He در مقابل Him بعد از فعل 'to be': تفاوت چیست؟
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'he' after 'to be' in formal writing; use 'him' in everyday conversation.
- Formal: Use subject pronouns (he, she, I) after 'to be'. Example: 'It is he.'
- Informal: Use object pronouns (him, her, me) after 'to be'. Example: 'It's him.'
- The Mirror Rule: The verb 'to be' is an equals sign; both sides should be subjects.
مرور کلی
to be است. تفاوت بین عباراتی مانند It is I و It is me یا The winner was he و The winner was him فراتر از یک قاعدهی خشک گرامری است؛ این موضوع در واقع پلی است میان گرامر رسمی و کلاسیک با زبان زندهی روزمره.to be (مانند am, is, are, was, were)، ما باید از ضمایر فاعلی استفاده کنیم. با این حال، در دنیای واقعی و در مکالمات مدرن، استفاده از ضمایر مفعولی بسیار رایجتر شده است. در این مقالهی جامع، قصد داریم به عنوان یک همراه و مدرس که با ساختار ذهن فارسیزبانان آشناست، این گره گرامری را باز کنیم.he و him را در این ساختار درک کنید، بلکه بدانید در چه موقعیتی (از جلسات رسمی کاری در تهران تا چتهای دوستانه در تلگرام) از کدامیک استفاده کنید تا هم دقیق و هم طبیعی به نظر برسید.eat, run, write). این افعال معمولاً یک مفعول میگیرند که عمل بر آن واقع میشود.I saw him (من او را دیدم)، فعل saw یک عمل است و him مفعولی است که دیده شده است.to be یک فعل کنشی نیست. این فعل مانند یک «علامت مساوی» (=) عمل میکند. وظیفهی آن اتصال نهاد (Subject) به کلمهای است که آن نهاد را توصیف میکند یا هویتش را بازگو میکند. به این کلمه در گرامر انگلیسی Subject Complement (مکمل فاعل) و در گرامر فارسی «مسند» میگوییم.to be در واقع همان فاعل است که بازتعریف شده، باید در «حالت فاعلی» (Nominative Case) باقی بماند. به همین دلیل است که جملهی It is he از نظر گرامر سنتی صحیح است؛ زیرا It و he در واقع یک نفر هستند.It is me جایگزین It is I میشود.to be بگویید، در موقعیتهای آکادمیک (مثل آزمون کنکور ارشد یا دکتری، یا آزمون IELTS) باید از ستون اول (فاعلی) استفاده کنید، اما در صحبتهای دوستانه، ستون دوم (مفعولی) بسیار رایجتر و طبیعیتر است.The person who called you was he.(شخصی که با شما تماس گرفت، او بود.)If I were she, I would accept the job offer.(اگر من جای او بودم، آن پیشنهاد کاری را میپذیرفتم.)It was they who organized the conference.(آنها بودند که کنفرانس را سازماندهی کردند.)
Who’s there? It’s me.(کیه؟ منم.)That’s him over there.(او همانجاست.)It was them who finished the pizza.(آنها بودند که پیتزا را تمام کردند.)
It is یا It's در ابتدای جمله استفاده کنید. اشتباه رایج این است که زبانآموزان به تقلید از فارسی میگویند Is me که کاملاً غلط است.This is he. | It’s him. |The one in the middle is I. | The one in the middle is me. |If it were she... | If it was her... |It was they who won. | It was them that won. |he و چه زمانی از him بعد از فعل to be استفاده کنیم، به «هوش موقعیتی» شما بستگی دارد. به عنوان یک زبانآموز سطح متوسط، شما باید بتوانید لحن خود را با محیط تطبیق دهید.The lead researcher is I بسیار باوقارتر و حرفهایتر به نظر میرسد.May I speak to [Your Name]? پاسخ حرفهای این است: This is he (اگر آقا هستید) یا This is she (اگر خانم هستید).It's I بسیار عجیب و حتی متکبرانه به نظر میرسد. در اینجا همیشه بگویید It's me.That's her! بهترین انتخاب است.That is I. اما اگر در یک کافه در خیابان ولیعصر با دوستتان نشستهاید و عکسی را در گوشی به او نشان میدهید، میگویید This is him, my cousin.Was me who called ترجمه میکنند. به یاد داشته باشید که در انگلیسی، فعل was یا is نمیتواند بدون فاعل در ابتدای جمله بیاید. شما حتماً به کلمهی It نیاز دارید: It was I یا It was me.to be باید ضمیر فاعلی بیاورند، دچار وسواس میشوند و این قاعده را به همه جا تعمیم میدهند. مثلاً میگویند She saw he. این کاملاً غلط است! فعل saw یک فعل کنشی است و حتماً مفعول میخواهد. قاعده ضمیر فاعلی فقط و فقط مخصوص افعال ربطی مثل to be است.He is taller than me بسیار رایج است، اما در گرامر رسمی باید بگوییم He is taller than I (am). چرا؟than یک فعل am پنهان وجود دارد. فارسیزبانان به دلیل ساختار «از من» در فارسی، تمایل دارند همیشه از me استفاده کنند. پیشنهاد من این است: در صحبت کردن راحت باشید و از me استفاده کنید، اما در نوشتار رسمی حتماً بگویید than I.to be را با افعال کنشی و سایر افعال ربطی مقایسه کنیم. در جدول زیر، این تفاوتها را مشاهده میکنید:It is he. | فاعل و مکمل فاعل یکی هستند (ساختار مسندی). |I know him. | فاعل عملی را روی مفعول انجام میدهد. |He seems like him. | در مورد افعالی مثل seem یا look حتی در حالت رسمی هم تمایل به استفاده از ضمیر مفعولی بیشتر است. |She is faster than I. | رسمی: فرض بر این است که فعل is در انتها حذف شده است. |become یا seem این است که استفاده از ضمیر فاعلی بعد از آنها حتی برای بومیزبانان (Native Speakers) هم بسیار غریبه و عجیب است. مثلاً جملهی He became I تقریباً هرگز شنیده نمیشود و همه میگویند He became me (مثلاً در یک داستان تخیلی که جابجایی روح رخ داده است!). بنابراین، تمرکز اصلی خود را روی فعل to be بگذارید.It's me؟It's me کاملاً طبیعی است. اما در بخش Writing، بهتر است جملات خود را به گونهای بازنویسی کنید که نیازی به این ساختار نباشد یا از فرم رسمی استفاده کنید.It's him؟This is he و I am he چه تفاوتی هست؟This is he معمولاً برای معرفی یا شناسایی (مثلاً پشت تلفن) به کار میرود. I am he بیشتر جنبهی تأکیدی یا ادبی دارد، مثلاً وقتی کسی به دنبال قهرمان داستان میگردد و او میگوید: I am he (آن شخص من هستم).The person responsible was I بنویسید I was the person responsible. این جمله هم مستقیمتر است و هم از نظر گرامری هیچ بحثی در آن نیست.Pronoun Choice After 'To Be'
| Subject | Verb (To Be) | Formal Pronoun | Informal Pronoun |
|---|---|---|---|
|
It
|
is
|
I
|
me
|
|
It
|
is
|
he
|
him
|
|
It
|
is
|
she
|
her
|
|
It
|
is
|
we
|
us
|
|
It
|
is
|
they
|
them
|
|
The winner
|
was
|
he
|
him
|
|
The callers
|
were
|
they
|
them
|
Common Contractions (Informal Only)
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage |
|---|---|---|
|
It is him
|
It's him
|
Very Common
|
|
That is her
|
That's her
|
Common
|
|
It is me
|
It's me
|
Universal
|
|
It is them
|
It's them
|
Common
|
Meanings
This rule determines which pronoun case to use following a linking verb (specifically 'to be'). It distinguishes between traditional grammatical correctness and modern idiomatic usage.
Identification (Formal)
Using the subjective case (he) to identify a person in a formal or academic context.
“It was he who first discovered the error.”
“The winner of the prize is she.”
Identification (Informal)
Using the objective case (him) for identification in natural, everyday speech.
“Who's that in the photo? Oh, that's him.”
“It's me! Open the door.”
Phone/Intercom Etiquette
A specific scenario where both forms are frequently encountered depending on the speaker's desired level of politeness.
“May I speak to John? 'This is he.'”
“Is that Sarah? 'Yeah, it's her.'”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Formal Affirmative
|
It + is + Subject Pronoun
|
It is he.
|
|
Informal Affirmative
|
It's + Object Pronoun
|
It's him.
|
|
Formal Negative
|
It + is not + Subject Pronoun
|
It is not she.
|
|
Informal Negative
|
It isn't + Object Pronoun
|
It isn't her.
|
|
Formal Question
|
Is it + Subject Pronoun?
|
Is it they?
|
|
Informal Question
|
Is it + Object Pronoun?
|
Is it them?
|
|
Phone Response
|
This + is + Subject Pronoun
|
This is he.
|
|
Identification
|
That + is + Object Pronoun
|
That's him.
|
طیف رسمیت
This is he. (Phone call)
Yes, that's me. (Phone call)
Yeah, it's me. (Phone call)
Yo, you got him. (Phone call)
The Linking Verb Mirror
Formal Side
- Subject He
- Subject I
Informal Side
- Object Him
- Object Me
Formal vs. Informal Pronouns
Which Pronoun Should I Use?
Are you writing a formal essay?
Are you talking to a friend?
Pronoun Categories
Subjective
- • I
- • He
- • She
- • They
Objective
- • Me
- • Him
- • Her
- • Them
مثالها بر اساس سطح
It is me!
It is me!
That is him over there.
That is him over there.
Is it her?
Is it her?
It's not them.
It's not them.
I thought it was him.
I thought it was him.
It's me, Sarah.
It's me, Sarah.
The winner is her!
The winner is her!
Was it him who called?
Was it him who called?
If you need the doctor, it is he.
If you need the doctor, it is he.
This is she speaking.
This is she speaking.
It was him who broke the window, not me.
It was him who broke the window, not me.
I'm sure it was they who arrived first.
I'm sure it was they who arrived first.
It was he who spearheaded the project.
It was he who spearheaded the project.
The person you are looking for is I.
The person you are looking for is I.
Despite the evidence, it wasn't him.
Despite the evidence, it wasn't him.
It is they who must decide the future.
It is they who must decide the future.
Should the culprit be he, we shall act.
Should the culprit be he, we shall act.
It is I who am responsible for this mess.
It is I who am responsible for this mess.
The only ones left were he and she.
The only ones left were he and she.
It's him we need to worry about.
It's him we need to worry about.
Were it he, the outcome would differ.
Were it he, the outcome would differ.
It is he to whom we owe our gratitude.
It is he to whom
The ghost was thought to be he.
The ghost was thought to be he.
It's him, the man from my dreams.
It's him, the man from my dreams.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Both involve the choice between subjective (who/he) and objective (whom/him) cases.
Learners often think 'than' is a preposition (requiring 'me') rather than a conjunction (requiring 'I').
Learners often say 'Him and me went' because they are used to object pronouns coming later in sentences.
اشتباهات رایج
It is he.
It's me / It's him.
Me am here.
I am here.
Is him?
Is it him?
That him.
That is him.
I saw he.
I saw him.
It's he.
It's him.
Them are my friends.
They are my friends.
Between you and I, it was him.
Between you and me, it was him.
It was him who did it.
It was he who did it.
If I was him...
If I were he...
It is him whom I love.
It is he whom I love.
The culprits were them.
The culprits were they.
It is me who is responsible.
It is I who am responsible.
الگوهای جملهسازی
It was ___ who called you.
If I were ___, I would leave.
That's ___!
The winner of the race is ___.
Real World Usage
This is she.
It's him!
The best candidate is I.
That's him, officer.
It was he who initiated the change.
Just me and him.
The Phone Test
Avoid Hypercorrection
When in Doubt, Use 'Him'
Listen to the 'It's me' Song
Smart Tips
Use 'This is he' or 'This is she' to sound instantly more authoritative.
Avoid contractions and use subject pronouns after 'to be'.
Try reversing the sentence. If 'Him is the winner' sounds wrong, then 'The winner is him' is the informal version.
Match the pronoun to the 'who' clause. 'It is I who am' vs 'It is me who is'.
تلفظ
Contraction Stress
In the informal 'It's him', the stress is usually on 'him'. In the formal 'It is he', the stress is often on 'is'.
Rising for questions
Is it him? ↗
Seeking confirmation
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
The 'Be' is a mirror: what you see on the left (Subject) is what you see on the right (Subject).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a king looking into a mirror. He doesn't see a servant (him); he sees another king (he).
Rhyme
If the verb is 'be', use 'he'. If the verb is 'do', 'him' will do.
Story
A man named 'He' walked into the 'Is' Mirror Shop. When he looked in the mirror, he didn't see a stranger named 'Him'; he saw himself, 'He'.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Try answering your next phone call from a friend with 'This is he/she' and see if they notice how formal you sound!
نکات فرهنگی
Answering 'This is he' or 'This is she' is considered the gold standard of professional phone etiquette.
Upper-class or 'Received Pronunciation' speakers are more likely to use 'It is I' in social settings than Americans.
Songwriters almost never use 'It is he' because it sounds unnatural in a rhythmic, emotional context.
Old English had a robust case system where the predicate nominative was strictly required. As the language evolved, the position of the word (after the verb) became more important than its function.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
If you could be any famous person for a day, who would it be? 'It would be...'
Look at this old photo. Is that you? 'Yes, it's...'
Someone left a bag here. Do you think it was him?
If the president called you, how would you answer? 'This is...'
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
If anyone is to blame for the delay, it is ___.
Who's at the door? It's ___ (me/I)!
Find and fix the mistake:
I called he yesterday.
It was them who won.
Caller: 'May I speak with Sarah?' Sarah: 'This is ___.'
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Sort: Him, He, Me, I, Her, She
'The person in the mask was him.'
Score: /8
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesIf anyone is to blame for the delay, it is ___.
Who's at the door? It's ___ (me/I)!
Find and fix the mistake:
I called he yesterday.
It was them who won.
Caller: 'May I speak with Sarah?' Sarah: 'This is ___.'
1. It's him. 2. It is he.
Sort: Him, He, Me, I, Her, She
'The person in the mask was him.'
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercisesWho's that? I think it's ___.
The last people to leave the building were ___.
Choose the correct sentence:
The best person for the job is definitely her.
Translate into English: 'The person who called was I.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the pronouns:
If I were ___, I would accept the offer immediately.
Choose the correct sentence:
The person you need to speak to is me.
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Score: /11
سوالات متداول (8)
No. In modern English, `It's me` is considered grammatically acceptable in almost all contexts. Only the most traditional grammarians would call it an error.
It's a survival of old formal etiquette. It signals to the caller that you are professional and educated.
Yes, but it's a mix of styles. `It is he who...` is the consistent formal choice.
Informally, `It's them` is fine. Formally, use `It is they`.
Yes, all forms of the verb `to be` follow this rule.
In a casual setting, yes, it can sound a bit 'stuck up'. Use `It's me` to be friendly.
Informally, `It was him and me`. Formally, `It was he and I`.
Remember the 'Mirror Rule': if you can swap the words (`He is it`), use the subject form.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Soy yo / Es él
Spanish is always 'formal' by English standards in this rule.
C'est moi / C'est lui
French never uses the subject pronoun (je, il) in this position.
Ich bin es / Er ist es
The word order is often reversed (I am it).
Watashi desu / Kare desu
No distinction between subjective and objective pronouns.
Ana / Huwa
The 'linking' happens without a verb.
Shì wǒ / Shì tā
There is no case distinction to worry about.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
Related Grammar Rules
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