scale of hardness. In literature, you will see it used to create vivid imagery and atmosphere. For example, a writer might describe a '坚硬的社会' (a hard/unfeeling society) to convey a sense of social criticism. You should also be familiar with idioms and common phrases that include '坚' or '硬', and understand how '坚硬' fits into the broader vocabulary of strength and resilience. At this level, you can use the word to discuss abstract concepts like the '坚硬的壳' (hard shell) that people put up to protect their emotions. You should be able to handle complex sentence structures, such as '尽管地表极其坚硬，植物还是破土而出' (Despite the extremely hard surface, the plant still broke through the soil). Your usage should be precise—knowing exactly when '坚硬' is better than '强硬' (forceful) or '僵硬' (stiff). This level is about mastering the subtle connotations and using the word to express more sophisticated ideas in both speaking and writing.

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At the C1 level, your understanding of '坚硬' (jiānyìng) should be near-native. You should appreciate its use in high-level literature and philosophy. For instance, you might analyze how '坚硬' is used in the works of modern Chinese authors to describe the harsh realities of life or the unyielding nature of certain traditional values. You should be able to use it in professional discussions about materials science, engineering, or medicine with complete accuracy. At this level, you might explore the etymological roots of the characters '坚' and '硬' and how their combination reflects a specific Chinese worldview regarding the nature of matter and strength. You will also encounter the word in complex idiomatic expressions and be able to use them appropriately in context. Your ability to use '坚硬' should extend to subtle rhetorical effects—using the word to evoke a specific feeling of coldness, permanence, or resistance. You should also be able to discuss the word's synonyms and antonyms in depth, explaining the precise differences in register and connotation. At C1, '坚硬' is not just a vocabulary word; it's a tool for nuanced expression and sophisticated analysis of text and speech.

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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of '坚硬' (jiānyìng) and its place within the vast landscape of the Chinese language. You can use it with the same flexibility and nuance as a highly educated native speaker. This includes using it in creative writing to push the boundaries of its traditional meaning, perhaps using it in innovative metaphors or as part of a specific stylistic voice. You should be able to translate complex technical or literary texts containing '坚硬' into English (and vice versa) while perfectly capturing the tone and subtle implications. You can engage in deep philosophical debates about the concept of 'hardness' in Chinese culture, perhaps referencing Taoist or Confucian texts where such qualities are discussed. Your mastery includes an instinctive feel for the 'rhythm' of the word in a sentence and how it interacts with other words to create a harmonious or jarring effect. At this level, you are also aware of any regional variations or archaic uses of the word. You can use '坚硬' to convey the finest shades of meaning, whether you're describing the physical properties of a nanomaterial or the psychological state of a tragic hero. The word is now a fully integrated part of your linguistic repertoire, used with effortless precision and cultural depth.

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Pratique Exemplos Notas e dicas

坚硬 em 30 segundos

坚硬 (jiānyìng) is a Chinese adjective meaning 'hard' or 'firm', used primarily for physical materials like stones, metals, and shells.
It is more formal than the basic word '硬' (yìng) and emphasizes both hardness and structural strength.
In a metaphorical sense, it can describe a cold personality or a harsh reality, though this is secondary to its physical meaning.
Common collocations include '坚硬的石头' (hard stone) and '坚硬的地面' (hard ground).

The Chinese term 坚硬 (jiānyìng) is a powerful adjective used to describe the physical property of being extremely hard, rigid, or solid. While it is often translated simply as 'hard' or 'firm,' its usage in Chinese carries a nuance of durability and resistance to pressure that goes beyond the basic daily word '硬' (yìng). In the realm of physics and material science, 坚硬 describes substances that are difficult to scratch, dent, or break, such as diamonds, granite, or tempered steel. When you encounter this word, think of something that maintains its shape even under immense force.

Physical Rigidity: This refers to objects that do not bend or compress. For example, the surface of a mountain or the shell of a tortoise is described as 坚硬. It suggests a quality of permanence.
Tactile Sensation: When touching a surface that offers zero give, like a cold stone floor in winter, a speaker would use this term to emphasize the uncompromising nature of the material.

这种金属非常坚硬，连钻头都无法破坏它。(This metal is so hard that even a drill cannot damage it.)

Beyond the physical, 坚硬 can occasionally be used metaphorically to describe a person's character or heart, though this is less common than words like '坚定' (firm/determined). When applied to a person, it often implies a lack of emotion or a 'cold' hardness, similar to the English phrase 'a heart of stone.' However, its primary domain remains the description of the material world. In literature, it is often paired with elements of nature to create a sense of harshness or resilience. For instance, '坚硬的冰' (hard ice) or '坚硬的岩石' (hard rock) are common collocations that set a specific atmospheric tone. In daily life, you might hear a dentist describe a tooth as 坚硬, or a construction worker describing the foundation of a building. It is a word that commands respect for the strength of the object being described. It is also used in biological contexts to describe protective structures like horns, claws, or exoskeletons. Understanding this word requires recognizing that it isn't just about the surface feel, but about the structural integrity of the object. It is the opposite of '柔软' (soft/supple) and '脆弱' (fragile/brittle). If something is 坚硬, it is built to last and resist the elements. In the context of the CEFR A1 level, focus on its literal meaning regarding stones, metals, and ground surfaces. As you progress, you will see it used in more abstract or scientific ways, but the core essence remains: unyielding solidity.

Using 坚硬 (jiānyìng) correctly involves understanding its role as an attributive or predicative adjective. In its simplest form, it follows the standard Chinese sentence structure: Subject + (Degree Adverb) + Adjective. For example, '石头很坚硬' (Stones are very hard). Because it is a disyllabic adjective, it often takes the particle '的' (de) when modifying a noun directly: '坚硬的表面' (a hard surface).

The '很' (hěn) Requirement: In Chinese, when a sentence ends with an adjective, we usually add '很' even if we don't mean 'very'. Without it, the sentence can feel like a comparison. So, '地面坚硬' sounds incomplete compared to '地面很坚硬'.

工人们在坚硬的土地上挖掘。(The workers are digging on the hard ground.)

You can also use it with degree intensifiers like '异常' (exceptionally), '极其' (extremely), or '十分' (very). In scientific writing, you might see it in structures like '具有...的特性' (has the characteristic of...). For example, '钻石具有坚硬的特性' (Diamonds have the characteristic of being hard). When describing food, 坚硬 is often used to describe nuts (坚果) or food that has become stale and difficult to chew. '这块面包放了三天，变得非常坚硬' (This bread has been left for three days and has become very hard). It's important to note that 坚硬 is rarely used for people's physical bodies unless referring to specific parts like bones or teeth. If you say someone's muscles are '坚硬', it implies they are like rock, which is a compliment in a fitness context.

他的肌肉像花岗岩一样坚硬。(His muscles are as hard as granite.)

In comparative structures, you can use '比' (bǐ). '钻石比玻璃坚硬得多' (Diamonds are much harder than glass). Note that in this context, 坚硬 is used to specify the 'dimension' of comparison (hardness). In more advanced literature, you might see it used to describe a '坚硬的目光' (a hard/cold stare), which describes an unfriendly or unyielding look. This is a common way to use physical adjectives to describe psychological states in Chinese. Overall, the word is versatile but stays grounded in the concept of resistance to deformation. Whether you are talking about geology, construction, or even a tough piece of candy, 坚硬 is your go-to word for 'rock-solid' hardness.

In modern Chinese society, you will encounter 坚硬 (jiānyìng) in a variety of professional and everyday contexts. If you are watching a nature documentary on CCTV, the narrator will likely use this word to describe the geological formations of the Tibetan Plateau or the protective shells of desert insects. It is a staple of 'formal descriptive' Chinese. In the news, when reporting on infrastructure projects like the 'Belt and Road Initiative', journalists often speak of the '坚硬的岩层' (hard rock layers) that engineers must tunnel through.

In the Kitchen: While '硬' is more common for 'this meat is tough', '坚硬' is used for things that are naturally hard, like the shells of walnuts (核桃) or the pits of peaches. A recipe might say '去除坚硬的外壳' (remove the hard outer shell).

这种材料的表面非常坚硬，不容易刮花。(The surface of this material is very hard and not easily scratched.)

In a medical or dental setting, a doctor might describe the '坚硬的肿块' (hard lump) or '坚硬的牙釉质' (hard tooth enamel). This precision is why '坚硬' is preferred over '硬' in technical fields. In sports commentary, particularly in contact sports or athletics, you might hear about '坚硬的场地' (a hard court/field) which can affect a player's performance or increase the risk of injury. You will also hear this word in advertisements for mobile phones or suitcases, where brands want to emphasize the durability of their products. '坚硬的外壳保护您的手机' (A hard shell protects your phone). In literature and poetry, 坚硬 is used to create contrast. A poet might describe a small flower growing out of a '坚硬的裂缝' (hard crack) in the pavement, symbolizing life's resilience against a harsh environment. Even in modern pop music, lyrics might use '坚硬' to describe a city ('坚硬的城市') to convey a sense of coldness, indifference, or the 'concrete jungle' feel.

在那个坚硬的世界里，他依然保持着温柔。(In that hard world, he still maintained his gentleness.)

Finally, in education, children learn this word early on to describe minerals in science class. It's a fundamental word for categorizing the physical world. Whether you're at a museum looking at fossils or at a hardware store buying floor tiles, 坚硬 is a word that describes the tangible, unyielding reality of the objects around us.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is using 坚硬 (jiānyìng) when they should simply use the single-character word 硬 (yìng). While they both mean 'hard,' 硬 is much more common in casual conversation and for describing things that are 'stiff' or 'tough' rather than 'rock-solid.' For example, if your pillow is too firm, you should say '枕头很硬,' not '枕头很坚硬.' Using 坚硬 for a pillow makes it sound like the pillow is made of stone.

Confusing 'Hard' with 'Determined': Learners often try to translate 'He is a hard man' or 'He has a hard determination' using 坚硬. This is usually incorrect. For determination, use '坚定' (jiāndìng). For a person's tough personality, use '强硬' (qiángyìng) or '严厉' (yánlì).

错误: 他的态度很坚硬。(Wrong: His attitude is very 'hard'.)
正确: 他的态度很坚定。(Correct: His attitude is very firm/determined.)

Another common error is using 坚硬 to describe 'difficult' tasks. In English, 'hard' can mean both 'solid' and 'difficult.' In Chinese, these are completely different words. 'Hard' as in 'difficult' is 难 (nán) or 辛苦 (xīnkǔ). Saying '这个考试很坚硬' (This exam is very hard/rock-solid) would be nonsensical to a native speaker. Furthermore, learners sometimes confuse 坚硬 with 坚固 (jiāngù). While 坚硬 refers to the hardness of the material itself (like a diamond), 坚固 refers to the structural strength of an object (like a well-built bridge or a sturdy chair). A wooden chair can be 坚固 (sturdy) but it isn't necessarily 坚硬 (rock-hard). Conversely, a piece of glass is 坚硬 but not 坚固 because it shatters easily.

这把椅子很坚固。(This chair is very sturdy - NOT 坚硬.)

Finally, be careful with the word order when using '的'. Some students forget that for two-character adjectives, '的' is almost always required when modifying a noun. '坚硬石头' (Hard stone) sounds like a proper noun or a specific technical term, whereas '坚硬的石头' is the correct way to describe a hard stone in a sentence. Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Chinese sound much more natural and precise.

Understanding the synonyms of 坚硬 (jiānyìng) will help you choose the most precise word for your context. Chinese has many words for 'hardness' and 'strength,' and each has its own flavor.

硬 (yìng): The most common, colloquial word for 'hard'. Use this for food, beds, or general descriptions. 坚硬 is its more formal, 'scientific' cousin.
坚固 (jiāngù): Means 'sturdy' or 'stable'. Use this for buildings, bridges, or furniture. It emphasizes that something won't collapse or break apart easily.
坚实 (jiānshí): Means 'solid' or 'firm'. Often used for foundations (literally and figuratively) or a person's build. '坚实的步伐' (a firm step).
坚韧 (jiānrèn): Means 'tough and resilient'. This is used for materials like leather or rubber, and metaphorically for a person's spirit. It implies something that can bend but won't break.

虽然岩石很坚硬，但水滴石穿。(Although the rock is hard, dripping water wears through it.)

If you want to describe something that is hard because it is frozen, use 冻硬 (dòngyìng). If you are describing a person's heartless nature, 冷酷 (lěngkù) or 铁石心肠 (tiěshí xīncháng - heart of iron and stone) are better choices than 坚硬. For something that is physically stiff, like a neck or a dead body, 僵硬 (jiāngyìng) is the correct term. In academic or technical contexts, you might use 硬度 (yìngdù), which is the noun for 'hardness' (e.g., 'The hardness of this mineral is 7'). When describing a firm mattress, you might hear the term 硬邦邦 (yìng bāngbāng), which is a vivid, slightly informal way to say 'rock hard' or 'stiff as a board'. By choosing the right alternative, you can convey whether you are talking about the quality of a material, the strength of a construction, or the resilience of a spirit.

地基非常坚实，可以承受高楼的重量。(The foundation is very solid and can bear the weight of a tall building.)

Always consider the object you are describing: if it's a stone, 坚硬 is perfect. If it's a castle, 坚固 is better. If it's a person's resolve, 坚定 is the winner.

How Formal Is It?

Curiosidade

The character 坚 (jiān) was historically related to the idea of a 'strong vertical' structure, while 硬 (yìng) was purely about the material property of stone.

Guia de pronúncia

UK /dʒiæn jiŋ/

US /dʒiæn jiŋ/

The stress is equal on both syllables in Chinese, but the fourth tone on 'yìng' makes it sound more forceful.

Rima com

心情 (xīnqíng) 命令 (mìnglìng) 水平 (shuǐpíng) 干净 (gānjìng) 安静 (ānjìng) 环境 (huánjìng) 决定 (juédìng) 固定 (gùdìng)

Erros comuns

Pronouncing 'jian' as 'john'.
Missing the nasal 'ng' at the end of 'ying'.
Using the wrong tones (e.g., third tone for jian).
Pronouncing 'ying' like 'ink'.
Failing to distinguish the 'j' sound from 'zh'.

Nível de dificuldade

Leitura 2/5

The characters are common but the '坚' radical structure requires some practice for beginners.

Escrita 3/5

The character '硬' has many strokes and the stone radical must be proportioned correctly.

Expressão oral 2/5

Tones are straightforward (1 and 4), but the 'i' sounds must be clear.

Audição 2/5

Easy to distinguish from other words due to the distinct 'ying' sound.

O que aprender depois

Pré-requisitos

硬石土大

Aprenda a seguir

坚固坚强柔软脆弱

Avançado

莫氏硬度金刚石地质学

Gramática essencial

Degree Adverbs with Adjectives

很坚硬, 非常坚硬, 极其坚硬

The 'De' (的) Particle for Modification

坚硬的石头, 坚硬的表面

Comparative 'Bi' (比)

钻石比金子坚硬。

Resultative Complements with 'Bian' (变)

地面变坚硬了。

Similes with 'Xiang... Yiyang' (像...一样)

像铁一样坚硬。

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Exemplos por nível

石头很坚硬。

The stone is very hard.

Subject + Adverb (很) + Adjective (坚硬).

地面很坚硬。

The ground is very hard.

Used here as a predicate adjective describing the state of the ground.

他的牙齿很坚硬。

His teeth are very hard.

Describing a body part known for its hardness.

这是一块坚硬的木头。

This is a hard piece of wood.

Using '的' to modify the noun '木头'.

钻石非常坚硬。

Diamonds are extremely hard.

Using '非常' as a degree intensifier.

不要吃坚硬的糖果。

Don't eat hard candy.

Negative imperative sentence with '坚硬' modifying '糖果'.

墙壁很坚硬。

The wall is very hard.

Simple descriptive sentence.

冰很坚硬。

The ice is very hard.

Describing a state of matter (frozen water).

核桃的外壳非常坚硬。

The shell of a walnut is very hard.

'外壳' (outer shell) is a common noun modified by '坚硬'.

他在坚硬的土地上跑步。

He is running on the hard ground.

Prepositional phrase '在...上' with an adjective-noun pair.

这种塑料很坚硬，不容易碎。

This plastic is very hard and doesn't break easily.

Compound sentence showing cause and effect.

乌龟有坚硬的壳。

Turtles have hard shells.

Describing a biological feature.

这种坚硬的材料可以用来盖房子。

This hard material can be used to build houses.

'可以用来' (can be used to) structure.

冬天，河水变成了坚硬的冰。

In winter, the river water turns into hard ice.

'变成' (become/turn into) shows a change of state.

他的拳头很坚硬。

His fists are very hard.

Describing physical strength.

面包放久了，变得很坚硬。

The bread has been left for a long time and has become very hard.

'变得' shows a transformation.

这种金属比钢铁还要坚硬。

This metal is even harder than steel.

Comparative structure '比...还要...'.

地质学家正在研究这种坚硬的岩石。

Geologists are studying this hard rock.

Professional context usage.

他用坚硬的工具打开了箱子。

He opened the box with a hard tool.

'用...的工具' (using... tool) structure.

这种坚硬的表面可以防止划痕。

This hard surface can prevent scratches.

Describing a functional property.

尽管生活很坚硬，他依然很乐观。

Although life is hard (harsh), he is still optimistic.

Metaphorical use of '坚硬' for life/reality.

这种植物的种子有坚硬的保护层。

The seeds of this plant have a hard protective layer.

Biological/Technical description.

他那坚硬的目光让人感到害怕。

His hard stare made people feel afraid.

Metaphorical use for a facial expression.

工人们在坚硬的岩层中开凿隧道。

Workers are carving a tunnel through the hard rock layer.

Construction/Engineering context.

钻石的坚硬程度是自然界中最高的。

The hardness level of diamonds is the highest in nature.

'坚硬程度' (degree of hardness) acts as a noun phrase.

这种新型陶瓷材料极其坚硬且耐高温。

This new ceramic material is extremely hard and heat-resistant.

Using '极其' and '且' (and) for formal description.

他试图打破那层坚硬的社会隔阂。

He tried to break through that hard layer of social barriers.

Abstract metaphorical use for social issues.

由于地基坚硬，这座大楼非常稳固。

Because the foundation is hard, this building is very stable.

'由于...，...' (Because..., ...) structure.

这种坚硬的质感给人一种冷峻的感觉。

This hard texture gives people a cold and stern feeling.

Describing aesthetic or psychological impact.

他的性格像岩石一样坚硬，从不妥协。

His character is as hard as rock; he never compromises.

Simile '像...一样' (like... same).

这种动物利用坚硬的角来防御敌人。

This animal uses its hard horns to defend against enemies.

Functional biological description.

在这片坚硬的土地上，很难种出庄稼。

It is difficult to grow crops on this hard land.

Describing agricultural difficulty.

诗人用“坚硬”一词来隐喻都市生活的冷漠。

The poet uses the word 'hard' to metaphorically describe the indifference of urban life.

Discussing linguistic and literary usage.

这种材料的坚硬性使其成为航天工业的首选。

The hardness of this material makes it the first choice for the aerospace industry.

'坚硬性' (hardness/rigidity) as a noun.

他那坚硬的内心深处隐藏着不为人知的脆弱。

Deep within his hard heart, a hidden fragility was concealed.

Literary contrast between '坚硬' and '脆弱'.

法律的坚硬性保证了社会的公平与正义。

The 'hardness' (unyielding nature) of the law ensures social fairness and justice.

Metaphorical use in a legal/philosophical context.

在坚硬的现实面前，梦想往往显得苍白无力。

In the face of hard reality, dreams often appear pale and weak.

Common literary phrase '坚硬的现实'.

这种合金的微观结构决定了它异常坚硬。

The microstructure of this alloy determines its exceptional hardness.

Scientific/Technical explanation.

他用笔尖在坚硬的竹简上刻下了历史。

He carved history onto the hard bamboo slips with his pen tip.

Historical/Literary context.

这种建筑风格强调线条的坚硬与力量感。

This architectural style emphasizes the hardness and sense of power in its lines.

Artistic/Architectural criticism.

这种哲学思想试图在坚硬的逻辑框架中寻找生命的意义。

This philosophical thought attempts to find the meaning of life within a hard logical framework.

High-level abstract metaphorical use.

其作品中透露出的那种坚硬质感，是时代精神的缩影。

The 'hard' quality revealed in his works is a microcosm of the spirit of the times.

Sophisticated cultural and artistic analysis.

面对坚硬的官僚体制，他感到一种深深的无力感。

Faced with the hard (unyielding) bureaucratic system, he felt a deep sense of powerlessness.

Sociopolitical metaphor.

这种坚硬的对峙状态已经持续了数十年。

This state of hard confrontation has lasted for decades.

Describing a stalemate or rigid conflict.

该矿石的莫氏硬度极高，表现出超乎寻常的坚硬。

The Mohs hardness of this ore is extremely high, exhibiting extraordinary hardness.

Technical scientific terminology.

他试图用柔情去化解对方那颗坚硬如铁的心。

He tried to use tenderness to dissolve the other person's heart, which was as hard as iron.

Idiomatic and literary expression.

这种语言的音调中带有一种坚硬且具有穿透力的美感。

There is a hard and penetrating beauty in the tones of this language.

Aesthetic description of linguistics.

在那个坚硬的年代，生存本身就是一种英雄主义。

In those hard times, survival itself was a form of heroism.

Historical metaphor for 'harsh/difficult'.

Colocações comuns

坚硬的石头

坚硬的地面

坚硬的外壳

坚硬的物质

坚硬的岩石

坚硬的肌肉

坚硬的冰面

坚硬的骨头

坚硬的内心

坚硬的盔甲

Frases Comuns

坚硬如铁

— Hard as iron. Used to describe extreme hardness.

这种木材坚硬如铁。

坚硬如石

— Hard as stone. A common simile for physical hardness.

冻土坚硬如石。

质地坚硬

— Hard texture. Used in technical or formal descriptions of materials.

这种玉石质地坚硬。

外壳坚硬

— Hard shell. Often used for nuts or animals.

这种螃蟹外壳坚硬。

表面坚硬

— Hard surface. Used for floors, screens, or materials.

手机屏幕表面坚硬。

坚硬程度

— Degree of hardness. A noun phrase for scientific measurement.

测试材料的坚硬程度。

坚硬物体

— Hard object. A general term for something solid.

头部撞到了坚硬物体。

坚硬底层

— Hard base/layer. Used in construction or geology.

挖掘到坚硬底层。

坚硬岩层

— Hard rock stratum. Specific to engineering and mining.

穿过坚硬岩层。

坚硬果壳

— Hard fruit shell. Specific to botany or food.

坚硬果壳保护种子。

Frequentemente confundido com

坚硬 vs 硬

硬 is used for all kinds of hardness, including soft-hard (like a bed). 坚硬 is for 'rock-hard' materials.

坚硬 vs 坚固

坚固 means 'sturdy' or 'strong structure'. A wooden bridge is 坚固 but not 坚硬.

坚硬 vs 坚定

坚定 is for 'firm belief' or 'determination', never for physical objects.

Expressões idiomáticas

"坚如磐石"

— As firm as a huge rock. Used for stability and unshakable resolve.

我们的友谊坚如磐石。

Formal

"铁石心肠"

— A heart of iron and stone. Meaning cold and unfeeling.

他真是个铁石心肠的人。

Neutral

"坚不可摧"

— So hard/strong it cannot be destroyed.

这座堡垒坚不可摧。

Formal

"志坚行苦"

— Firm in will and enduring in hardship.

他志坚行苦，终于成功。

Literary

"坚韧不拔"

— Firm and indomitable. Usually for spirit.

他有坚韧不拔的精神。

Formal

"无坚不摧"

— Capable of destroying any hard thing; invincible.

正义的力量无坚不摧。

Literary

"坚贞不屈"

— Firm and unyielding in one's loyalty or principles.

英雄坚贞不屈。

Formal

"中坚力量"

— The hard core or backbone of a group.

青年是国家的中坚力量。

Neutral

"坚壁清野"

— Strengthening the walls and clearing the fields (a military strategy).

实行坚壁清野政策。

Historical

"咬牙切齿"

— Grinding teeth (hardness of jaw) in anger.

他恨得咬牙切齿。

Neutral

Fácil de confundir

坚硬 vs 坚固

Both involve strength.

坚硬 is material hardness (resistance to scratching/denting); 坚固 is structural stability (resistance to collapse).

这块钢板很坚硬，这个架子很坚固。

坚硬 vs 坚实

Both describe being solid.

坚实 often implies being thick, solid, and reliable (like a foundation); 坚硬 is purely about hardness.

坚实的脚步，坚硬的石头。

坚硬 vs 僵硬

Both end in 'yìng'.

僵硬 means stiff or inflexible, often due to cold, death, or lack of movement.

肌肉僵硬。

坚硬 vs 强硬

Both imply 'hard'.

强硬 refers to an unyielding attitude, policy, or position.

强硬的立场。

坚硬 vs 硬朗

Both contain '硬'.

硬朗 refers to an elderly person being in good health and robust.

爷爷身体很硬朗。

Padrões de frases

Subject + 很 + 坚硬。

石头很坚硬。

坚硬的 + Noun + ...

坚硬的壳保护乌龟。

Subject + 变得 + 坚硬。

面包变得坚硬了。

A + 比 + B + 坚硬。

钢比铝坚硬。

像 + ... + 一样坚硬。

像钻石一样坚硬。

坚硬的 + Abstract Noun

坚硬的现实。

Noun + 之 + 坚硬

岩石之坚硬令人惊叹。

具有...坚硬的特性

该合金具有极其坚硬的特性。

Família de palavras

Substantivos

硬度 (Hardness)

坚硬度 (Degree of hardness)

硬块 (Hard lump)

Verbos

加硬 (To harden)

硬化 (To become hard)

Adjetivos

坚硬 (Hard)

硬邦邦 (Rock hard)

强硬 (Tough)

Relacionado

坚固

坚实

坚持

坚定

硬朗

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Como usar

frequency

High in written Chinese; Moderate in spoken Chinese.

Erros comuns

这个题很坚硬。 → 这个题很难。
'Hard' in English can mean 'difficult', but 坚硬 only means 'physically solid'.
坚硬石头。 → 坚硬的石头。
Two-character adjectives usually need '的' to modify a noun.
他的心很坚硬。 → 他是个铁石心肠的人。
While 'hard heart' exists in English, Chinese uses specific idioms like '铁石心肠' or '冷酷'.
这把椅子很坚硬。 → 这把椅子很坚固。
Chairs should be 'sturdy' (坚固), not 'rock-hard' (坚硬).
我很坚硬。 → 我很坚定。
To say 'I am firm/determined', use 坚定. 坚硬 implies you are physically a rock.

Dicas

Choose the right 'Hard'

Use 坚硬 for stones and metals; use 硬 for food and furniture; use 难 for tasks.

The 'De' Rule

Always use '的' when 坚硬 is followed by a noun (e.g., 坚硬的表面).

Tone Mastery

Make sure the second syllable 'yìng' is a sharp falling tone to sound authentic.

Scientific Context

In science or engineering, always prefer 坚硬 over 硬 for precision.

Philosophical Contrast

Remember the Taoist idea that 'hard' things break, while 'soft' things survive.

Descriptive Power

Use 坚硬 to add a sense of coldness or permanence to your descriptions.

Context Clues

If you hear 坚硬, expect the topic to be about nature, building, or materials.

Radical Recognition

Look for the 'stone' (石) radical in '硬' to remember it means hard like a rock.

Avoid Abstract Errors

Never use 坚硬 for 'hard work' or 'hard math problems'.

Noun Form

Learn '硬度' (yìngdù) alongside 坚硬 to talk about the measurement of hardness.

Memorize

Mnemônico

Think of a 'Jian' (giant) standing on a 'Ying' (stone). Giants are strong (坚), and stones are hard (硬).

Associação visual

Imagine a diamond (坚硬) sitting on a granite rock (坚硬). Both are unyielding.

Word Web

石头 (Stone) 钻石 (Diamond) 地面 (Ground) 外壳 (Shell) 冰 (Ice) 钢铁 (Steel) 牙齿 (Teeth) 骨头 (Bone)

Desafio

Try to find three things in your room that are '坚硬' and three that are '柔软' (soft). Say them out loud in Chinese.

Origem da palavra

The word is a compound of 坚 (jiān) and 硬 (yìng). 坚 originally depicted soil (土) being packed tightly by a minister (臣), implying strength and firmness. 硬 features the stone radical (石), signifying the hardness of minerals.

Significado original: Originally used to describe the density of earth and the resistance of stone.

Sino-Tibetan.

Contexto cultural

No specific sensitivities, but avoid using it to describe people's bodies in a way that sounds like a medical condition unless intended.

In English, we use 'hard' for both difficulty and physical density. In Chinese, remember that 坚硬 is ONLY for physical density.

The idiom '水滴石穿' (Dripping water wears through stone) contrasts water with 坚硬 rocks. The 'Four Gentlemen' in art often contrast the 坚硬 bamboo with the soft wind.

Pratique na vida real

Contextos reais

Science Class

硬度测试 (Hardness test)
矿物坚硬 (Mineral is hard)
物理性质 (Physical property)
坚硬的晶体 (Hard crystal)

Construction

坚硬的地基 (Hard foundation)
挖掘岩层 (Digging rock layers)
材料强度 (Material strength)
坚硬的混凝土 (Hard concrete)

Cooking

去除硬壳 (Remove hard shell)
坚硬的果实 (Hard fruit)
口感太硬 (Taste is too hard)
变得坚硬 (Become hard)

Nature/Geology

坚硬的岩石 (Hard rock)
风化作用 (Weathering)
地壳 (Earth's crust)
坚硬的冰层 (Hard ice layer)

Medical

坚硬的肿块 (Hard lump)
牙釉质 (Tooth enamel)
骨骼坚硬 (Bones are hard)
肌肉僵硬 (Muscle stiffness)

Iniciadores de conversa

"你知道世界上最坚硬的物质是什么吗？ (Do you know what the hardest substance in the world is?)"

"这块石头看起来非常坚硬。 (This stone looks very hard.)"

"为什么冬天的地面会变得这么坚硬？ (Why does the ground become so hard in winter?)"

"这个核桃的壳太坚硬了，我打不开。 (The shell of this walnut is too hard, I can't open it.)"

"你觉得这种新材料够坚硬吗？ (Do you think this new material is hard enough?)"

Temas para diário

描述一个你见过的最坚硬的物体。 (Describe the hardest object you have ever seen.)

如果你的心像坚硬的石头一样，你的生活会发生什么变化？ (If your heart were like a hard stone, how would your life change?)

讨论“坚硬”与“柔软”在自然界中的平衡。 (Discuss the balance between 'hard' and 'soft' in nature.)

写一段关于在坚硬的岩石中开凿隧道的故事。 (Write a story about carving a tunnel through hard rock.)

你认为一个人的意志应该像什么一样坚硬？ (What do you think a person's will should be as hard as?)

Perguntas frequentes

10 perguntas

No. For a difficult exam, use '难' (nán). 坚硬 only refers to physical hardness like a stone.

硬 is the basic word for 'hard'. 坚硬 is more formal and implies something is very solid and durable, like rock or metal.

Usually no. If you mean they are determined, use '坚定'. If you mean they are heartless, use '铁石心肠'. Using 坚硬 sounds like they are physically made of stone.

Yes, like bread that has gone stale or mud that has dried. You can say '变得坚硬'.

Use '硬度' (yìngdù). For example, '测试水的硬度' (test the hardness of water).

Yes, '坚硬的冰' is a very common phrase to describe thick, solid ice.

It's usually neutral and descriptive. However, in metaphorical contexts (like a 'hard heart'), it can be negative.

Yes, but it's a bit of an exaggeration, like saying muscles are 'hard as rock'.

The direct opposite is '柔软' (róuruǎn), meaning soft or supple.

It's better to say '硬床'. '坚硬' makes the bed sound like it's made of solid granite.

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