Infinitive Constructions: um...zu, ohne...zu, statt...zu
Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of linking actions and intentions efficiently using German infinitive clauses.
- Distinguish between dependent clauses and infinitive phrases.
- Express your intentions and motives using precise German grammar.
- Connect actions seamlessly by describing how or why you perform them.
چی یاد میگیری
Express purpose, absence, and alternatives using German infinitive constructions.
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بیان هدف: برای اینکه / تا (damit vs. um...zu)خیلی ساده: برای هدفهای شخصی از
um...zuو وقتی هدفت به کارِ یه نفر دیگه ربط داره ازdamitاستفاده کن. -
به جای انجام کاری (statt...zu)از ترکیب
statt...zu+ Infinitiv استفاده کن تا بگی یه کاری رو «به جای» یه کار دیگه انجام دادی. -
انجام کارها بدونِ... (ohne...zu)با ترکیب
ohne...zuو فعل مصدر، خیلی راحت توضیح بده که کاری رو بدون انجام یه کار دیگه انجام دادی. کلمات کلیدی:ohne,zu,Infinitive. -
بیان هدف: «برای اینکه» (um...zu)وقتی میخوای بگی «تا اینکه» یا «برایِ» انجام کاری، از ابزار
um...zuاستفاده کن تا هدفت رو خیلی شیک توضیح بدی.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Differentiate between 'damit' (subject change) and 'um...zu' (same subject).
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2
By the end you will be able to: Construct complex sentences using 'statt...zu' and 'ohne...zu' to describe alternative or missing actions.
راهنمای فصل
مرور کلی
ohne...zu, and statt...zu allows you to clearly articulate purpose, absence, and alternatives in your sentences. These structures are crucial for moving beyond basic sentence formation and understanding the nuances of German communication, a key step at the B1 level.in order to or so that using um...zu and understand its distinction from damit, which serves a similar purpose when the subjects of the clauses are different. Furthermore, you will gain the skill to describe actions performed without doing something using ohne...zu and to present alternatives with instead of doing somethingusing
statt...zu. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to integrate these elegant and practical grammatical tools seamlessly into your German conversations and writing.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
zu.um...zu when the subject of the main clause is the same as the implied subject of the infinitive clause. It answers the question Wozu? (What for?) or Warum? (Why?).Structure: ..., um + (optional: object/adverb) + zu + Infinitiv.
um...zu is used when the subjects are the same, damit is used when the subject of the purpose clause is *different* from the subject of the main clause. damit introduces a regular subordinate clause, so the conjugated verb goes to the end.Structure: ..., damit + Subjekt + andere Satzteile + konjugiertes Verb.
ich explains, but du understands.*Structure: ..., ohne + (optional: object/adverb) + zu + Infinitiv.
Structure: ..., statt + (optional: object/adverb) + zu + Infinitiv.
اشتباهات رایج
wir / we), so um...zu is required, not damit.dich comes before zu in these constructions.dir) must be in the correct case (dative in this instance).مکالمات واقعی
A
B
A
Translation:
A
B
A
A
B
A
Translation:
A
B
A
سؤالات رایج
When should I use um...zu versus damit?
Use um...zu when the subject performing the action in the main clause is the *same* as the subject performing the action in the infinitive clause. Use damit when the subjects are *different*.
Can these zu constructions be used with modal verbs?
No, not directly. The infinitive verb in um...zu, ohne...zu, or statt...zu is the main verb of the subordinate clause. If you need a modal verb, it usually changes the main clause's structure, or you might need a different construction (e.g., using damit with a modal verb). For example, you wouldn't say
um gehen zu können,but rather
um gehen zu können(correct, the modal
können is the infinitive here) or if the subject changes damit du gehen kannst.
Where does nicht go in these infinitive constructions?
Nicht typically precedes zu in these constructions. For example:
Ich gehe nicht ins Kino, um nicht zu spät zu kommen.(I'm not going to the cinema in order not to be too late.) Or
Sie fährt Fahrrad, ohne einen Helm zu tragen.(She rides a bike without wearing a helmet.)
Are these constructions always at the end of a sentence?
They are always at the end of the clause they belong to. They usually follow the main clause as a subordinate clause. For example:
Ich lerne, um besser zu werden.
بافت فرهنگی
ohne...zu, and statt...zu reflects a broader characteristic often associated with the German language: its emphasis on clarity and explicitness. While other languages might rely on simpler conjunctions or context, German often provides distinct grammatical tools to express exact relationships between actions and intentions.مثالهای کلیدی (2)
Ich lerne Deutsch, um in Berlin zu arbeiten.
من آلمانی یاد میگیرم تا توی برلین کار کنم.
بیان هدف: برای اینکه / تا (damit vs. um...zu)Ich schicke dir den Link, damit du das Video sehen kannst.
برات لینک رو میفرستم تا بتونی ویدیو رو ببینی.
بیان هدف: برای اینکه / تا (damit vs. um...zu)نکات و ترفندها (4)
تلهی کاما!
um یا damit حتماً باید کاما بذاری: Ich lerne, um zu bestehen.
قانون فعلهای جداشدنی
einzukaufen. این رایجترین اشتباه توی سطح B1 هست!ترفند فعلهای جداشدنی
zu مثل مغز ساندویچ میره وسطش: anzuziehen. مثلاً: Er geht raus, ohne sich warm anzuziehen.
ویرگول، پادشاه جمله
Ich spare, um zu reisen.
واژگان کلیدی (6)
Real-World Preview
Planning a Trip
Review Summary
- damit + subject + ... + verb
- um + ... + zu + infinitive
- statt + ... + zu + infinitive
- ohne + ... + zu + infinitive
اشتباهات رایج
You cannot use 'damit' with an infinitive. 'Damit' requires a full clause with a conjugated verb.
You cannot use 'um...zu' when the subject changes. If you are learning so HE learns, you must use 'damit'.
The infinitive clause acts as a position 1 element, so the verb must come immediately after the comma.
قواعد این فصل (4)
Next Steps
You have mastered a key B1 pillar. Keep practicing, and these structures will become second nature!
Write a diary entry using 5 infinitive constructions.
تمرین سریع (6)
Choose the grammatically correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: به جای انجام کاری (statt...zu)
Er spielt Fußball, statt ___.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: به جای انجام کاری (statt...zu)
Statt zu ausgehen, bleibe ich zu Hause.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: به جای انجام کاری (statt...zu)
Ich gebe dir meine Nummer, ___ du mich anrufen kannst.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: بیان هدف: برای اینکه / تا (damit vs. um...zu)
راه درست برای بیان هدف رو انتخاب کن:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: بیان هدف: برای اینکه / تا (damit vs. um...zu)
Ich gehe in die Küche, damit einen Kaffee zu kochen.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: بیان هدف: برای اینکه / تا (damit vs. um...zu)
Score: /6
سوالات رایج (6)
damit استفاده کنی. مثلاً: Ich helfe dir, damit du fertig wirst.
Statt zu warten...Er liest, statt zu schlafen.
Er schläft, ohne zu träumen.
ohne dass استفاده کنی. مثلاً: Er geht, ohne dass ich es sehe.