A1 Adjectives & Adverbs 14 min read 简单

法语指示形容词:这个与那个 (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Match the demonstrative adjective to the gender, number, and starting letter of the noun you are pointing out.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'ce', 'cet', 'cette', or 'ces' to point at things, matching the noun's gender and number.

  • Use 'ce' for masculine singular nouns: 'ce livre' (this book).
  • Use 'cet' for masculine singular nouns starting with a vowel: 'cet ami' (this friend).
  • Use 'cette' for feminine singular and 'ces' for all plurals: 'cette table', 'ces livres'.
Pointer + Noun = Pointing at something! 👈 + [ce/cet/cette/ces] + [noun]

Overview

### Overview
在法语学习的初期,我们一定会遇到一个非常核心的语法点,那就是“指示形容词”,也就是法语里的 cecetcetteces。简单来说,它们的作用就是“指点江山”,帮你明确你指的是哪一个东西。比如你想说“这本书”、“那个人”或者“这些咖啡”,就必须用到它们。
很多中文母语者在学习这一块时会觉得有点绕,因为中文的逻辑非常简单:我们只需要一个“这”或者“那”,后面跟上量词和名词就搞定了。比如“这本书”、“那个人”,无论名词是什么性别、是单数还是复数,“这”和“那”永远不变。但在法语里,情况完全不同。法语要求“性数一致”,这意味着你的指示形容词必须像变色龙一样,根据后面名词的“性别”(阴性/阳性)和“数量”(单数/复数)进行改变。这其实就像是在给名词“穿衣服”,衣服必须合身,语法才算正确。掌握这些词,是让你从“只会蹦单词”跨越到“能说出完整、准确句子”的关键一步。这不仅是A1阶段的必修课,更是你未来表达准确性的基石。别担心,这比你想象中要简单,只要掌握了其中的规律,你就能像母语者一样自然地使用它们。
### How This Grammar Works
法语和中文在语法逻辑上最大的区别之一就是“一致性原则”。在中文里,我们说“这只猫”和“这些猫”,形容词“这”是不变的。但在法语中,语法要求修饰词必须与名词保持高度的协调。这就好比我们在微信聊天时,不仅要看对方是谁,还要看对方的身份来决定用什么样的称呼。法语的指示形容词也是如此,它必须根据名词的“属性”来选择对应的形式。
首先是“性别”。法语的名词分为阳性(masculin)和阴性(féminin)。你需要查字典或者通过记忆来确定一个名词的性别。其次是“数量”。如果名词是复数(通常词尾有 -s 或 -x),那么无论它原本是阴性还是阳性,指示形容词都会统一变成一个形式,这其实减轻了我们的记忆负担。
最有趣的是,法语非常讲究“发音的顺滑感”。这就是为什么会有 cet 这个特殊形式的存在。当一个阳性单数名词以元音字母(a, e, i, o, u)或哑音 h 开头时,如果你用 ce,读起来会产生一种尴尬的停顿,也就是“连读障碍”(hiatus)。为了解决这个问题,法语引入了 cet,这个 t 就像一座桥梁,让发音变得圆润流畅。这种对语音美感的追求,是法语语法中非常独特的文化印记。相比之下,中文完全没有这种语音强制变化,所以初学者往往会因为习惯了中文的“不变性”而忽略了法语的“变动性”。记住,法语的指示形容词不仅仅是代词,它们是名词的“贴身保镖”,必须随时根据名词的变化而调整自己的姿态。
### Formation Pattern
选择指示形容词时,建议大家按照这个逻辑顺序来思考,就像是在玩一个简单的流程图游戏:
  1. 1第一步:看数量。是复数吗?如果是,直接用 ces,万事大吉。
  2. 2第二步:看性别。如果是阴性单数,直接用 cette
  3. 3第三步:如果是阳性单数,再看第一个字母。如果是辅音开头,用 ce;如果是元音或哑音 h 开头,用 cet
| 名词属性 | 指示形容词 | 例词 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 阳性单数 (辅音开头) | ce | ce livre | 这本书 |
| 阳性单数 (元音/哑音 h 开头) | cet | cet ami / cet homme | 这位朋友 / 这个男人 |
| 阴性单数 (任何开头) | cette | cette table | 这张桌子 |
| 复数 (阴阳性通用) | ces | ces stylos / ces amies | 这些笔 / 这些女同学们 |
如果想要强调“这”和“那”的区别,可以在名词后面加上 -ci (这里) 或 -là (那里)。例如:ce livre-ci (这本书) 和 ce livre-là (那本书)。这就像是我们在淘宝买东西时,指着屏幕说“我要这个,不要那个”一样自然。
### When To Use It
指示形容词的使用场景非常广泛,基本涵盖了我们日常生活的方方面面。首先,最直接的用法就是“物理指向”。当你站在咖啡厅,指着柜台里的甜点说 Je voudrais ce gâteau (我要这个蛋糕) 时,你就在使用它。这是一种非常高效的沟通方式,能准确锁定你的目标。
其次,用于“回顾指代”。在一段对话中,当你提到过某件事物后,再次提起时就需要用指示形容词。比如你先说“我买了一台新手机”,接着说 Ce téléphone est super (这台手机很棒)。这里的 ce 起到了连接上下文的作用,让听者知道你依然在谈论刚才那台手机。这在中文里我们常用“这”或“那”来衔接,逻辑是一样的。
第三,用于“时间表达”。在法语里,表达时间段时也离不开它们。比如 ce matin (今天早上)、cette semaine (这周)、ces jours-ci (最近这几天)。记住这些固定搭配,会让你的法语表达显得非常地道。
最后,用于“情感表达”。有时候,指示形容词可以带有一种主观色彩。比如 Cette personne est géniale ! (这个人太棒了!),这里的 cette 强化了你对这个人的关注和评价。它不仅仅是一个指代工具,更是你情感表达的放大器。
### Common Mistakes
作为中文母语者,我们最容易犯的错误通常源于“母语负迁移”(L1 interference):
  1. 1阳性单数元音前的 ce 误用:很多同学习惯性地把 ce 用在所有阳性名词前,比如写成 *ce ami*。这是因为中文里没有连读的概念,我们意识不到元音碰撞带来的发音尴尬。记住,cet 是为了发音好听而设计的“润滑剂”。
  2. 2阴阳性混淆:中文的名词没有性别之分,所以我们大脑里根本没有“给名词分类”的习惯。很多同学会写出 *ce maison*(把房子当阳性了)。解决办法是:背单词时一定要记它的性别,把 un/unele/la 作为一个整体记下来。
  3. 3指示形容词与指示代词混淆:这是最高级的坑。ce 作为形容词必须紧跟名词,比如 ce chat。但如果后面直接接动词,比如 *ce est un chat*,那是错误的。法语里这种情况下要用代词 c'est (这是)。很多同学因为中文里“这”既可以做形容词(这本书)又可以做代词(这是书),就直接套用,导致语法错误。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
为了更清楚地理解,我们可以对比一下指示形容词与定冠词的区别。
| 特征 | 指示形容词 (ce/cette/ces) | 定冠词 (le/la/les) |
|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 指向特定物体(这/那) | 特指某物(这/那个/那个特定的) |
| 语感 | 强调“指点”和“区分” | 强调“已知”或“唯一” |
| 例子 | Ce livre est bleu (这本书是蓝的) | Le livre est bleu (那本书是蓝的) |
简单来说,定冠词 le/la/les 就像是说“那个大家都知道的东西”,而指示形容词 ce/cette/ces 就像是你的手指,明确地指向某一个具体的对象。如果你不确定用哪个,记住:如果你想强调“就是这一个,不是别的那一个”,那就用指示形容词。如果你只是在陈述一个已知的事实,定冠词通常就足够了。
### Quick FAQ
Q1: 我怎么知道一个名词是阳性还是阴性?
A: 法语名词的性别确实没有绝对的规律。建议你在背单词的时候,一定要连同它的冠词(unune)一起背。比如不要只记 table,要记 une table,这样你自然而然就知道它是阴性了。
Q2: 为什么 ces 后面要加 s
A: 这是法语复数的标志。指示形容词 ces 本身就是复数形式,它后面修饰的名词也必须变成复数形式(通常加 s),这叫“性数一致”。
Q3: 如果我分不清 -ci-là 该怎么办?
A: 不用担心!在A1阶段,你完全可以只用 ce/cette-ci-là 只是为了更精确地对比(比如“这个”和“那个”)。如果你只是想表达“这个”,直接用 ce/cette 就完全没问题,母语者也是这么说的。
Q4: cet 到底什么时候用?
A: 记住一个口诀:只要是阳性单数,且第一个字母是元音(a, e, i, o, u)或哑音 h,就用 cet。比如 cet avion (这架飞机)、cet hôtel (这个酒店)。

Demonstrative Adjective Agreement

Gender Number Form Example
Masculine
Singular
ce
ce chat
Masculine
Singular (Vowel)
cet
cet animal
Feminine
Singular
cette
cette table
Masculine/Feminine
Plural
ces
ces chats/tables

Meanings

Demonstrative adjectives are used to point out specific people or things, functioning like 'this', 'that', 'these', or 'those' in English.

1

Identifying objects

Pointing to a specific item near the speaker.

“Ce stylo est rouge.”

“Cette voiture est rapide.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 法语指示形容词:这个与那个 (ce, cet, cette, ces)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Ce/Cet/Cette/Ces + Noun
Ce livre est ici.
Negative
Ne + Verb + Pas + ...
Je ne veux pas ce livre.
Question
Est-ce que + [Pointer] + Noun
Est-ce que ce livre est à toi?
Plural
Ces + Noun (plural)
Ces livres sont bons.
Vowel
Cet + Noun (vowel)
Cet ami est gentil.
Distance
Pointer + Noun + -ci/-là
Ce livre-ci est mieux.

正式程度

正式
Je souhaiterais acquérir cet objet.

Je souhaiterais acquérir cet objet. (Shopping)

中性
Je veux cet objet.

Je veux cet objet. (Shopping)

非正式
Je veux ça.

Je veux ça. (Shopping)

俚语
Je prends celui-là.

Je prends celui-là. (Shopping)

The Pointer Tree

Demonstratives

Masculine

  • ce before consonant
  • cet before vowel

Feminine

  • cette always

Plural

  • ces all genders

按水平分级的例句

1

Ce livre est bon.

This book is good.

2

Cette pomme est rouge.

This apple is red.

3

Ces enfants sont gentils.

These children are kind.

4

Cet homme est grand.

This man is tall.

1

Je veux acheter ce vélo.

I want to buy this bike.

2

Cette idée est géniale.

This idea is great.

3

Ces fleurs sentent bon.

These flowers smell good.

4

Cet avion part à midi.

This plane leaves at noon.

1

Ce projet-ci est plus difficile que celui-là.

This project is harder than that one.

2

Cette décision-là a changé ma vie.

That decision changed my life.

3

Ces documents-ci sont confidentiels.

These documents are confidential.

4

Cet après-midi-là, il pleuvait.

That afternoon, it was raining.

1

Il faut considérer ces facteurs-là avant de conclure.

One must consider those factors before concluding.

2

Cette approche-ci semble plus viable.

This approach seems more viable.

3

Cet argument-là est irrecevable.

That argument is inadmissible.

4

Ce phénomène-ci est rare.

This phenomenon is rare.

1

Ces subtilités-là échappent souvent aux débutants.

Those subtleties often escape beginners.

2

Cette perspective-ci offre un éclairage nouveau.

This perspective offers a new light.

3

Cet engagement-là témoigne de sa loyauté.

That commitment testifies to his loyalty.

4

Ce dilemme-ci reste irrésolu.

This dilemma remains unresolved.

1

Ces méandres-là de la pensée humaine sont fascinants.

Those meanderings of human thought are fascinating.

2

Cette rhétorique-ci est typique de l'époque.

This rhetoric is typical of the era.

3

Cet élan-là vers la liberté est universel.

That impulse toward freedom is universal.

4

Ce paradigme-ci remet tout en cause.

This paradigm calls everything into question.

容易混淆

French Pointers: This & That (ce, cet, cette, ces) 对比 Ce vs C'est

Learners mix up the adjective 'ce' with the pronoun phrase 'c'est'.

French Pointers: This & That (ce, cet, cette, ces) 对比 Ce vs Celui

Learners use 'ce' when they mean 'the one'.

French Pointers: This & That (ce, cet, cette, ces) 对比 Ces vs Ses

They sound identical.

常见错误

ce ami

cet ami

Use 'cet' before a vowel.

cette livre

ce livre

Livre is masculine.

ces livre

ces livres

Plural needs an 's'.

ce est mon livre

c'est mon livre

Use 'c'est' for 'it is'.

cet table

cette table

Table is feminine.

ces garçon

ces garçons

Plural noun required.

ce-là livre

ce livre-là

Suffix goes after the noun.

cette homme

cet homme

Homme starts with a vowel.

ces-ci livres

ces livres-ci

Suffix placement.

ce voiture

cette voiture

Voiture is feminine.

ce idée

cette idée

Idée is feminine.

cet école

cette école

École is feminine.

ces phénomène

ces phénomènes

Pluralization error.

ce épreuve

cette épreuve

Épreuve is feminine.

句型

J'aime ___ ___.

___ ___ est très cher.

Regarde ___ ___ là-bas.

Pourquoi as-tu choisi ___ ___ ?

Real World Usage

Ordering in a cafe constant

Je voudrais ce croissant.

Shopping for clothes very common

Ces chaussures sont trop grandes.

Social media post common

J'adore cette photo!

Job interview occasional

Cette opportunité m'intéresse.

Travel directions common

Prenez cette rue.

Texting a friend constant

Tu as vu ce film?

💡

The Vowel Rule

Always check the first letter of the noun. If it's a vowel, use 'cet'.
⚠️

Don't confuse 'ce' and 'c'est'

If you are pointing at a noun, use 'ce'. If you are saying 'it is', use 'c'est'.
🎯

Use -ci and -là

Add '-ci' for 'this' and '-là' for 'that' to be super precise.
💬

Be direct

French speakers appreciate precision. Don't be afraid to point and use these!

Smart Tips

Immediately think 'cet' if it's masculine.

Ce ami est sympa. Cet ami est sympa.

Use -ci or -là to avoid ambiguity.

Je veux ce livre. Je veux ce livre-ci.

Check the dictionary, but remember that most nouns ending in -e are feminine.

Ce table. Cette table.

Use demonstratives to link ideas.

Le problème est grave. Le problème doit être résolu. Ce problème est grave et doit être résolu.

发音

sɛt‿ami

Vowel Liaison

When 'cet' is followed by a vowel, the 't' is pronounced.

se

Silent 's'

The 's' in 'ces' is silent unless followed by a vowel.

Pointing Emphasis

Ce ↑livre-là !

Used to strongly identify a specific object.

记住它

记忆技巧

Ce, Cet, Cette, Ces: The 'C' squad points at things with ease!

视觉联想

Imagine a giant 'C' shaped finger pointing at objects. If the object is a boy, it's 'ce'. If the boy is wearing a vowel-mask, it's 'cet'. If it's a girl, it's 'cette'. If there's a whole crowd, it's 'ces'.

Rhyme

Ce for a boy, cette for a girl, cet for a vowel, ces for the world!

Story

Pierre is shopping. He points at 'ce' shirt (masc). Then he sees 'cet' umbrella (vowel). He shows 'cette' hat (fem) to his friend. Finally, he buys 'ces' socks (plural) for everyone.

Word Web

cecetcettecesicipointage

挑战

Point at 5 items in your room and say their name in French using the correct demonstrative adjective.

文化笔记

French speakers use these constantly to be precise. Being vague is often seen as unhelpful.

In Quebec, you might hear 'c'te' as a contraction for 'cette'.

Usage is similar to France, but 'ce' is sometimes used more broadly in colloquial speech.

These come from the Latin 'ecce iste' (look at this).

对话开场白

Quel est ce livre que tu lis?

Tu aimes cette chanson?

Que penses-tu de ces chaussures?

Cet homme est-il ton professeur?

日记主题

Describe three things on your desk using 'ce', 'cette', or 'ces'.
Write about a store you visited. What did you point at?
Compare two items in your house using 'ceci' and 'cela'.
Reflect on a decision you made recently using 'cette'.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct demonstrative.

___ livre est intéressant.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ce
Livre is masculine singular.
Choose the correct form. 多项选择

___ ami est gentil.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cet
Ami starts with a vowel.
Find the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ce école est grande.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce
Should be 'cette' because école is feminine.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce film est beau
Standard SVO order.
Translate to French. 翻译

These flowers are beautiful.

Answer starts with: Ces...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ces fleurs sont belles
Ces is the plural form.
Match the noun with the pointer. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ce, cette, ces, cet
Correct gender/number matching.
Make plural. Sentence Transformation

Ce garçon est ici.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ces garçons sont ici
Ces + plural noun.
Which is correct? 多项选择

___ idée est géniale.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cette
Idée is feminine.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct demonstrative.

___ livre est intéressant.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ce
Livre is masculine singular.
Choose the correct form. 多项选择

___ ami est gentil.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cet
Ami starts with a vowel.
Find the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ce école est grande.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce
Should be 'cette' because école is feminine.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

est / ce / beau / film

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce film est beau
Standard SVO order.
Translate to French. 翻译

These flowers are beautiful.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ces fleurs sont belles
Ces is the plural form.
Match the noun with the pointer. Match Pairs

chat, amie, enfants, homme

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ce, cette, ces, cet
Correct gender/number matching.
Make plural. Sentence Transformation

Ce garçon est ici.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ces garçons sont ici
Ces + plural noun.
Which is correct? 多项选择

___ idée est géniale.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cette
Idée is feminine.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the caption. 填空

J'adore ___ robe ! (The dress is feminine)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cette
Choose the correct plural form. 多项选择

How do you say 'these children'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ces enfants
Translate to French 翻译

This hotel is nice.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Cet hôtel est joli.
Correct the agreement. Error Correction

Ce filles sont sympa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ces filles sont sympa.
Put the words in order. Sentence Reorder

génial / film / est / ce

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce film est génial
Match the adjective to the noun. Match Pairs

Match them up!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ce -> garçon
Point at the clock. 填空

___ horloge ne marche pas. (Horloge is feminine)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Cette
Pick the right one for a guy. 多项选择

___ homme est mon prof.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Cet
Translate the question. 翻译

What are these things?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Qu'est-ce que c'est que ces choses ?
Fix the online shopping comment. Error Correction

Je n'aime pas ce écharpe.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je n'aime pas cette écharpe.

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

It's to avoid the 'vowel clash' (hiatus). It makes the language flow better.

No, 'ces' is for both masculine and feminine plurals.

You use the same words, but add '-là' to the noun for emphasis.

No, you must use 'cette'.

Treat it like a vowel! Use 'cet'.

Not inherently. Context or suffixes (-ci/-là) provide the difference.

'C'est' is a verb phrase. 'Ce' is an adjective. They are totally different!

Yes, they are essential for clarity in all registers.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

este/esta/estos/estas

French uses 'cet' for vowel-starting masculine nouns, which Spanish does not.

German moderate

dieser/diese/dieses

German has case endings; French does not.

Japanese low

kono/sono/ano

Japanese has no gender agreement.

Arabic partial

hatha/hathihi

Arabic has a dual form, which French lacks.

Chinese low

zhè/nà

Chinese has no gender or number agreement for demonstratives.

English partial

this/that/these/those

English doesn't care about the noun's gender.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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